-""'i!C l1li f'I f'I f'I II' INTERNATIONAL II' TRAFFIC CONTROL II' II' DEVICES III­ III III III III III TRANSPORTATION-MARKINGS A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES • Alternate Series Title: An Inter-modal Study of Safety Aids Alternate T-M Titles: Transport ration] Mark [ing]s • Transport Marks INTERNATIONAL Waymarks III T-M FOllndatiollS, 3rd edition, 1999 (part A, Volume I, TRAFFIC CONTROL First Studies in T-M) (2nd ed, 1991) (4th ed, Projected) DEVICES A First Study in T-M: 17Je US, 2nd ed, 1992 (Part S, Vall) • Intemational Marine Aids to Navigation, 2nd ed, 1988 III (Parts C & 0, Vol I) [Unified 1st Edition of Parts A-D, 1981, University Press of America] Part E, Second Edition Intemational Traffic Control Devices, 2nd ed, 2004 (Part • E, VallI, Further Studies in T-M) (1st ed, 1984) Intemational Railway Signals, 1st ed, 1991 (part F, Vol U) • Volume II, Further Studies International Aero Navigation, 1st ed, 1994 (part G, Vol II) T-M General Classification, 2nd ed, 2003 (part H, Vol II) (1st ed, 1994) Transportation-Markings: A Transportation-Markings Database: Marine, 1st ed, 1997 (Part Ii, Vol III, Additional Studies Study in Communication in T-M) III TCD, 1st ed, 1998 (Part [ii, Vol UI) Monograph Series Railway, 1st ed, 2000 (Part Iiii, Vol UI) Aero, 1st ed, 2001 (Part Iiv) (2nd ed, Proj ected) Transportation-Markings: A Historical Survey, 1750-2000, -­ 1st ed, 2002 (Part J, Vol IV, Final Studies in T-M) III A Tmly Integrative Transportation-Markings [Alternate Brian Clearman Ti tie: Transportation Markings as an In/onnation System] (Part K, Vol IV, Proj ected) III 0000000 Mount Angel Abbey 2004 TraflSportation-Markings General Table o/Contents with Index, 2nd ed, 2003 (1st ed, 2002; 3rd ed, Projected) • • TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedicated to the Memory of PREFACE 10 RBC CHAPTER 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC CONTROL 1941-1958 DEVICES, 1909-1950 A European Traffic Signs 1 Introduction 15 • 2 European Traffic Signs, 1909-1926-1931 17 ... 3 The Old British System (OBS), 1903-1950 23 Copyright (c) 2004 by Mount Angel Abbey B Final League ofNations/Initial United Nations Traffic Signs System ... 1 Introduction and League ofNations, 1938-1939 26 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data: .. 2 United Nations Protocol 1949 35 Clearman, Brian. C Traffic Signs Developments in AfricalMiddle East! International traffic control devices. Part E I Brian AsialPacificlAmericas 1925-1950 Clearman--2nd ed. 1 Early AfricalMiddle East!AsialPacificlAmericas 40 p. em. -- (Transportation-markings: a study in ­ a) The Americas 40 communication) b) Africa/Middle East!AsialPacific 43 Includes bibliographical references and index. .. 2 More Recent Africa: CASATC 46 ISBN 0-918941-19-9 D Traffic Signals & Traffic Markings To 1950 1. Traffic signs and signals. [ Title. 1 Introduction 53 -­ 2 Traffic Signals 53 TA 1245.C56 2004 3 Traffic Markings 56 625.7'94--dc22 2004044849 .. CHAPTER 2 NOTE: 1st ed (CIP) is listed as Transportation-Markings CLASSIFICAnON WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES rather than Traffic signs and signals. DC classification was .- 629.04'2 rather than 625.7'94--dc22. A The Classification Revisited 1 Introduction to Chapter 2 59 2 The Revisting of the Classification 60 4 • ~. 5 a) The 4th Digit Problem: Aids Affected by it/Aids not Mfected by it b) Classifying Principle: 4th-Digit May Represent a) Documents Preceeding UN 1968 96 Categories not Separate Aids b) 1968 UN Conference: Traffic Signal Messages 98 3 Changes in Classification Messages c) Changes After 1968: Europe and North America 100 64. B Classification & Notes 1 The Main Classification 66 CHAPTER 4 2 Explanatory Notes 68 --WARNING & INFORMATIVE SIGNS General Note 74~ 3 Variant Classification for TCD 75 __ A Warning Signs, 1952-1968 General Note 79 ....-w 1 Introduction . 103 2 1952-1967 CHAPTER 3 104 3 UN 1968 Danger Warning Signs TRAFFIC SIGNALS WITH INTRODUCTION TO 106 4 Regional & National Changes & Implembntations 111 ENTITIES SPONSORING SIGNALS Infonnative Signs 1 Introduction A Introduction 114 2 Informative Signs, 1952-1967 1 Introduction to Chapter 80 114 3 UN 1968 and Infonnative Signs 2 The lJN Draft Convention, 1952 81. a) Changes in Drafts 3 The IAMM ofTCDs 83 116 b) Signs in UN 1968 4 Code for TCD, ECAFE 118 85_ c) Mtermath ofUN 1968: Implementation & 5 Outgrowths ofthe 1952 Draft Convention 86 Changes 6 Changes and Reformation of Older Systems, 1950­ 122 1967 a) Introduction & United Kingdom 87 - CHAPTER 5 b) Scandinavia 89 • REGULATORY SIGNS c) Canadian TCDs 89 d) The United States . 90 ' . A Regulatory Signs Before 1968 e) The Threshold of 1968: Divergence and Umty 91 • 1 Introduction 126 B Traffic Signals " 2 Regulatory Signs, 1952-1967 127 1 Introduction & Traffic Signal Before 1968 a) Introduction 3 9 • B UN 1968 & Aftermath b) TelIDS 91 " 1 The Building ofthe UN System 131 c) Traffic Signals, 1952-1967 95 2 The Problem ofthe Red Oblique Bar 135 2 Traffic Signals: 1968 and After • 3 Regulatory Signs at UN 1968 143 , 4 Aftermath ofUN 1968: Regulatory Signs 147 6 __ 7 CHAPTER 6 IV Sign Shapes and Color Formats 199 TRAFFIC MARKINGS a) Sign Shape Illustrations 200 b) Sign Shapes 208 A Introduction & Traffic Markings Before 1968 1_ c) Systems Use of Color 210 1 Introduction: Terms, Classification, Overview 15)....... 2 Traffic Markings, 1952-1967 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY B UN 1968: Traffic Markings -- i Abbreviations for Sources 217 1 Review ofDrafts 158_ 11 Books, Journals & Reports (Non-Governmental 2 UN 1968 Provisions 159....... Sources) 219 3 Mtermath ofUN 1968 162 111 UN Sources a) UN Conference on Road Traffic 221 b) Other UN Sources 222 APPENDIX I - tv Other Government Sources 223 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Classification System Terms 168_- 11 Message Characteristics Terms 170~ INDEXES 11t Marking Types Terms 172 tv Transportation Terms 174_ General Index 227 v Political Terms 175~ Index ofNames 231 Index of T-M Phenomena 237 APPENDIX II A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL -­ ROAD SIGNS, 1909-1968 .. i Introduction 177_ ii The Chart 182~ iii Explanatory Notes 199 .. 9 8 .. ~ -- emphasis on T-M phenomena and moves systems at least slightly off center field. The older edition retains importance for a more system-orientated approach. PREFACE FOR SECOND EDITION -- This edition includes a reworked main classifiction as -- well as a variant classification new to Part E. Both the This edition ofPart E prepared nearly 20 years after reworked main classification and variant classification are the 1st edition offers a significant change in direction. The found in the General Classification (Part E, 1994 and 1st edition focussed on TCD systems (with a historical -- 2003). Some further work on classifications was carried out undergirding). Traffic Signs, Traffic Signals, Traffic for this edition. The original preface is retained though Markings played a secondary role in that edition. In this -- acknowledgements for the 1st ed are omitted. edition the focus is on T-M forms before systems. History and systems are present but in a more secondary role. '. PREFACE FOR FIRST EDITION This approach more closely follows the modal Volume II of Transportation-Markings: A Study in approach ofthe other monographs on international TCD III Communication continues the studies that were begun in themes (Marine in 1988 [2nd ed], Railroad in 1992, Aero in the first volume. The earlier volume reviewed communi­ 1994). Systems played a smaller role with other T-M forms cation concepts -- especially those of semiotics and ofthe than with TCD. Lighthouses, for example, are a markedly role ofcolor in T-M -- and it presented a survey ofsurface, independent aid with little employment ofsystems. While air, and marine markings in the US. That volume ended other marine T-M forms gradually became parts ofsys­ with a brief examination of one part ofinternational tems, nonetheless, an individual character was retained. Transportation-Markings -- that of marine aids to naviga­ Systems were more a part of railway signals yet a domi­ tion. nation of signals by trans-national conferences and r., ' resulting documents was less often present. Aero naviga­ Volume II will continue the international studies begun in the last part ofthe first volume. There are three tion has occupied an intermediate ground ofindependent , !.',; aids and interrelated aids. intended parts to Volume II: Part E, Traffic Control Devices; Part F, Railroad Signals; Part G, Aeronautical However, a near domination by systems has been r. Navigation Aids. Each ofthe three parts will be published clearly present with TCD forms. Even simple devices as it is finished. While it is necessary to publish each ofthe became parts ofinterrelated groups and, in time, systems parts separately, it is hoped that all three can be republished r. together at a later date. regulating devices and interrelations took place. That systems focus was present with the first edition ofPart E: signs, signals, surface markings were subsumed into of The limited nature ofthis monograph cannot begn to regional and global scope. This edition places more • encompass the complete field oftraffic control devices; the 11 . 10 • discipline is both vast and rapidly changing. Even a cursory systems and understandings have influenced and shaped resume oftechnical advances would require several succeeding systems. No adequate understanding ofthe massive tomes. Technical libraries, as a matter ofpolicy, present systems of TCDs can be gained without examining maintain only current materials and discard the growing earlier systems. Further, nations and regions have utilized collections ofoutdated materials. Therefore, it becomes other systems and produced "hybrid" systems ofTCDs. necessary (and this is perhaps paradoxical) to narrow the Only an examination ofcompeting and obsolete systems scope ofthis study in order for it to be truly inter-national. will sufficiently illustrate how the hybrids and local The study is broad in the sense that it intends to examine practices came into existence.