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Female Police Bodies and the Disruption to the Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

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Female Police Bodies and the Disruption to the Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Women in Red Serge: Female Police Bodies and the Disruption to the Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police by Bonnie Reilly Schmidt M.A. (History), Simon Fraser University, 2006 B.A., University of the Fraser Valley, 2004 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Bonnie Reilly Schmidt 2013 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2013 Approval Name: Bonnie Reilly Schmidt Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (History) Title of Thesis: Women in Red Serge: Female Police Bodies and the Disruption to the Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Examining Committee: Chair: Jeremy Brown Assistant Professor of History Willeen Keough Senior Supervisor Associate Professor of History Mark Leier Supervisor Professor of History Elise Chenier Supervisor Associate Professor of History Lara Campbell Internal/External Examiner Associate Professor of Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies Jane Nicholas External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Women’s Studies Lakehead University Date Defended/Approved: October 28, 2013 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Ethics Statement iv Abstract The arrival of women in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in the mid-1970s disrupted the masculine image of a police force that was intimately connected to idealized Canadian manhood and the formation of the nation. Yet, women have been noticeably absent from the historical record of the RCMP, allowing the figure of the heroic male Mountie to continue his dominance in official, academic, and popular histories. Central to these discourses has been the male police body which has been positioned as the only body capable of enforcing the law in Canada. In contrast, this history argues that between 1974 and 1990, female Mounties renegotiated and resisted the gendered interpretation of the police officer as masculine. In the process, the female police body emerged as a disruptive force that challenged the carefully crafted and longstanding masculine image of the RCMP. Oral narratives reveal how female Mounties rejected male standards of policing that stripped them of their power and positioned them as inferior, rather than equal, figures of civic authority. Instead, female Mounties actively worked to define themselves as equal members of the RCMP on their own terms, challenging ideas about women as the subordinate sex. The alternative policing methods they brought to the occupation contradicted conventional understandings that equated brawn and physical strength with effective policing. In response, men of the RCMP who were opposed to women in the force engaged in a number of harassing tactics in an attempt to reassert their power and control over both female Mounties and the masculine image of the police force. Keywords: History of Women in the RCMP; Female Mounties; Image of the RCMP; Female Police Body; Harassment in the RCMP; Gender and Policing v Dedication To Candace Smith, for the courage to come back. vi Acknowledgements A number of people assisted me in different but equally important ways during the long period of time that went into the research and writing of this history. First and foremost, I am indebted to the women and men who agreed to be interviewed for this study. They were extremely generous with their time and their memories, aiding me in the creation of a more inclusive history of the RCMP. I want to especially acknowledge the women of the RCMP who trusted me with the intimate details of their lives as RCMP officers. It was not easy reliving memories, painful or not, with a stranger. Many of the women, particularly those who were still working as police officers at the time, took a chance on an unknown historian who they trusted to protect their identities as well as their stories. I have the utmost of respect for them as women and as police officers. Without them, the personal side of the history of female Mounties would remain untold. I also wish to acknowledge the contributions of my senior advisor at Simon Fraser University, Dr. Willeen Keough. For seven years, she has encouraged, humoured, and supported me as I struggled with issues, theories, and edits. She read through several drafts of this study, and helped me to condense the large volume of material that I had accumulated. Dr. Keough is a strong student advocate and several times she intervened on my behalf when I faced a number of obstacles within and outside the institution. She also pushed me to promote my research and to become more involved in the Canadian historical community. I have valued her advice and direction, and have appreciated the opportunities she has given me. For these reasons, I consider myself very fortunate to have been guided and influenced by such a fine Canadian historian. Tá mé beannaithe go bhfuil tú mar mo mheantóir. Thanks are also due to the remaining members of my supervisory committee. Dr. Mark Leier is responsible for keeping me in the graduate program at Simon Fraser during a particularly bleak period for me while still a Master’s student. This work is largely the result of his words of encouragement from that time. As his many teaching awards attest, he is a respected and committed teacher whose love of labour history is contagious. I have appreciated his sense of humour during the editing process, as well as his reminders to me to consider the perspective of the men of the RCMP. Dr. Elise Chenier’s comments on the first draft contributed to a much better analysis. I am vii especially indebted to her for encouraging me years ago to consider the role emotions might play in the history of the RCMP. My external reviewer, Dr. Jane Nicholas, was instrumental in welcoming me to the Canadian historical community. Her interest in my academic career, and her friendship, were bright spots in the long journey toward completion. Thanks are also due to Dr. Lara Campbell for her insights, comments, and encouragement as my internal/external reviewer. I also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada through a doctoral scholarship, and Simon Fraser University through doctoral fellowships and research grants during the last seven years. Earlier versions of portions of this research appeared in the following publications: “‘The Greatest Man-Catcher of All’: The First Female Mounties, the Media, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 22:1 (2011); “Women in Red Serge: Thirty-Five Years Later,” The Quarterly 74:4 (2009); “Women on the Force,” Canada’s History (August-September 2011); “Contesting a Canadian Icon: Female Police Bodies and the Challenge to the Masculine Image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the 1970s,” Contesting Bodies and Nation in Canadian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013). I want to particularly thank the editors of Contesting Bodies and Nation, Patrizia Gentile and Jane Nicholas, as well as my fellow contributors, for their inspiring comments about the history of women working as police officers in the RCMP. I would also like to acknowledge the seminar participants at the Canadian Committee on Women’s History conference in Vancouver, British Columbia in 2010, for sharing their insightful perspectives on emotions, oral history, and the Virden shootings. Many people in the RCMP, serving and retired, made significant contributions to this research. S/Sgt. Margaret Shorter acted as my liaison with the RCMP and the International Association of Women Police. Margaret put me in touch with members of the force and kept me up-to-date with current RCMP policies and with developments affecting women in policing around the world. A true friend and a fellow gate-crasher, she encouraged and supported me throughout the entire process. Commr. Beverley Busson offered her enthusiastic support during the early stages of this project and viii granted me permission to interview members of the RCMP across Canada, for which I am truly grateful. In addition, Fraser MacRae, Don Klancher, Cheryl Joyce, Ric Hall, Karen Adams, Jane Hall, Dorothy Martinson, Fred Stark, Donna Morse, and Sheldon Boles were instrumental in providing historical information, studies, photographs, news clippings, documents, or in connecting me with their colleagues. I would also like to acknowledge the help I received from the staff at the RCMP’s Historical Collections Unit in Regina, Saskatchewan, and the expertise of Sandy Ramos, the former historian for the RCMP in Ottawa, Ontario. A number of people outside of the RCMP also made significant contributions. I would especially like to thank Col. Doris Toole of the Canadian Armed Forces, not only for her time, but for sharing her photographs with me and filling in the many details that were missing from the history of the first female Mounties. Dr. Nicolas Kenny and Dr. Greg Marquis freely shared references from their own research, and Dr. Rhonda Semple provided me with family recollections of The Honourable W. Helen Hunley. Anne Toews was responsible for inspiring me to consider the role of the media in RCMP history, and for several long but encouraging chats about history and graduate work. Thanks are also due to Maurice Guibord who graciously spent a morning with me as we searched for the gravesite of Kathleen “Klondike Kate” Ryan in Burnaby, British Columbia. I am also grateful to Gladys We, communications officer at Simon Fraser University, for promoting my research to the local media. I am blessed to be friends with Kate Braid, who is an inspiration and a “sister who knows.” Finally, Dr. Jack Gaston is the best cheerleader any student could wish for. Jack and Nicole deserve a special note of appreciation for their unstinting friendship and many words of wisdom and encouragement throughout my academic career.
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