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Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. United States Department of State Discussion Paper

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Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. United States Department of State Discussion Paper DOCUMENT RESUME ED 272 441 SO 017 411 AUTHOR Cook, Philip R., Jr. TITLE Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. United States Department of State Discussion Paper. INSTITUTION Department of State, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Dec 85 NOTE 51p.; Photographs may not reproduce well and data tables are printed on colored backgrounds. PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRLCE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Diplomatic History; Economics; Foreign Countries; *Foreign Policy; Government Role; *Human Geography; *International Education; International Programs; * International Relations; International Trade; Nationalism; Peace; *World Affairs; *World Geography IDENTIFIERS *Africa (Sub Sahara); Foreign Aid; Foreign Intervention; United States ABSTRACT Intended to provide background for study and discussion, this publication gives updated information on development in sub-Saharan Africa and provides a basis for understanding U.S. policy toward this vital region. The strengths, problems, politics, natural resources, and language and ethnolinguistic groups of this area of the world and the international and regional organizations active here are discussed in detail. Extensive data tables include information on the population, culture, education, labor force, imports, exports, estimated U.S. economic assistance, date of independence, type of government, and chief of statt and/or head of government for each of the 46 independent countries south of the Sahara. The 55-item bibliography is divided into three sections: reference and introductory material, historical and cultural background, and contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. (AA) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** 1-4 4. ti CV LLI 1,11, L\ Nith U L DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION Office or Educations& Reserch and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )1, This document has been reproduced is received from the person or orfmnizehon originating 0 Minot changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- mint I:10 not nmmerlIV represent official OERI position or policy NI/w vff/J?_,LA "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY United %Sig/es 7 Duni-Med of N I vote TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" tr) 2 LV7,n,'W 777/..,\Vaa, FAVA _-kA.74i A 51 MY:67AV - 21,;7-Z711K- Cover: Gold pendant, Ivory Coast Design by Sally Brennan, Publishing Services United States Department of State Publication 9112, revised December 1985 Prepared by Philip R. Cook, Jr., Bureau of African Affairs Published by the Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division Chief: Norman F Howard Editing and design: Colleen Sussman This material is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission except where copyright is indicated For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Tel 202-783-3238) PHOTO CREDITS Front cover Muses de l'Homme (A)James Stanfield, © National Geographic Society, (B)Johnson, World Bank, (D)Ehot Ellaofon Archives, Museum of African Art 6 (A,B,D)Delores Weiss, AID, (C)Ministry of Information, Niger 9 Muses de l'Homme 10 (A,C)Musee de Nomme, (B)Volkmar Wentzel, ()National Geographic Society 12 UN 14-15 (A)Hadar, World Bank, (B,D)Richard Woltord, AID, (C)AID, (E)Ron Shaw, AID 18 Anthony Suau, ©Black Star 21 Top- Pete Souza, White House, Bottom-Cynthia Johnson, White House 23 Anthony Suau, @Black Star 25 (A)C)SATOUR, (B)David Turn*, ()Black Star 30 UNHCR 33 Eliot Elisofon Archives, Museum of African Art 44 Zimbabwe Tourist Office Muses de l'Homme 46 UN 3 Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States Contents 1 Introduction 2 Regional Profile 2 Geography 4 History 6 People 11 Political Processes 11 Economy 16 Multilateral Organizations 19 U.S. Relations With Sub-Saharan Africa 20 Elements of U.S. Policy 22 Policy Issues 30 Foreign Assistance and Economic Relations Appendix 33 Basic Data Tables 45 Bibliography Information in this publication is intended to provide background for study and discussion; it is not designed to be read as a formal statement of U.S. policy, except where the material is specifically described as such. The publication summarizes currently available information and raises relevant questions (some of which admittedly may be unanswerable) as an aid to public discussion of important issues in U.S. foreign policy. E tr A A Young laborer in Zimbabwe. B Workmen pour molten aluminum into steel molds in Ghana. C Tsavo National Park, Kenya D Mali village. E Business district, Abidjan, Ivory Coast 5 Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa' is the ancestral Access to the cultural exchange of It is important to understand sub- home of millions of Americans and, ac- the Mediterranean basin was impeded Saharan Africa's potential, strengths, cording to anthropological theory, the by the vast expanse of desert, causing and problems because they present op- cradle of mankindthe birthplace of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa to portunities and challenges that no world Homo sapiens. Perhaps the earliest develop cultures distinctly their own. power can ignore. For the United development of settled agriculture Several great empires with large cultur- States, Africa represents: began in Africa on the banks of the al centers emerged but were later de- lower Nile, making possible the great stroyed by war or declined following The political force of the world's advances in technology and the arts of changes in global trade patterns. largest regional bloc; ancient Egypt. Although European traders had fre- A rich source of natural resources; From at least the first millennium quented the African coast since the late 15th century, knowledge of these em- The ancestral home of 25 million B.C. onward, elements of Egyptian, Americans; Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and Arab pires remained limited until the era of culture spread southi 'ard into Africa African exploration and colonization in A growing market for American through conquest, trade, and the dis- the late 18th and 19th centuries. exports; semination of Christianity and Islam. By the early 20th century, most of An opportunity to demonstrate, Trade in slaves, gold, copper, salt, Africa had fallen under colonial domina- through private enterprise and spices, and many other items flourished tion. In sub-Saharan Africa, only Liberia government-to-government aid, that both by sea and, following the introduc- and Ethiopia remained independent. In democratic institutions and individual tion of camels in about the 3d century the decades after World War II, how- initiative provide a wetter solution to A.D., across the Sahara. Evidence of the ever, the peoples of Africa increasingly the problems of the Third World than extent of this trade can be found in the rejected foreign rule and demanded for do totalitarianism and economic regi- presence of Chinese porcelain and other themselves the fundamental freedoms mentation; and oriental wares at archaeological sites in for which they had fought in support of Possibilities for our adversaries to ex- Africa. the Allied powers. By the mid-1960s, ploit regional tensions and foster inse- most African countries had achieved in- curity through the indiscriminate pro- 'Although the generic term "Africa" fre- dependence. Only Namibia remained in vision of arms and support for violent quently is used throughout this publication, a colonial status in 1985. solutions to local conflicts. and some datapertainto the entire conti- There are now 46 independent coun- nent, attention is focused on sub-Saharan tries in sub-Saharan Africa and the This Discussion Paper is designed to Africa and the off-shore island states, which nearby islands, and negotiations on together include the majority of countries update information on developments in Namibia's independence are underway. sub-Saharan Africa and to provide a and of the continent's population. Within the Together with the countries of North Department of State, the Bureau of African basis for understanding U.S. policy Affairs is responsible for the conduct of rela- Africa, these states play a significant toward this vital region of the world. tions with this region. Relations with North role in the world community through Africa are conducted through the Depart- the Organization of African Unity ment's Bureau of Near Eastern and South (OAU). But the process of forging Asian Affairs. cohesive national identities within boundaries drawn by European powers and among more than 1,000 ethnic groups is difficult; since independence, Africa has experienced considerable political upheaval. 6 Regional Profile altitudes anywhere from 3,000 to 9,000 the higher parts of the inland plateaus. Geography feet in eastern and southern Africa, Air temperatures vary from hot in most while in the north and west most of the parts of the continent to cold in the The Continent of Africa covers land is between 500 and 1,000 feet 11,635,000 square milesnearly one-fifth deserts (at night), on the plateaus, and above sea level. in the mountains, where some peaks are of the world's total land surface and Massive geologic changes in the equal to the combined area of the permanently snowcapped. plateaus have produced ridges that are Africa is divided into distinct United States, Western Europe, and In- among the most conspicuous features of dia. The sub-Saharan portion of the con climatic belts. The one bounded by the the African landscape: the Great Rift 5° line on either side of the Equator has tinent is 9,312,375 square milesmore Valley of East Africa, one of the than three times the size of the con- a year-long hot-and-rainy climate, with deepest fractures in the earth's crust; some areas receiving more than 200 tinental United States. The African Con- Mt. Kilimanjaro (19,565 feet above sea tinent stretches 5,000 miles from north inches of rain annually.
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