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Pakhtun Men's Perceptions of the Conditions Promoting Domestic Violence in Their Culture

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Pakhtun Men's Perceptions of the Conditions Promoting Domestic Violence in Their Culture Pakhtun Men’s Perceptions of the Conditions Promoting Domestic Violence in their Culture Muhammad Saeed PhD The University of York Centre for Women’s Studies March 2012 ABSTRACT This thesis reflects on Pakhtun men‘s perceptions of the conditions promoting domestic violence against women in their culture. The existing literature on domestic violence in Pakistan, the primary focus of which is the women victims of such violence, shows some staggering and skewed statistics, owing to the deeply embedded patriarchal social structure, gender-prejudiced attitudes prevailing at every level of society as well as poverty, illiteracy, a strict pattern of gender- specific roles and spaces, socio-economic dependence of women on men supported by religion. However, men‘s views on this issue have rarely been addressed in Pakistan in general and Pakhtun society in particular. I examine how the social and cultural environment of Pakhtun society influences the construction of (violent) masculinity and gender-power relations. These create the potential for violence, specifically domestic violence against women. The research was carried out in four different locations of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Data was generated through semi-structured and in-depth interviews of 32 male respondents, eight in each of the selected areas, on the basis of three categories, i.e. ethnicity, age, and educational status of the respondents. Drawing upon my respondents‘ views I show that Pakhtunwali, the core of the Pakhtun social structure, is a key contributing factor offering potential for the construction of violent Pakhtun masculinity particularly through the notions of badal (revenge), gherat (self-honour or Pakhtun honour), and nang (Pakhtun pride). It also encourages a strict pattern of gender hierarchies and spatialization, which leaves women marginalized at all levels. Thus in Pakhtun society one learns to be aggressive in order to dominate and control, and one way this aggression is expressed is through violence against women. I argue that the joint family structure, the general perception of women‘s issues including domestic violence as a highly personal and private matter, the absence of an effective and competent criminal justice system, and lack of domestic violence laws provide the perpetrators with considerable impunity. 2 TABLES OF CONTENTS List of figures and tables......................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Introduction..........................................................................................................................8 My interest in undertaking this study.................................................................................10 Domestic violence against women in the south Asian context..........................................13 Violence against women in Pakistan..................................................................................16 Violence against women in Pakhtun society: Victim profile.............................................19 Background of the study....................................................................................................24 Masculinity and violence...................................................................................................41 Explaining men‘s violence against women........................................................................46 How men account for their violence against women.........................................................51 The organization of the thesis............................................................................................55 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY Introduction........................................................................................................................58 Choosing my methodology................................................................................................59 Participants‘ location..........................................................................................................61 Working in a hostile environment......................................................................................65 Identifying the study participants.......................................................................................68 Finding the interviewees....................................................................................................70 Use of vignettes..................................................................................................................77 Ethical concerns.................................................................................................................79 Transcribing and translating the interviews.......................................................................84 Data analysis......................................................................................................................87 CHAPTER 3: MASCULINITY AS IDEAL AND REALITY IN PAKHTUN SOCIETY AND THE ISSUE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Introduction........................................................................................................................92 Ideal Pakhtun masculinity..................................................................................................93 3 Pakhtun masculinity in reality..........................................................................................104 Pakhtun masculinity and the concept of gherat (honour)................................................109 Pakhtun masculinity and the concept of badal (revenge)................................................111 Pakhtun masculinity and aggression................................................................................113 The community‘s role in maintaining certain forms of Pakhtun masculinity..................117 Pakhtun and Islam: being a Pakhtun means being a Muslim...........................................120 Hierarchies of Pakhtun masculinity.................................................................................132 CHAPTER 4: THE FAMILY STRUCTURE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN PAKHTUN SOCIETY Introduction.....................................................................................................................145 Pakhtun family structure: the joint/ nuclear family system.............................................146 The Pakhtun marriage patterns and domestic violence...................................................166 The socio-economic and educational conditions of the family influence domestic violence............................................................................................................................192 CHAPTER 5: GENDER SPATIALIZATION AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN PAKHTUN SOCIETY Introduction.....................................................................................................................198 Gender spatialization: a prominent feature of Pakhtun society.......................................199 The intersectionality of gender spaces and domestic violence........................................204 The spatialization of Pakhtun masculinity and domestic violence..................................210 The internalization of gender spatialization in Pakhtun society......................................212 Spatialization, the social division of work, and domestic violence.................................214 The purdah system: a reason of gender spatialization and violence against women in Pakhtun society................................................................................................................222 The Jirga system, gender spatialization and violence against women in Pakhtun society..............................................................................................................................227 Domestic abuse as a private matter and justified in Pakhtun society..............................234 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................236 APPENDICES................................................................................................................263 Appendix-I: Participants’ profile....................................................................263 Appendix-II: Interview Guide..........................................................................264 Appendix-III: Vignettes....................................................................................267 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................269 4 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1 Map of Pakistan and its provinces. 20 Figure 2 Map of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and 62 selected districts for the fieldwork. Figure 3 Map of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province showing the areas under the control of the Taliban, the presence of the Taliban and 66 government. Figure 4 A Betak. 74 Figure 5 A Hujra. 74 Figure 6 A computer screen picture showing the protocol I used in the 90 Microsoft Word Document 2007 for the analysis of my data. Figure 7 The literal meaning of the term Pakhtun. 95 Figure 8 Hierarchies of Pakhtun masculinity. 132 Figure 9 Structure of power and social hierarchy in the Pakhtun family 160 system. Figure 10 A typical Pakhtun joint household
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