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Tsmm.Pdf 5.573 Mb ANÀLISI DELS DESCARTAMENTS EFECTUATS PER LA FLOTA D’ARROSSEGAMENT EN EL GOLF DE LLEÓ Sandra MALLOL MARTÍNEZ ISBN: 84-689-4625-7 Dipòsit legal: GI-1170-2005 Anàlisi dels descartaments efectuats per la fl ota d’arrossegament en el Golf de Lleó Sandra Mallol i Martínez Memòria redactada per Sandra Mallol i Martínez, 2005 inscrita al programa de doctorat de Biologia Ambiental, del Departament de Ciències Ambientals, per optar al grau de Doctor en Biologia per la Universitat de Girona. Aquest treball s’ha realitzat a l’Àrea de Zoologia del Departament de Ciències Ambientals de la Universitat de Girona sota la direcció de la Dra. Margarida Casadevall Masó i el Dr. Emili García-Berthou. coberta_SMallol.indd 1 23/05/2005, 11:49 Tesi Doctoral Anàlisi dels descartaments efectuats per la flota d’arrossegament en el Golf de Lleó Memòria redactada per Sandra Mallol i Martínez, inscrita al programa de doctorat de Biologia Ambiental del Departament de Ciències Ambientals, per a optar al grau de Doctora en Biologia per la Universitat de Girona. El present treball s’ha realitzat a l’Àrea de Zoologia de la Universitat de Girona sota la codirecció de la Dra. Margarida Casadevall Masó i el Dr. Emili García-Berthou. Sandra Mallol i Martínez Vist-i-plau dels directors, Dra. Margarida Casadevall Masó Dr. Emili García-Berthou Professora titular Professor titular Àrea de Zoologia Àrea d’Ecologia Departament de Ciències Ambientals Departament de Ciències Ambientals Universitat de Girona Universitat de Girona Girona, 2005 Al meu avi Falet, per haver-me ensenyat a estimar tant la mar Agraïments Quan un arriba al final de l’odissea de la tesi es fa difícil escriure aquest apartat sobretot per la por a obliadar-te d’algú, perdoneu si es dóna el cas. Durant la meva travessia m’ha acompanyat molta gent. Alguns s’han desembarcat al llarg del periple i d’altres m’heu fet costat fins al final, no em puc queixar, he tingut molt bons companys de viatge. A la Mady, la meva mare, per donar-me la vida i deixar-me llibertat per fer sempre el que m’ha agradat. Gràcies pel teu inestimable recolzament en totes les decisions que he pres. Al meu germà Olivier i a en Ferran per fer-me costat silenciosament. Als meus directors, la Margarida Casadevall i l’Emili García-Berthou, per creure en mi i en el projecte, així com per la paciència i els bons consells. Aquest treball no hauria estat possible sense la col·laboració desinteressada de la confraria i dels pescadors del Port de Llançà. El vaixell Don Borja i la seva tripulació (el patró Jesús López, en Jesús López fill, en Lluís Cardoner, en Joan Cruz, en Joan Sagols, l’Albert Pagès i en Jordi Boher) m’acolliren com un mariner més i em varen fer partícip de tota la seva saviesa, experiència, bon humor i secrets culinaris. Mentre que el secretari de la confraria Francesc Fàbrega i el personal administratiu, la Nuri Negre i en Rafael Borràs em varen facilitar l’accés a la informació necessària per tal de completar l’estudi. A en Francesc i en Marcel de Roses, els millors tècnics i constructors de xarxes! Els companys d’àrea un no els tria, et venen donats per les circumstàncies i el moment, però en cas d’haver pogut escollir no hauria sabut trobar un grup millor. Des dels més propers (em refereixo a les companyes de despatx, la Margarida i la Marta, i en una segona fase a en Kp) fins a la resta de la plantilla (Maria, Mª Rosa, Pere, Pitu, Cris, Jordi, Xevi i Núria) i les incorporacions més recents (David, Judith i les dos Silvies) m’han fet sentir que formo part d’una gran família unida per la ciència, el bon humor, la comprensió i la confiança. Gràcies per la vostra amistat, no oblidar-me i fer- me sentir un membre més del vostre grup malgrat les meves anades i vingudes. Als veïns d’ecologia, en Dani, en Jordi, la Stéphi i la Rosa amics i companys amb els quals durant la primera fase de la tesi vaig tenir el plaer de compartir llargues nits de sopars, tocs, cines, jocs, viatges i excursions per alleujar l’estrès. Als inclassificables com la Gemma Pascual i l’Elisabet, amigues i companyes de passadís, menjador, cafès... I no m’oblido dels col·laboradors esporàdics, la Maria Sàbat, la Sílvia Pino i en Moisès Villanueva que varen patir la fase més feixuga del treball...Separar, classificar i mesurar milers i milers de peixos! Així com de la Gemma Vila, la nostra flamant laborant, que ha estat disponible en tot moment i eficaç al 100% en totes les tasques que li he encomanat i que ha sabut fer amb una gran diligència i paciència infinita. A la “pandilla” Medits (Elisa, Javi, Marta, Pep, Sergi, Juan, Cristina, Maria Capa, Emanuela, Óscar, Jesús, Pedro, Maria González, Rosa, Josep) i a la resta del grup de campanyes oceanogràfiques (Luís, Domènec, Pere i Eduardo) per la gran amistat que ens ha unit i totes les experiències que hem viscut plegats. A la colla de les Bettys (l’Anna, la Barne, les dos Mòniques, la Lisa, la Mª Àngels i la Pili) per la vostra inestimable amistat i moments inoblidables, per ser-hi sempre que us he necessitat. Noies, això ja està fet! Sa que te vull dir? Anna, com pots veure finalment vaig obrir el Canut dels Minairons! Moltes gràcies pel teu recolzament i la teva fe en aquest treball. En moments en que he anat a la deriva i m’he sentit nàufrag en un mar de dubtes, el far de la teva amistat m’ha guiat a bon port. En la meva escala feta a Cala Ratjada he trobat una altra família, en Toni, la Paquita i la Branca que amb els seus “soparillos”, “dinarillos” i moments “Toni-Paquita” m’han donat l’empenta i la inspiració que em faltava per acabar aquest treball. Al mar per donar-me l’oportunitat de conèixer-lo una mica més. En definitiva, moltes gràcies a tots plegats per la companyia que em feu en el camí de la vida. Índex pàgina 1. Introducció general ............................................................................................. 11 1.1. Antecedents del problema dels descartaments.......................................... 11 1.2. Definició de descartament i termes relacionats.......................................... 13 1.3. Factors que generen descartaments en la pesca d’arrossegament multiespecífica ................................................................. 15 1.4. Problemàtica dels descartaments................................................................ 21 1.4.1. Impacte i conseqüències en l’àmbit biològic .................................... 22 1.4.2. Impacte i conseqüències en l’àmbit socio-econòmic....................... 25 1.5. Revisió d’experiments realitzats per a reduir els descartaments en arts d’arrossegament............................................................................................ 26 2. Objectius ............................................................................................................... 31 3. Àrea d’estudi ........................................................................................................ 33 3.1. La Mediterrània nord-occidental .................................................................. 33 3.2. La importància del Golf de Lleó ................................................................... 34 3.3. Els caladors de la zona................................................................................. 37 3.3.1. Tipificació dels caladors ..................................................................... 37 3.3.2. Normativa de pesca a la zona del Golf de Lleó ............................... 39 4. Metodologia de mostreig i anàlisi de dades................................................... 43 4.1. Obtenció de les mostres amb la malla tradicional (ròmbica de 40 mm) per tal d’avaluar els descartaments ............................................................. 43 4.1.1. Processament de les mostres ........................................................... 49 4.1.2. Anàlisi de les dades............................................................................ 51 4.2. Estudi de la millora de la selectivitat dels arts d’arrossegament............... 53 4.2.1. Característiques tècniques del nou cóp............................................ 53 4.2.2. Característiques del mostreig ............................................................ 54 4.2.3. Processament de les mostres ........................................................... 57 4.2.4. Anàlisi de les dades............................................................................ 58 Rendiments de captura....................................................................... 58 Paràmetres de selectivitat .................................................................. 59 Morfologia dels peixos ........................................................................ 60 5. Caracterització de les captures ........................................................................ 63 5.1. Composició específica global....................................................................... 63 5.1.1. Abundància, biomassa i ocurrència del total d’especies capturades ........................................................................................... 64 5.2. Composició específica per estrats de fondària........................................... 66 5.2.1. Ocurrència per estrats de fondària.................................................... 69 5.3. Composició específica per estacions .......................................................... 71 5.3.1. Ocurrència estacional......................................................................... 75 5.4. Variació espacio-temporal de les captures ................................................
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