Traffic light signals

The traffic lights are generally installed at road junctions to control the movement of vehicles. All traffic must in conformity with these lights

Red means stop. Wait behind the Green arrow means, you can go in stop line or cross walk. the direction shown by the arrow

Yellow means caution. and must be Flashing yellow signals warn you stopped if it flashes after the green of hazards ahead. Slow down then or continue driving very carefully if proceed with caution it is flashes after the red

Flashing red lights means you Green means you may go on if the must come to a full stop and way is clear or you take right or left turns proceed cautiously after making a safety check of approaching roads

Safeon Wheels

Manual for Drivers & Road Users

"Life is safe if driving is safe"

Smooth roads are not made for driving at great speed endangering lives

TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT OFFICERS ASSOCIATION Karnataka Publishers : Transport Department Officers Association(Regd)

Bangalore, Karnataka state

Office address : No. 642, 18th Main, 24th Cross, Banasankari 2nd Stage,

Bangalore-560 070 Ph: 080-26718800

Govt approval : F T D 216/TME/92/dated 04–11–1992 number

Permission : Transport Commissioner, Personnel – 1 PR : letter 106/2004-05/dated 09-09-2004.

Year of : 2010 publication

Price : Rs 50/-

Printers : Jwalamukhi Mudranalaya Pvt. Ltd. 44/1, K.R. Road, Basvangudi, Bangalore-560 004, Ph:080-26617243 Transport Department Officers’ Association (Regd) Transport Department, Bangalore, Karnataka

Executive Committee

President : SHIVRAJ B. PATIL B.E. (Mech), D.B.M. L.L.M

Vice-President : R. MUNIVEERE GOWDA B.E. (Mech)

Secretary : R. RAJASHEKAR B.E. (Auto)

Joint Secretaries : D. SADASHIVA B.A., L.L.B

H. RAGHUNATH DAE (Auto)

Treasurer : K. ASHOKA D.M.E (Auto)

Executive : NARENDRA HOLKER Committee B.E. (Mech) Members C. MALIKARJUNA B.E. (Mech)

M. GIRIDHAR D.M.E. (Auto)

S. MANJUNATHAIAH D.M.E. (Auto)

Smt. SHOBHA B.A. L.L.B., L.L.M CONTENTS Message

Preface

Editorial

Chapter Topic 1 Driving license 2 International driving permit 3 Traffic signs and their importance 4 Traffic signals 5 Road marking and their importance 6 Rules of the Road 7 Driver’s Duties 8 Vehicle parking rules 9 Motor vehicle accidents 10 Motor vehicle insurance 11 Air pollution from motor vehicles 12 Noise pollution from vehicles 13 Vehicular Light pollution 14 Defensive Driving 15 Vehicle maintenance 16 Model question papers Appendix

MESSAGE Road Safety awareness needs topmost priority to make our roads safer. This Manual gives comprehensive information for drivers and other road users and would also appearing the driving competence test. I am confident that this book will help to achieve better understanding of traffic control devices viz., sings, signals, and road marketing etc., The knowledge of rules of the road, skills and attitudes of defensive driving, which all combine makes a responsible and safe driver on wheels and this enhances the road safety level on the road.

I wish the association all the very best in achieving its objects of enhancing the road safety level on roads and creating awareness among drivers.

(R.Ashoka) Minister for Transport, Govt. of Karnataka Bangalore Telephone : 22353912 22032548

Fax : 22352769

M.K. SHANKARALINGEGOWDA, IAS 1st Floor, 3rd Gate, Secretary to Government M.S. Building, Transport Department Bangalore-560 001

Date: 03.02.2010

MESSAGE

I understand, Transport Department Officers’ Association, Karnataka realizing the need for creating awareness among the drivers and other road users about the licensing system and road safety aspects on the road, have brought out this “Manual for Drivers & Road Users” to assist the existing and potential drivers to become safe drivers.

I find this manual specially written for driver and license-seeking youngsters provides the basic information on defensive driving skills, accidents prevention, vehicular pollution and necessity of insurance. The relevant provisions of Motor Vehicle Act, traffic signs, signals and road marking which require understanding for safe operation of motor vehicles.

The style and format of the manual is excellent and reader friendly. Lot of multiple choice questions and penal provisions greatly enhance the utility of the book. I wish this book be the essential companion for drivers and vehicle owners.

(M.S. Shankaralingegowda)

BHASKAR RAO, I.P.S.,

Commissioner of Transport & Road Safety

MESSAGE

Safe Driving and safe practices by the drivers and by road users are matters of paramount importance for all of us. I believe that people need to be constantly educated on the fundamental rules relating to the use of road. The Karnataka Transport Department Officers’ Association has brought out “Manual for Drivers & Road Users” to educate the drivers and this book is helpful for many reasons. It presents in clear and concise terms, the whole picture of driving a vehicle. Safety and related subjects such as defensive driving. Air pollution, Vehicle Insurance and do’s and don’ts during vehicle accidents are explained keeping the driver and vehicle owners interest. The manual contains some of the valuable additions like comprehensive list of road traffic sign, signals and road safety can be achieved only when drivers to comprehend and follow.

Road Safety can be achieved only when driver’s behaviour and their driving standard are improved, carefully thought, this impressive “Manual for drivers & Road Users” will be complete guide and informative book for drivers, youngsters and vehicle owners. I am confident that this endeavour made by officer’s association will pave the way for safe driving culture in Karnataka state.

With best wishes

Yours sincerely

(Bhaskar Rao)

SHIVARAJ B. PATIL BE. DBM., LLM

PREFACE

Education to drivers about the basic rules of the roads and about the traffic control devices operating to regulate the flow of traffic could do with a lot more professionalism. The situation we see on our roads is very complex and reflects the undeveloped driver character. The gravity of the road accident scenario in our country and as well as in Karnataka is getting worse and gloomier day by day in terms of numbers and the severity of accidents. The Transport Department Officers’ Association in Karnataka has brought out comprehensive manual “Safe on Wheels” to create awareness and education to drivers.

This manual depicts complete information relating to obtaining of driving license, about the driver duties, road rules and traffic signs, signals, road marking and vehicular air pollution norms and its effects. Apart from providing information to educate the drivers and road users, this manual address the problem faced by them in the event of road accidents and during the minor faults developed with the vehicle. It is also emphasised in this manual about the consequences of violation of the motor vehicle rules.

I wish to acknowledge the support and guidance of Sri Bhaskar Rao, senior journalist and Sri Anil Kumar, Bangalore in bringing out this publication. It is hoped that this publication will be of immense use to the youngsters while seeking driving license and a reference book for drivers, transport operators, owners of vehicles, school and college authorities and in general all road users.

Shivaraj B. Patil President EDITORIAL

The aim of “Safe on Wheels” Manual for Drivers and road users brought out by the Transport Department Officers Association , Bangalore is to increase awareness in the average road users about the safe driving on our roads. This Manual contains the important advice for road users. It is designed to prevent accidents by ensuring that, we all follow safety rule. The rules elaborated in this manual are derived from the Indian Motor Vehicle Act 1998 and as revised and amended there on. This manual is an essential reading for everyone. Safe on wheels does not emphasis on when you have the right of way over others as much as when you should give way to others. The book helps to ensues that the rules are more easily understood with the help of a large diagrams and pictures, followed up with an objective type of question papers which the reader can use to test his own knowledge and comprehension.

All the readers are hereby informed that the information and pictures provided in this manual is only to guide and create awareness among the readers and not the authoritative statements. The publishers, printers and the persons selling this book does not own any liability for any type of loss or injury. However any suggestion for improvement in the presentation and providing of further information to the reader would be welcomed.

We need all possible support in our endeavour whether it be ideas, inspiration, criticism and appreciation. We thank Jwalamukhi Mudranalaya Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore for excellent printing.

K. Ashok C. Mallikarjuna RTO, K.R. Puram RTO, Shimoga Bangalore

Syed Shafi Ahmed Panduranga Shetty RTO, Gnanabharathi ARTO, K.R. Puram Bangalore Bangalore

Dedicated to the thousands of innocent lives lost in road accidents across the country.

Let’s make Indian roads accident free, pollution free and tension free, through education and discipline driving. Chapter 1

DRIVING LICENCE

The driving licence is an official document certifying that the holder is suitably qualified to drive a motor vehicle or vehicles. Under the provision of the Indian Motor vehicle Act- 1988, No person can drive a motor vehicle on any public place unless he holds a driving licence issued to him, authorizing him to drive a vehicle of that particular category.

Driving licence in the form of ‘smart card’

A person who drives a motor vehicle without a valid licence as well as the person who furnished the vehicle are liable to be fined and prosecuted.

A person who fulfils the eligibility norms for obtaining a driving licence can seek a licence for any of the category of vehicles.

1. Categories of vehicles

1. Motor-cycle without gear 2. Motor-cycle with gear 3. Invalid carriage 4. Light motor vehicle 5. Transport vehicle 6. Road-roller 7. Any specific vehicle 2. Age requirements

i. Apersonwho has completed 16 years of age is eligible to drive a motor-cycle with an engine capacity of under 50 cc . A 16-year-old person applying for a licence for driving a gearless motor-cycle should secure the consent of parents or guardian. ii. The minimum age for driving a geared motor-cycle or light motor vehicle like a car or jeep on public roads is 18 years. iii. The minimum eligibility age is 20 year for driving a transport vehicle like bus, lorry or maxi- cab on public roads. A light motor vehicle licence holder can apply for transport vehicle licence one year after the light vehicle licence was issued.

Both driver and owner are punishable forr driving the vehicle by an under aged OR unlicenced person.

OBTAINING A LEARNER’S LICENCE a. Learner’s licence to drive a non-transport vehicle.

A person can apply for non-transport vehicle learner licence under the provision of Rule 10 of Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989 at the regional transport office if he or she meets the age and other requirements.

The applicant should appear in person to take the requisite preliminary test and produce the following documents along with the application.

1. Application in Form 2. 2. Receipt for having paid the fee of Rs 30. 3. Three passport size photographs 4. Address proof like Ration Card, Electoral Roll, Voter’s identity card, Phone bill, LIC, Pass port, Electricity bill. 5. Age proof like 10th Std. (SSLC) marks card or School-leaving transfer certificate, Birth certificate or PAN card. 6. Self declared medical certificate in Form 1. b. Learner’s licence to drive a transport vehicle.

A person can apply for transport vehicle learner license after the age of 20 years and after 1 year from the date of obtaining a light motor vehicle licence through a diving school, duly producing the following documents: 1. The application in Form 2. 2. Fee Challan of Rs. 30/- paid at RTO/ARTO. 3. Light motor vehicle licence issued over year earlier. 4. Provisional admission certificate issued by the driving school. 5. Educational certificate for having passed 8th std. 6. Medical certificate in Form 1A issued by the registered medical practioner.

PRELIMINARY TEST FOR LEARNER’S LICENCE

(Written test and oral test)

1. Written test

As aspirant for a learner’s licence should appear before the licensing authority with the application form and documents mentioned above, if he has passed the SSLC examination.

The candidate will be given a question paper1 for 15 marks. Half the questions related to traffic signals, traffic signs and road markings and the other half about traffic rules and regulations, driver duties at railway level crossing and during accident. The candidate will get the learner’s licence if he scores a minimum of 10 marks.

2. Oral test

Illiterate candidate or those who have not passed the SSLC examination, have to appear for a interview. He will be asked some question about the traffic signals, knowledge about traffic signs and road rules and driving regulation as specified under Section 118 of the Motor Vehicle Act 1988, drivers’ duties, hand signals and the documents that he should carry in the vehicle.

A licence to drive is not a licence to KILL

PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING A PERMANENT LICENCE

Appear before the licensing authority 30 days after obtaining the learner’s licence and within the validity of LLR along with the followings

a. In case of new licence, the following documents should be submitted: i. Application in Form-4 ii. Receipt for having paid the fee of Rs 50 iii. 3 passport size photographs iv. Original valid learner’s licence b. To add or endorse another category of vehicle in the existing licence, the following documents should be submitted: i. Application in Form-8 ii. Receipt of payment of Rs. 30 for inclusion of new category of vehicle iii. Receipt for having paid the test fee of Rs 50 iv. Original valid learner’s licence v. Certificate from driving school in Form-5 for inclusion of new category of vehicle under transport series

For all purpose mentioned above, the candidate should appear for driving competence test at the licensing authority office along with the vehicle of the respective category and RC book, tax card, insurance documents and emission certificate of that vehicle.

Candidate ready to appear for driving test

1. Driving competence test

After examining required documents, licensing authority concerned or the motor vehicle inspector will conduct a driving competency test on the driving track to ascertain the applicant’s ability to drive the vehicle.

The applicant should pay attention to the following aspects and take the test with the vehicle concerned. Proceed with the driving competence test at the driving track or at specified place and in the supervision of the testing officer.

Driving track for motor cycle driving test

2. Preparing for your driving test

Get enough practice of at least 30-hours behind wheel training or self practice including atleast 10 hours of night driving before appearing for driving test. While carrying out the driving practice ask your accompanying driver to point out your mistakes and get it clarify and correct your driving error and mistakes. Practice all the driving maneuvers listed below. During your driving test the examiner will note how you obey the rules of the road and traffic signs and signals given by the traffic lights and traffic police. The examiner will make a note in which you may need improvement.

3. Safe driving maneuvers and practices

1. Check your mirrors, fasten the safety belt and ensure that the vehicle is not in gear and all the controlling system are in order before starting the engine. 2. Start the engine by turning the key and engage the lower gear, accelerate smoothly while steering on the road or pulling away from the kerb to take the test on the driving track.

Fig. of ‘8’ of driving track for LMV driving test

3. Change the gear quickly according to the traffic and the speed of the vehicle. Be sure your vehicle is in the correct gear. Don’t grind the gears. 4. Take right and left turns and make proper use of the rear view mirror before giving hand signals. Practice hand signals for all lane changes and while taking turns and while stopping. 5. Overtake or allow other vehicle to overtake after giving proper indications. 6. Follow the vehicles with a safe distance by using 3 second rule*. Increase your following distance in bad weather and poor visibility. 7. Know what the traffic signals mean and obey them at all times. Give clear indication and signals depending upon the situations. 8. Always obey the posted speed limits. If needed reduce your speed to adjust for existing weather, road and other traffic conditions. 9. Always drive defensively2 and look for potential hazards. Anticipate other drivers errors around you. 10. Drive always on the left side of the road, and give right of way3 to pedestrians where there is no traffic lights. 11. Use the indicator light4 while negotiating turns and also turn on your lights if you need to use windshield wipers in poor weather conditions and in an emergency, park the vehicle on the side after giving suitable signals. 12. Stop the vehicle gently to avoid jerks, apply break well before the point where you must stop. Know where to park5 on the road and if your view is blocked at cross walk, move forward carefully and look both ways before entering the intersection. 13. Take the following precaution at the intersections and road junctions. a. Slow down. b. Make proper use of rare view mirror. A minimum educational qualifaction for obtaining a licence to drive a transport vehicle shall be pass in the eight standard

c. Position the vehicle appropriately for making turns. d. Look right first, then left and look right again while negotiating the cross roads. 14. Resist other fellow drivers from the possible attempts to disturb concentrations. Pay attention to pedestrian, bicycle riders and fellow drivers. 15. While driving on a gradient, stop and start with the half clutch operation without sliding back. 16. Maneuvre the vehicle in forward direction in figure of ‘8’ shape and also in reverse direction of the same track and in reverse direction of ‘S’-type curves and practice to drive in these types of roads.

Automation of Driving Training Track and simulators for A - grade driving school

Model of computer based driving track

On passing the driving competence test, the candidate will be given the driver licence under Form 6. A computerised smart cards instead of books are available at Regional transport officers in the state. Now the transport department of Karnataka state introduced the smart card in place of driving licence. KINDS OF LICENCE

The Licensing Authority issues the following kinds of licences:

1. In book form 2. Smart Card

1. In Book Form

The licensing authority issue the book form driving licence as per the motor vehicle rules in the form No. 6 and all categories of licences for which the person is qualified is endorsed in same book. Every person will be issue only one driving licence in the book form and additional categories endorsed in the same book.

Keeping more than one licence is a serious offense

2. Smart card

As per the definition under rule 2 (S) of central motor vehile rules 1989, Smart card means a device cable of storing data and excuting commands with a micro processor chip mounted on a plastic card. This pocket sized form of driving licence in Form 7 is most convenient document The micro chip on the Smart card stores lot of valuable personal information, licence category and a photograph with biometrics (finger print) of driver holding the smart card. The smart card licence keep an upto date record of driving offenses and unpaid fines. The smart card ensures the form of strong security, reliability and convenience. This card also embed a hologram to avoid counterfeiting and engineered to be tamper resistant.

The proceedure to obtain the smart card is as follows

1. Appear for the driving test before the licensing authority after 30 days from the date of issue of Learner's licence by paying Rs. 50 in the RTO office. 2. After the sucessful test, the applicant has to personally appear before the web camera of the computer for photograph and for the thumb impression through biometric pad and has to put the digital signature in the RTO/ARTO office. 3. The fee for obtaining a smart card is Rs. 200/- 4. The documents and other requirements are same as that of obtaining a driving licence.

The first smart card driver's licence systemin the world was issued in 1995 in Mendoza of Argentina. Validity of Driving Licences

a. Adrivinglicence to drive a transport vehicle is valid only for 3 year. b. Adrivinglicesnse to drive a trasport vehicle carrying dangerous or hazardous nature cargos be effective for a period of one year and renewed only if the driver undergoes one day refreshers course. c. In case of driving licence to drive a non transport vehicle

i. Be effetive for a period of 20 years OR ii. Until the date on which such person attains the age of 50 years which ever is earlier

For the persons above the age of 50 years the validity of the driving licence is given only for period of 5 years.

Public Service Vehicle (PSV) Drivers’ Badge

It is necessary for a driver of a transport vehicles like auto rickshaw cab, motor cab, taxicab, maxicab. Stage carriage, contract carriage etc. to obtain a driver's badge, before driving such a vehicle. The person should know the driver duties6 and liabilities of drivers towards the passangers safety

Driving without DL will attract spot fine of Rs. 300 to 500 Sparing vehicle to the person without DL will be fined upto Rs. 1500

RENEWAL OF LICENCE

Non transport driving licence issued for motor cycle, car and jeep is valid till the licence holder attains the age of 50 years or for 20 years from the date of issue and then it should be renewed. Transport vehicle licences should be renewed within three years from the date of issue. The following documents with the filled up form should be submitted at the RTO or ARTO offices

i. Form No 9, fill up and attach a passport size photograph ii. Medical certificate in Form 1 and 1 A for those above 50 years of age or transport vehicle drivers iii. Fee - within 30 days of the expiry of the licence Rs 50. After 30 days Rs 100. For delay of every year or part of year Rs 50 iv. Attach current permanent licence v. The computerised digital smart card driving licence, the fee of Rs. 200/-.

The licensing authority after the verification of documents and following due procedure under the Indian Motor Vehicle Act & Rules, renew the licence.

A Xerox copy of DL is not acceptable Always carry original driving licence

SUSPENTION/DISQUALIFICATION OF LICENCE

The commission of the following acts by a holder of the driving licence shall constitute nuisance or danger to the public and the licence holder will be disqualified from holding such licence by the licencing authority.

a. Frequent habitual violations of traffic rules or habitual addiction to liquor

If convicted for drunken driving, the licence shall be suspended for a period not less than six months.

b. Not driving a contract carriage, like autorikshaw, maxicab and taxicabs, in the absence of a reasonable cause, to the destination named by the hirer. c. Consumption of narcotic and psychotropic substances as described in the Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 d. Use of motor vehicles for criminal activities e. Proof that the licence holder poses a danger to the public by his driving or has caused an accident by negligent driving

The punishment for such rash/dangerous driving can be imprisonment for a period upto six months.

f. Acquisition of a driving licence for any category or categories of vehicles by providing wrong or deceitful information g. Driver is Convicted by the court of law under Section 22 of CMV Act 1988. h. Withdrawal of consent given by parents or guardian of a licence holder under the age of 18. i. Using vehicle in unsafe condition. j. Misbehaviour with and showing discourtesy to the passengers. k. Loitering or unduly delaying any journey and not proceeding to the destination as near as may be in accordance with the time table.

In the event of refusal, suspension or revocation of a licence, the aggrieved person can appeal within 30 days of such action to the prescribed authority

1 See Model question paper at page 107

* See 3 second rule at page 93.

2 See Defensive driving page 91

3 See Right of explanation at page 43

4 See Indicator light signal at page 32

5 See Parking rules at page 57

6 See Duties of Drivers at page 51 Chapter 2

INTERNATIONAL DRIVING PERMIT

An International driving permit (IDP) is an official document containing essentially a multiple language translation of one's own existing driver's licence, complete with photograph and with vital statistics. An IDP allows an individual to drive a private motor vehicle in another nation or in foreign countries when accompanied by valid licence from the home country.

In India as per the Rule 2 (t) of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989 allows issue of permits to Indian citizens in possession of a driving licence to drive vehicles in the contracting countries as per the Vienna convention on road traffic made during the year 1968. It is essential for an Indian citizen to possess a licence to drive motor vehicles of the said category.

1. Eligibility to obtain in IDP

a. An IDP is issued to a Indian citizen over the age of 18 years. b. One should have a valid driving licence to drive a personal vehicle like motor cycle, car, Jeep or any light motor vehicles. c. There should be reasonable guarantee of the driver's aptitude and physical fitness.

The international driving permit can be obtained either from the Regional Transport Offices or ARTO offices of Karnataka state. Persons who secure the permits and to drive a motor vehicle in another country necessarily have to obey the rules of the country concerned. The permit becomes null and void when such a person secures the citizenship of another country.

2. Procedure to apply

A person has to appear personally in the town / city of his residence before the regional transport officer or ARTO office to apply for an international driving permit under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, with the following documents:

a. Filled up Form 4 (A)1 ** b. Current driving licence copy c. Fee of Rs 500 d. Three passport size photographs e. Medical certificate in Form 1 (A) f. Proof of Indian citizenship copy g. Valid passport copy h. Valid Visa copy

After detailed scrutiny and necessary checks, the applicant will be given the international driving permit in Form 6 (A)

The period of validity of the international driving permit is stipulated as one year from the date of issue of the permit or the expiry of the driving licence, whichever is earlier.

International driving permit

Importance of IDP

An NRI or foreigner cannot drive a vehicle in India just on the basis of driving licence issued by the foreign country. However is he has obtained an IDP from his own country and his country is signatory to the 1949 Geneva convention, then he can drive in India the specified category of vehicle till the IDP is valid.

And in India, IDP cannot be issued to an NRI or foreigner

Categories of vehicle for which the IDP is issued,

a. Motor cycles category L-1 and category L-2 b. Motor vehicles other than L-1 & L-2, and having maxi. weight not exceeding 3500 kgs or not more than eight seats excluding driver seat in category M-1.

**Collect form 4 (A) at RTO/ARTO office of your locality MODEL DRIVING TRACK for conducting driving test

1. Angular parking bays

2. Round double lane ⑧

3. Sixlane devided carriage way

4. Rotary intersection

5. “S” course single lane

6. Hair pinbend

7. Four lane divided road

8. By pass single lane road Chapter 3

TRAFFIC SIGNS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Traffic signs or road signs are the pictorial sign boards erected at the side of road to provide information to road users. It is essential for different countries to adopt simplified and standardized signs to facilitate the traveler to overcome the language barrier and to reduce the risk in driving.

Traffic signs are divided into four categories under the schedule as per the Indian Motor Vehicle Act 1998.

1. Triangular shaped cautionary signs 2. Round shaped compulsory or mandatory signs. 3. Rectangular Shaped informatory signs 4. Diamond shaped signs indicate cargo of hazardous nature.

1. Cautionery or Warning signs

The triangular shaped warning signs indicate any potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring special attention. Some of the most common warning or cautionery signs are explained below.

a. Animal crossing the roadway signs may warn of Wild animals (deer, ducks, tigers, elephants etc) or farm animals ike, cattles, horses, sheeps etc., that may stray onto the road. And also the childrens crossing the road way at school zone

Example:- Cattle zone ahead School zone ahead

b. Odd vehicles crossing the roadway

The signs carrying the picture of Cycles, Hand carts or Tongas or Railway etc indicate that such odd vehicles are likely to come on to the road and gives warning to the vehicle drivers. Example:-

Cyclist zone Railway crossing

c. Road works or construction:

These signs are often temporary in nature and used to indicate ongoing road works, poor roads or temporary conditions ahead on the road including blasting area, slippery road, loose gravels or narrow road etc.

Example:- Road repairs ahead Lose Gravel Road

d. Curves and Corners:

These cautionery signs indicate that unexpected bends in the road ahead are dangerous. The signs may indicate whether the road curves are to the right or left.

Example:- Right curve ahead Right hairpin curve

e. Tunnels and Bridges: Narrow bridges and road changes

The signs are to indicate tunnels and situations where the vehicle lights are to be put on due to the general change in the light level and low ceiling levels.

The narrow bridges or height restrictions due to tunnels and width restrictions due to narrow bridge are indicated by such warnings signs. The changes in the roadway and any intersection or merging of roads are also indicated by the cautionary signs.

Narrow brigde ahead Staggered intersection

The various cautionery signs as per the Indian Motor Vehicle Act 1988 & Rules are given in the colour sign chart.

2. Mandatory Signs

Round shaped mandatory sign boards are the road signs which are used to set the obligations on the vehicle drivers and other road traffic which use a specific area of road. The non-obeyance to these mandatory sign instruction may constitute a traffic violation and attracts the penalties upto Rs. 300/- for each offence.

The Mandatory Traffic signs can be divided as follows: a. Regulatory Signs:

These are mandatory traffic signs with a blue circle intended to instruct the road users on what they must do or must not do, under a given set of circumstances ie. basically these signs lays restrictions.

Example:-

Keep left No parking

The regulatory signs used to indicate or reinforce traffic laws, regulation or requirements which apply at all times or at specified times on a street or highways.

Example:-

Speed limit Hight limit

b. Prohibitory Traffic sign:

Prohibitory traffic signs are used to prohibit certain types of maneures or some type of ban on actions. These are with a red circle and a white background indicating prohibitive actions.

Example:-

Horn prohibited Trucks prohibited

3 Informatory Signs

Informatory signs which are rectangular in shape and erected on road side to provide information to road users and drivers.

Example:-

Hospital head

Car parking

Information signs are used to indicate the availability of public or driver utility places viz, Hospitals, Parking rest stops, restaurants, petrol bunks etc.,

The direction signs are either rectangular or arrow shaped pentagon. Direction, position and indication sign used primarily to give information about the location of possible destinations.

Ex:- Mile stones, direction and distance to a given location and reassurance sign such as road identification sign boards.

Variable Message sign is an electronic traffic sign often used on roadways to give Information about special events like warn of traffic congestion, accidents, traffic jams, road work zones or speed limits etc., to the drivers

4. Diamond shaped signs to indicate hazardous nature cargo’s

Under Schedule B of the Indian Motor Vehicle Act 1988, the diamond shaped signs are displayed on carriers or tankers carrying explosive or hazardous substances. These sings are meant to convey information about dangerous substances in the cargo and serve as caution to other road users.

Carrier carrying poisnous Gas

Roads are not race tracks. Death rides with the Rash driver.

Chapter 4

TRAFFIC SIGNALS

Traffic is the passage of motorized vehicles, unmotorized vehicles and pedestrians on roads and exchange of goods or the movement of passengers.

Traffic on roads may consists of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, street cars and other conveyances together while using the public way road way for purpose of travel. Traffic signals are given to vehicle drivers and others to enable their safe and smooth movement. Both drivers and pedestrian should follow these signals.

Types of Traffic Signals

There are 4 types Signals used to regulate the traffic movement.

1. Police hand signals 2. Driver hand signals 3. Indicator light signals 4. Traffic light signals

1. Police hand signals

Hand signals or Manual Regulation signs are the gestures used to regulate traffic on the road using the hand movements. Traffic Policeman use these actions to regulate traffic particularly at inter sections or traffic circles. The different hand signals by the traffic police are shown as under:

Traffic on front to stop and left Front and left traffic to stop To start one side vehicles Traffic to move

Turn left Traffic in front to stop Left and right traffic to stop

2. Driver Hand Signals

The driver of a motor cycle or car, has to indicate the drivers of other vehicles following him about his movements or intention to turn either by his right hand or by the indicator lights. The following pictures shows the different hand signals shown by drivers and their meaning.

To indicate intension to slow down Extend hand to right side and move it up and down

SLOW DOWN

To indicate left turn, Extend right hand and Make circular movement in anticlock wise with palmfacing forward

LEFT TURN

To make right turn, extend Right hand with palm facing front

RIGHT TURN

To indicate intention to stop rise the right hand forearm upward with palm facing front

STOP SIGN 3. Indicator Light Signals

The intention to take turns or to park the vehicle has to shown by the indicator lights provided with vehicle. The different indicator signals are shown below.

A. Right turn indicator light signal

B. Left turn indicator light signal

Hazardous indicator signals

C. Hazardous signaling light

4. Traffic Light Signals

Traffic lights installed at the intensions, cross roads are the signaling devices to give directions to road users by the glowing lights in standard colors (Red-Amber-Green).

Glowing Red Stop Signal

Glowing Yellow Ready to Stop or Proceed

Glowing Green Proceed Signal

Traffic lights which are installed at road intersections and on high ways to give a variety of signals to drivers and it is mandatory to obey these signals for hassle-free movement of vehicles at the intersections. The normal function of traffic lights is to control and coordinate with the traffic to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and the pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads. Depending upon the location, traffic lights may be mounted on poles which are situated on street corners and some times hung from horizontal gantries that extend out from the corner and over the right-of-way. These signal lights which conveys messages are explained below:

Green arrow

Green arrow means you can go in the direction shown by the arrow. You may do this no matter what the other lights may be showing.

Drive carefully

You may only move on if the amber light is glowing. However, you must countinue driving very carefully during the amber light.

Red light

Red means stop. Wait behind the stop line or cross walk. Wait untill a green signal appears before proceeding. You may turn left if it is not prohibited at intersection.

Do not jump signals Chapter 5

ROAD MARKINGS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Road markings representing lanes, medians, cross ways etc. are drawn in white, black and yellow colours. These help to regulate the movement of vehicles and pedestrians in an orderly manner. The road markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and offeial information to drivers and pedestrians. These markings are treated as road safety devices.

Broadly, the white lines form the paths for vehicles called as lanes and medians and the yellow lines indicate the restrictions for road users. White or yellow lines in combination with black markings demarcate the edge of the road or some objects. The lines on the road therefore enhance safety and facilitate smooth flow of traffic.

Different road markings are shown below:

1. Stop line in white 2. Median (dividing) line in yellow or white at the centre of the road. 3. Kerbs in black and yellow at the edge of the road to indicate danger 4. Lane marks in dotted white line

Markings in black and yellow near a traffic island, with a white line behind which vehicles must wait, for traffic signals.

5. Zebra stripes for crossing the road in white angular lines for the benifit of pedestrians

The lines and markings mentioned above convey clear directions to vehicle drivers, pedestrians and other road users. Compliance with these markings is compulsory.

Non -mechanical road markings.

The non-mechanical road markings are done by the binder resin paints with additives like reflective glass beads and pigments and fillers. It is used to mark the lanes, cross walks (Zebra crossing) medians etc.

IMPORTANCE OF ROAD MARKINGS

1. Dotted line in the center of the road: This is the median line in which vehicles can cross this without causing obstruction to other vehicles and resume their original lane. The single lane roads will have such median markings.

2. Continuous white line in the centre of the road: Do not cross this line except in emergencies, without causing convenience to other road users. Revert to original lane early. Unbroken yellow line in the centre of the road: Do not cross this line for any reason.

3. Double solid yellow lines in the centre of the road: These markings promote road safety and ensure smooth flow of traffic. Sometimes, road markings are used to supplement the message of road signs and other devices.

Road divider with yellow double lines means no crossing over this line

4. Yellow box junctions: These are yellow crossed diagonal lines within the box. The vehicles should cross it only if they clear space available ahead of the yellow box. In this marked area vehicles must not stop even briefly.

Mechanical markings and devices:

The road markings and traffic control activities can be carried out by the mechanical devices like Rumble strips, Studs, Cat eyes, Pylons and Cones etc. The devices are used by the traffic police and road building authorities to mark the roads and to indicate the hazards and also to give directions.

1. Rumble strips: These are raised strips, embedded with studs or plastic tapes painted and glued to the surface across the travel direction to warn the hazards ahead. Their main function is creating a strong physical vibration and sound when driven over the rumbles to alert a driver from various on coming hazards.

They are frequently used to alert the drivers at toll booths, school zone or for significant reduction of speed limit.

Reflectors and hazard markers Traffic cones

2. Road studs: These are reflective raised pavement markers used to mark cross walls to assist the blind in crossing streets. The studs are used to indicate the centre line or lane separation lines. These reflective markers are more visible at night.

3. Cat eye's: The cat eyes is a reflective device placed on the side of a road and used to communicate the drivers about the locations, steep ascents, river bridges etc. these devices reflects light from the car's head light back towards to the drivers in order to highlight the feature of the road in poor visibility or at night.

4. Pylons: The pylons have shafts that drop into the holes in the road surface and these are used to separate the bus lanes from regular traffic lanes, Sometimes plastic cones or stop bars are used to regulate the traffic.

5. Double solid white lines in the centre of the road: The marking of this type means passing or overtaking is prohibited and such lines are marked in tunnels. Two lane road with the combination of a solid line and a broken line in the median means net passing is allowed only from the side with the broken line and prohibited from the side with the solid line.

Double solid white lines in the median

Crossing is safe on Zebra path. Do not cross yellow line.

Chapter 6

RULES OF THE ROAD

Rules of the road are the general practices and proceedures that road users are required to follow. These rules usually apply to all road users namely motorists, cyclists and pedestrians etc. India is a country with huge population and maximum number of vehicle user. The rules of the Road regulations serves as a basic guide for the Indian driver to keep a smooth flow of traffic and avoid road accident. It deals with basic facts such as over taking, obedience to traffic signals, towing, speed-limits and necessary documents to be carried etc which every driver has to follow them for the orderly & safe traffic movement on the road.

Every driver should possess the adequate knowledge & understanding of these Rules of the Road and Regulations 1989. A general rule is that, the drivers are expected to avoid collision with another vehicle and pedestrian. Adherence to these traffic rules and regulations is compulsory and violations attract punishment

Rules of the Road are,

1. Always drive a motar vehicle on left side of the road 2. While driving, to make left turn, move the vehicle to the extreme left side. To turn right, keep the vehicle at the centre of the road and negotiate the right turn. 3. Overtaking is prohibited under the following circumstances: a. If the vehicle obstructs traffic from the opposite direction b. Onhill roads, near the bends c. When the driver in front has not given the signal to overtake

Overtaking is prohibited in hilly areas

4. Overtaking not to be obstructed. a. The driver of a motor vehicle shall not obstruct overtaking by another vehicle b. The driver shall not accelerate or cause any other impediment to the vehicle attempting to overtake from the right 5. Precautions to be taken at road junctions: a. The driver of the motor vehicle shall slow down where roads meet, reduce speed, observe the traffic and proceed to the next road when there is no obstruction b. If approaching a main road or at an intersection, allow traffic from the right hand to pass c. The driver of a motor vehicle shall not enter such intersection, road junction or pedestrian crossing until he has become aware that he may do so without endangering the safety of persons there on.

6. Free passage to fire tenders and ambulances:

Every driver shall on the approach of a fire service vehicle or an ambulance move to the left side of the road and allow fire tenders and ambulances so that they have free passage

7. Right of way

Pedestrians have the right of way at zebra crossings. Do not drive vehicles on a designated path set apart for cyclists & pedestrians except with permission of a police officer in uniform. The right of way principles establish who has the right to use the conflicting part of the road and who has to wait until the other do so. The right of way is established with the help of traffic signs, road markings and by traffic light signals.

Pedestrians have right of way over zebra crossings

Examples are

a. pedestrian crossing establishes the right of way to pedestrians over the vehicular traffic. b. Traffic on a public road usually has the right of way over other traffic such as traffic emerging from small roads and from the private access. c. Flashing amber light at the intersection means yield to pedestrians.

Vehicle C has the right of way over vehicle A and B to take right turn or Vehicle A and B should allow the vehicle 'C' to take right trun

Every road user must know the ROAD MANNERS

8. Rules for taking U-turns:

No driver shall make U-turn where it is specially prohibited and on a busy traffic road. Where it is permitted, give hand signal, watch in the rear view mirror and then make the turn

9. Obey the signals: While using roads, vehicle drivers and pedestrians must follow compulsorily, the traffic policeman’s hand signals, other driver's signals, electric traffic signals and traffic signals at intersections and also vehicle indicator or light signals.

10. The registration number plate of the Vehicle

The registration number should be displayed dearly as per rules. Goods should not be stacked in such a way that it obstructs the view of the registration number. No pictures should be drawn on the registration number plate.

The registration number plate should be as follows:

Correct Wrong Wrong

11. One way traffic:

A driver shall not drive a motor vehicle in a direction other than the one indicated at such spots and shall not drive a vehicle in a reverse direction on a road designated as "One way".

12. Lane Traffic:

Where lanes are marked on roads, the drivers should drive with in the lane. Give proper indications while changing lanes. Yellow lines should not be crossed

Vehicle A is following correct lane desdpline

13. Stop line on road surface:

Always stop the vehicle behind the white stop line drawn at intersections or at traffic light signals or at a pedestrian crossings. When you stop, do not occupy the white line area.

14. Towing of disabled vehicle:

Vehicles that have stopped for some technical problems or those involved in accidents are called as disabled vehicles. Such vehicles will have to be removed from the spot with the help of another vehicle. The following steps to be followed.

a. Display the sign 'Vehicle on tow' while a disabled vehicle is being towed for repairs or refueling b. The disabled vehicle should not be towed by any other vehicle unless there is a driver in the seat in the motor vehicle being towed. A person to sit on the disabled vehicle driver seat should have a valid driving licence with him. c. The disabled vehicle and the vehicle towing it should be 5 metres apart. When chain or rope is used for towing, the speed of the towing vehicle should not exceed 24 km per hour 15. Rules for using horns: a. Adriver shall not blow horn unnecessary or continuously or more than necessary to ensure safety. b. Shall not sound horns in 'Silent Zones' c. Shall not make alterations to silencers and shall not drive the vehicle creating undue noise when in motion. d. Do not honk horns that produce different notes.

16. Traffic Signs and Traffic Police:

A driver of the vehicle and every other person using the road shall obey.

a. Every direction given by a police officer or any authorized person who is incharge of regulation of traffic. b. Any direction given by traffic sign or signal which is applicable to him.

17. Safe distance between vehicles:

Safe following gap at various speeds

Maintain safe distance from the vehicle in front to avoid collision when that vehicle brakes suddenly. The ideal gap between two vehicles depending on speed is shown in the diagram For example, a vehicle moving at 30 kmph should maintain a gap of two vehicle lengths from the vehicle in front. Increase the gap as the speed increases.

18. Sudder braking:

A driver should not apply the brakes suddenly unless it is necessary from the driver's assessment of safety

19. Vehicles moving in hill regions, a. Give priority to vehicles coming uphill b. Or gradients and steep slopes, give right of way to vehicles moving uphill 20. Obstruction to Driver:

In buses, passengers should seat only in their designated seats. The rules do not permit sitting or placing of luggage that would cause obstruct on to the driver Passengers are not allowed to sit near the front windshield

21. Speed Restrictions :

When the vehicle approaches processions, soldiers, policemen or road repairmen, watchfully move the vehicle with a reduced speed not exceeding 25 km/hr.

22. Restriction on carrying persons in Goods vehicles:

The driver shall not carry passengers in goods vehicles like lorry, minigoods vehicle and tractor traitors. Owner shall not spare such vehicles for hire or reward for transporing persons.

23. Production of Documents:

A driver should carry in the vehicle, the following documents (a) driving licence, (b) emission test certificate, (c) registration certificate (RC book), (d) tax receipt and (e) insurance paper and produce them whenever transport authorities or police authorities dfemands them for inspections. In the case of transport vehicles, it is alsc necessary to carry the relevant permit and fitness certificate.

24. Every Driver must be aware of Rules:

Every driver should be aware of the speed limit, maximum weight that the vehicle can carry, his duties when accidents occur, the legal consequences of drunken driving and circumstances of inspection of the vehicle.

Don't travel on Foot Board Chapter 7

DRIVER’S DUTIES

Motor vehicle driver is a licenced person to operate a motor vehicle and engaged in the performance of such duties as transporting individuals, clients, delivering mails, picking up and delivering a variety of supplies and products. The motor Vehicle driver also maintains the vehicle by making needed inspections and minor repairs. The driver exercises independence in performance of such responsibilities. The traffic laws of the state and comprehensive knowledge of rules and regulations regarding the safe operation of motorized equipment is very much required for the drivers. The motor vehicle drivers duties as stipulated in rule 13 of Karnataka motor vehicle Rules 1989 are given below.

A. In passenger vehicles

1. The driver of a vehicle transporting passengers while on duty shall bears the responsibility to follow the road rules and egulations under the motor vehicle rules and such adherence to laws is his prime duty. 2. Shall not smoke. 3. Shall not consume liquor or other intoxicants. 4. Behave with decency and courtesy with passengers 5. Wear clean uniforms in the prescribed manner. 6. Wash vehicle with disinfectant and ensure cleanliness. 7. Do not shout loudly to attract passengers. 8. Do not cause unnecessary impediments to people or lure passengers from other vehicles. 9. Shall not cause or allow people with contagious diseases to board the vehicle or carry dead bodies. 10. Do not permit the seating of people or placing of animals or goods ir the space meant for the driver. Such articles should not be placed in a way that would obstruct the driver’s view or would cause the vehicle to go out of control 11. Do not pick up passengers at a spot other than the specified stops. If required to stop under certain circumstances, stop at a safe place on the left side of the road. 12. While stopping to pick up passengers or allow them to alight, do not cause obstruct on to vehicles behind 13. Ensure that the vehicle is in good condition by carrying out daily maintenance and checking the brake, lights and tyres Also, check whether the fuel tank has adequate fuel 14. Start at the time specified in the time-table and reach the destination on time. 15. The driver should not allow people to sit on either side of his seat. 16. Perform the duties of the conductor under the Rule 13 of Karnataka Motor Vehicle Rules 1989, if the conductor remains absent himself because of illness while the vehicle is moving on the road. 17. Possess or produce on demand the following documents: a. Permit or temporary permit b. Insurance papers c. Registraton papers (RC) d. Fitness certificate (FC) e. Driving licence (DL) f. Emission certificate (PUC) 18. Produce licence during checcing by police or RTO authorities 19. Collect only the prescribed fare 20. Ensure availaoility of medicines and other material in the first aid box

B. In goods carriers

In addition to the duties and functions specifiec above the drivers of goods vehicles perform the following duties & responsibilities, while on duty.

i. Do not allow more persons in the drivers cabin than the number specified in the RC book ii. Do not carry passengers in the cabin iii. Do not carry any animal unless permitted under the rules iv. Do not consume alcohol or illegal drugs while driving a motor vehicle.

Following duties and responsibilities also be performed by drivers of goods vehicle while on duty

i. Maintain a log of goods carrier ii. Watch out for loss or spoilage of material in the goods carrier iii. Duties of the driver involved in an accident are a. Stop, assist the irjured and provide information to the victims. b. Report the accident to the nearest police.

C. In maxi cabs and autorickshaws

In addition to the duties specified under transport vehicles, the drivers of metered Taxis & Autorickshaws have to perform the following duties and abstain from doing certain acts. They include. 1. Shall always park the autorickshaw or maxicab at the designated place only. 2. Shall not allow the cab in que when it is disabled. 3. Shall not take round-about route to demand higher fare 4. Do not use vehicle for activities related to prostitution or crime 5. Do not look for new customer if the contract with the previous customer has not expired 6. Shall not demand or extract any fare in excess of that which is legally due. 7. Do not damage the seal of the fare meter for any reason 8. Display the 'Vehicle stopped' sign if it has developed a fault 9. Shall not drive the vehicle when the passengers or any object obscures the drivers view ahead or either side.

D. In School Buses

In order to provide transportation services for school children with maximum safety, the school bus drivers shall perform the following duties and observe the behaviour of inmates.

1. The school bus is an extension of the class room and driver has to ensure appropriate behavior of inmates at all times. 2. Bus driver will watch for falling objects and instruct the students to duck and cover below the windows. 3. The driver shall act as a transportation supervisor for the sutdents and he is responsible for vehicle maintenance and fitness of vehicle 4. School bus drivers shall make written or oral reports to the principal of the school about the following. a. Recurring and serious student misbehavior b. Parental complaints. c. all the accidents involving students or school vehicles. d. all traffic violations that endanger students. e. consistently late school dismissals that causes transportation delays. f. over load runs. g. when loading or unloading the students, he should hold an 18 inch octagonal stop sign for the other traffic.

The drivers of school buses should ensure that,

a. The students shall follow the que system and in the orderly manner while boarding bus. b. Students to arrive at the bus stop on time and stand on a specified & safe place. c. Give instruction to the students not to obstruct the aisle with their legs, feet or other object and shall remain seated until the bus stops d. The students are desisted from creating noise that distract the driver, Loud talking, laughing, yelling, singing, whistling, scuffing, throwing objects, smoking, eating, drinking, standing & changing seat These prohibited actions which may lead to suspension of riding privileges. e. No part of the body, hands or head should be put out of the window. Nothing should be thrown from the bus by the students. Chapter 8

VEHICLE PARKING RULES

Parking is an act of stopping a vehicle at a designated place and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking used to be easy in the past but now a days it is difficult to park in the city roads because of sudden rise in vehicle population. The parking places may be

a. On the side of road near to the kerb b. Parking lots maintained by the attendents c. Multi-Storied car park.

While parking vehicles at the side of the road, the driver has to ensure that no danger, obstruction or inconvenience is caused to other road users. The parking directions displayed on the roadside regardirg the parking pattern must be followed.

The different modes or techniques of parking are as follows:

1. Parallel Parking 2. Angular parking 3. Perpendicular parking

Parking should always be parallel to the foot path or edge of the road unless otherwise indicated.

1. Parallel parkins:

The term parallel parking means parking the vehicle in a line i.e., front to rear. The parking area should be one and half longer than the vehide to be parked.

Parallel parking

How to maneoure the vehicle for this parking.

a. Slowlyreverse into the space provided for parking, turning the steering wheel anti-clock wise, and after seeing the outside rear corner of the vehicle, turn the steering clock-wise to place the vehide in the parking area. Do not forget to look back so that you do not hit the vehicle already parked behind you while maneouring. b. Bring the vehicle in line with the kerb and wheels of the vehicle are straight. c. After the vehicle is properly parked, pull the hand break and shift into first or reverse gear, turn of the engine and remove the key from the ignition.

2. Angular parking:

The term angular parking means parking the vehide at an angle to the kerb of the road. The following pattern is angular parking:

Angular parking

Maneouring proceedure to park.

a. First look through the mirror and over the shoulder tor traffic behind you. b. Give the left indicator to signal the vehicle behind that you intend to park the vehicle . c. Steer into the parking pace and straighten the wheel. d. Keep the equal distance on the both sides. Lock the handbreak and shift into first or reverse gear and turn off the engine.

3. Perpendicular parking :

Perpendicular parking means parking the vehicle at right angle to the road kerb. Always reverse the vehicle in the parking space so that you can exit comfortably.

Perpendicular parking Maneouring proceedure to park.

a. Pass ahead of the parked vehicle next to the available space b. Look through the rear view mirror and over the shoulders for a clear traffic. c. Turn the steering anti-clock wise and reverse slowly until you in the center of the parking place. d. Lock the handbreak and shift into first or reverse gear and lock the vehicle.

II. The drivers should not stop / park at the following spots:

1. Road junctions, turns, on gradients and over-bridges 2. Pedestrianpath or zebra crossing 3. Near traffic lights 4. On main road or road with fast traffic 5. Facing another parked vehicle or in a way that obstructs another vehicle 6. Single lane traffic with a whiteline in the middle 7. Do not park near bus stop, school and hospital entrance, or in a way that obstructs the view of the traffic signs, entrance to building or fire hydrants. 8. On the wrong side of the road 9. Where parking is banned

III. Basic parking Rules:

A. Park only where parking signs are displayed B. Park as close to the kerb as possible. If tne gap between the vehicle and the kerb is more than one feet, penalty will be imposed C. While parking at the roadside, allow a gap of one metre between the vehicles in the front and back. Keep vehicle on first gear while parkirg on flat road or reverse gear while on down gradient and apply handbrake on completion of parking. D. Parking is banned up to 10 metres at circles without traffic lights and up to 50 metres where such lights exist E. Switch on parking lights while parking at night. F. Do not park in at a place thai blocks a veficle already parked, a side walk, cross walk, pedestrian crossing or road entrance.

Violation of parking regulations will entail a fine of Rs 300. and the authorities will tow away the vehicle for parking violations at the owier's expenses.

Towing of vehicle by trafftc police for parking at No parking zone

Biggest car parking in the world is built in West Edmonton Mall of Canada. Where 30,000 cars can be parked at a time. Chapter 9

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS

Motor vehicles moving on a road with uncontrolled speed, distracted mind and without any regards to the road safety norms, collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal or geographical obstacle and causes an accidents. The different types of road accidents like head on collision, run off road collision, rear end collision, side collision and rollovers. These motor vehicle accidents causes injuries, property damage and death. Word wide motor vehicle accidents lead to significant death, disability and financial losses to both society and the individuals

Head on collision motor vehicle accident scene

In 2008, about 8,856 people died in road accidents in Karnataka and over 61,917 sustained injuries in about 45,579 accidents. Over three lakh accidents take place in the country every year, killing more than 75,000 people. This causes a financial loss of more than 5,000 crore to the nation. Drivers and other road users are responsible for the rising number of accidents in the country.

REASONS FOR ROAD ACCIDENTS

1. Drivers' carelessness and lack of skill and driver impairment 2. Vehicle design and poor maintenance of vehicle 3. Faulty design of roads and unscientifically designed circles and cross-roads. 4. Adverse environment condition on roads 5. Unrestrained pedestrians and lack of awareness of rules among road users 6. Violation of safety norms and overloading of passengers or cargo, as well as overspeeding 7. Driving in an inebriated state ie. drunken driving 8. Drowsiness while driving at night ie. due to driving fatigue.

An analysis of the above factors reveals that drivers are largely responsible for accidents. The survey report found that approximately. 60% of motor vehicle accidents are due to driver negligence, 30% of accidents are due to bad road design factors and remaining 10% are due to the advers environment and vehicle factors It is essential therefore for drivers to adhere to safety regulations and acquire knowledge and awareness of traffic rules. They have to avoid situations mentioned above and inculcate safe driving habits.

Hurrying leads to mistakes. Mistakes leads to Accidents.

Ways to prevent accidents:

Road safety committees in every district formulates different ways for prevention and control of accidents. Besides drivers, other road users and representatives of various organisations take part in the committee's programmes.

Some of the important measures devised by such committees are:

1. Educating drivers and road users about traffic signals and rules, and safe driving habits, through posters and pamphlets, seminars and through rallies 2. Identify spots where accidents are frequent, improve road conditions and technical aspects of circles.

Caution and care make accident rare

3. Conducting health and eye checkup camps for drivers and identifying physical impairment. 4. conducting re-orientation programmes for drivers of public transport vehicles. 5. After analyzing accidents, conduct workshops to make drivers aware of their errors, impart de- addiction training to help drivers give up bad habits and set up accident awareness centres 6. Bestow awards on drivers for accident free driving over a period of time and assess drivers' professional skills 7. Take stern action against drivers who violate police and road transport authority rules and against those who drive vehicles while in drunken state. 8. Build night shelters or way side amenity next to the road for drivers to rest & proceed. The fatigue sleep deprivation makes drivers to loose concentration and leads to accidents. 9. Survey traffic density and accordingly improve roads and install automatic traffic lights. 10. Suspend or cancel as per motor vehicle rules, the licences of drivers who cause accidents. 11. Make roads safe with the use of modern technological devices like the radar gun to detect over- speeding, alcometer or breath analyser to detect drunken driving and advance information system that points to inpending adverse weather

Don’t mix drinking and driving

12. Impart education to school children about rules to cross the roads, the importance of traffic signals and the purpose of different coloured road marking lines on the roads.

Roads are not play grounds

Accident brings tear,

safty brings cheer

Road safty is no Accident.

Fatal accident scene ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AFTER ACCIDENT

If you or your nearest persons are involved in an accident, following are some of 'do's and dont's to help you to get relief and to protect your rights to a legal remedy for harms suffered.

The Do’s

1. Do seek medical attention to the victims or injured, during the golden hour period before doing anything else. 2. Do sommon the police and inform the police about the incident. 3. Do co-operate with all law enforcement and emergency personnel. 4. Do get the licence and vehicle numbers, names of drivers of other vehicles involved in accident and address, telephone numbers and insurance information. 5. Do write down the names, address and phone numbers of all potential witnesses to an accident. 6. Do contact your Kith and Kins, house owner's and health consultant 7. Do take photographs of the following, as soon as possible after tne accident. a) The scene of the accident, b) The surrounding area, c) Injuries. d) Any property damage. 8. Do contact your advocate.

The Don’ts

1. Don't move your vehicle after an accident unless it is necessary for safety. 2. Don't subject yourself to further injuy by standing or moving without medical assistance. 3. Don't leave the scene of accident until police tells.

Drivers who cause accidents are prosecuted under the Indian Penal Code for culpable offence It is necessary for drivers therefore to ply their vehicles with concentration and caution. Drivers should bear the points mentioned above to raise the level of safety on the roads and prevent the loss of lives and financial losses. Drivers have a prominent role to play in this task.

Road safety is no Accident. Chapter 10

MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE

Vehicle Insurance is the risk coverage document given by the insurance companies to the venicle owner to overcome the risk of contigent losses to vehicle and other road users in the event of accident

Motor vehicles meet with accidents owing to over-speeding or because they go out of control sometimes. The result rs injuries to people and damage to the vehicle Natural calamities too cause losses to the vehicle owner. Vehicle insurance makes good the losses suffered as a result of accidents. It also helps to secure compensation for the vehicle owner, driver, crew members, passengers and others injured in accidents. The owner secures the right to seek compensation from insurance companies for such harm and damage, if he has obtained a proper insurance policy.

Necessity of insurance

Every vehicle should be covered compulsorily under third party insurance under section 146 of the central Motor Vehicle Act 1988. No one can drive a motor vehicle on public road without possessing a third party insurance policy. A vehicle not covered under third party insurance cannot be given to another person for driving.

Safety is a cheap and effective insurance policy

Motor vehicle insurance is available in three varieties:

1. Comprehensive package policy: This guarantees protection under all kinds of situations 2. Third party insurance or Act policy: This affords protection to the policy holder against financial liabilities tuwards the affected third parties. It pays for the losses suffered by 'third persons' like pedestrians, drivers of other vehicles or owners of property under damage. 3. Public liability Insurance: Goods earners used to transport dangerous material should be covered under this policy for the public damages during transport of hazardous goods.

Under section 147 of the Motor Vehicle Act, general insurance companies fulfil their obligations as contracted when vehicles cause injury or loss to third persons or to their property. The insurance policy also covers payment of compensation to passengers in public transport vehicles in the event of death, disability or injury as a result of an accident. Owners and drivers therefore should keep a valid insurance policy in their vehicle.

Motor vehicle insurance companies:

The insurance policy can be purchased by paying annual premium amount at any one of the companies given below:

1. Oriental Insurance Company 2. National Insurance Company

A motor insurance policy mandatory under the motor vehicle Act.

3. United India Insurance Company 4. New India Assurance Company 5. Bajaj Allianz Motor Insurance Company 6. ICICI Lombard Non-life Insurance Company

WHEN TO CLAIM THE COMPENSATION

In the following situation the compensation from the insurance company can be claimed:

1. If the vehicle and the goods inside it are damaged. 2. In the event of death or injury to a passenger or any other person in the vehicle or damage to the property in it, apply for compensation through the accident tribunal, under section 166 of the Motor Vehicle Act 3. In the event of death of driver, cleaner or other crew member in the vehicle or sustains any kind of injury the affected person should apply and secure compensation from a labour court. In the case of death, injury or disability of a driver or crew member of a state transport vehicle, the afected person should apply for compensation froma labour court of the concerned jurisdiction

Validity of insurance certificate of a motor vehicle is one year.

How to apply for compensation (Claim proceedure)

When an accident occurs, the persons can file for compensation from the insurance company for relief, the following documents and material should be attached to the claim application.

Details of documents required for making a claim 1. Copy of FIR about the accident from the police station concerned. 2. A report from a valuationer or surveyor assigned by the insurance company on the damage to the vehicle and contents inside it. 3. Vehicle documents, driving licence and current insurance policy. 4. Filled up claim form 5. Post-mortem report from a medical officer in case of fatal accident. Medical certificate secured on the day of the accident in the event of injury or disability. 6. Motor Vehicle Inspector's report form RTO or ARTO office 7. Charge-sheet from the police station. 8. Alongwithdriver's application, salary certificate from the employer. 9. Legal heir certificate of the deceased person.

Submit these documents along with the claim form directly to the insurance company. If the compensation granted by the company is inadequate, file an appeal case in a local court through a lawyer for fa ther remedy.

TARIFF FOR VEHICLE INSURANCE

The following are the rates of premium paid yearly for different vehkle and they may differ slightly from company to company.

I. Motor-cyclcs

1. Third party insurance

under 75 cc engine capacity Rs. 200 per year

upto 150 cc engine capacity Rs. 300* per year

2. Comprehensive policy Price of motor-cycle x 0.0143 + third party insurance premium

Example : If the price of 75 cc motor-cycle is 25,000, the premium is 25,000 x 0.0143 + 200 = Rs. 657*

II. Motor cars and jeeps

1. Third party insurance

Up to 1,000cc Rs. 670* per year

Up to 1,500 cc Rs. 800* per year Above 1,500 cc Rs. 2500* per year

2. Comprehensive policy 2.44% of the value of the vehicle+ III party premium Up to 1,000cc 2.56% of the value of the vehicle+ III party premium Up to 1,500 cc 2.52% of the value ol the vehicle+ III party premium Above 1,500 cc

Example: The invoice price of the Maruti800 CC standard car is Rs. 190000

Then the yearly vehicle insurance premium is 190000 : 0.0244 + 670 = Rs. 5306

III. Transport vehicles

1. Third party insurance

Up to RLW 7,500 kg Rs. 5,580* per year

Up to RLW 12,000 kg Rs. 5,920* per year

Up to RLW 20,000 kg Rs. 6,090* per year

Up to RLW 40,000 kg Rs. 6,260* per year

2. Comprehensive policy

For lorries of RLW up to 15,000 kg 1.73% of the value orf the vehicle + III party premium + personal accidents policy premium of cleaners, driver, coolies and owner + Rs. 27 for every 100 kg if RLW is above 12000 kgs

For a GV whos cost is Rs. 8,00,000 the premium is Rs. 20895

IV. Autorickshaw /maxi-cab

1. Third party

Autorickshaw cab Rs. 1,743* per year

Minidoor auto Rs. 3,860* per year

Maxi-cab Rs. 7,634* per year

The above premium calculations may differ from company to company and obtain precise information about the tariffs given above from the insurance companies.

* Service taxes to be added @ 10.3% of premium Precautionary is better than cure. Motor insurance protects you.

If an accident claim is made during the very first insurance, the next year’s premium is charged at an enhanced rate of 15 per cent.

Insure the school buses with general insurance companies.

Drive with care, when school is near

Chapter 11

AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES

INTRODUCTION

Motor vehicular air-pollution has become inescapable reality of life in urban areas of India. Air pollution is caused by the presence of toxic gases like Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide. Sulphur dioxide and smoke particales that are present in the exhaust of motorised vehicles. If your vehicle is not tuned and serviced perodically, the engine will not function efficiently, leading not only to more fuel consumption but also air pollution. As the quantity of these toxic substances increases and they permeate into the atmosphere, the level of air pollution also increases. The World Health Organisation has fixed 200 micro gm of suspended particulate matter per cubic metre as the upper limit. But in many cities, the level exceeds 400 micro gm per cubic meter in the air. In Bangalore city. Suspended particulate matter in the air touching 300mg/m3, the city also listed under the highly vehicular air polluted cities next to the Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta of India.

Air pollution by very old model diesel vehicles

MAIN CAUSES FOR AIR POLLUTION

The motor vehicles plying on public roads emits polluted air because of the following reasons:

a. Use of adulterated fuel like petrol or diesel mixed with kerosene and use of low quality engine oil b. Poor maintenance of vehicle, neglecting its upkeep. Failure to replace air filter, incorrect injection pump timing. Defective nozzles and spark plug. Tampering with the silencer of exhaust system. c. Bad driving habnts like over speeding, accelerating unnecessarily and not switching off the engine when the traffic light is red at intersections d. Bad roads and dense traffic e. Air pollution increases if the vehicle drivers are ignorant of rules governing pollution and when defects in the traffic system are not rectified.

Air pollution caused by Auto riskhwas using adultered Fuel.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMANS

The health hazards caused by air pollution are as under:

a. The harmful substances contained in dense black smoke emanating from diesel vehicles cause bieathing disorders, cough with phlegm, diseases of the air tube, wheezing and asthma and leads to respiratory distress in urban areas. b. Dangerous gases like carbon monoxide from petrol vehicles affect the nervous system and cause nervous disorders, they make children and adults restless and lead to heart ailments c. The dense smoke from vehicles can affect eye sight and leading to accidents. d. Highlevels of emission gases destroy life forms, trees and also the precious layer called as ozone layer that protects us from the harmful part of sun's rays.

STOP pollution for Healthy Environment. For clean Environment stop pollution.

WAYS TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION

The vehicular air pollution can be controlled by adopting the following measures and practices by the drivers and owners of vehicles.

a. Avoid use of adulterated fuel. Use adequate quantities of standard quality engine oil b. Switch off the engine when traffic lights are red at intersection and by practicing good driving habits c. Adopt the mass transport mode for daily traveling and routine duties. d. Desist from parking in congested parking lots. Park at a distance and cover the remaining distance on foot. e. Maintain vehicle in good condition. Get an emission check done for every six months and obtain a certificate that emission levels are in control f. Ensure optimum tyre pressure g. Desist from carrying of overload h. Get spark plug and fuel injection pumps checked periodically i. Air pollution will come down if the police and road transport authorities ensure that traffic aspects like one-way movement, parking system and traffic lights are in good order and enforce traffic regulations rigidly.

A well tuned Engine of the bike keeps the environment healthy.

Drink + Drive = Accident. So do not drink and drive. LEGAL REQUIREMENT

Every vehicle must be maintained and driven in such condition that smoke, visible vapours, sparks, ashes, or oily substances are not emitted.

After the expiry of a period of one year from the date of first registration, every vehicle has to obtain a 'Pollution Under Cortrol' (P.U.C.) certificate, every six months, from an agency authorised by the State Government. This certificate should always be carried, in original, while driving and produced on demand by the authorised officers. It is valid throughout the country.

Computerised vehicle pollution cheking centres

Fees for testing and issue of certificate by the pollution checking centres in Karnataka state.

Vehicle type Fee Fine for pollution norms

violations

Rs. 25 & 1. 2 wheelers and 3 wheelers Rs. 300 40 Light motor vehices namely, cars, and jeeps run on 2. Rs. 50 Rs. 600 petrol 3. For all deisel transport vehicles Rs. 65 Rs. 800

EMISSION STANDARDS

For Petrol Vehicles

The table below gives the carbon monoxide levels considered as safe in vehicle emissions from petrol vehicles Vehicle type Carbon monoxide level HC in

permitted under rule 115 ppm 2 & 3 wheelers (2/4 stroke) (Vehicles manufacturer: on 1. 4.5 per cent 9000 and before 31 March 2000) 2 & 3 wheelers (2 stroke) (Vehicles Manufactured after 2. 3.5 per cent 6000 31 March 2000) 2 & 3 wheelers (4 strote) (Vehicles Manufactured after 3. 3.5 percent 4500 31 March 2000) 4. Bharat stage - III compliant 4 - wheelers 0.5 per cent 750 5. 4 - Wheelers other than Bharat Stage - 2 compliant 3.0 per cent 1500

For diesel Vehicles

Emission levels for heavy transport diesel vehicles and other diesel vehicle whose emission smoke density should be within the limits mentioned below:

Method of Maximum Emission Light units L/M Measured in Hatridge Penalty for testing absorption unit's violation Free 2.45 65 per cent Rs. 800 acceleration

SUSPENSION OF RC

The Vehicles of very old model and which are using adultered fuel like, kerosin with deisel or petrol and emitting polluted gases with thick smoke and seriously affecting the environment, such of the vehicles registration cerificate shall be suspended from plying on public roads by the RTO or ARTOs..

Indian Emission Standards applicable for 4-Wheel Vehicles and these standards would come in force as given below

Standard Reference Date Region India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai. Kolkata, Chennai 2003.April NCR*, 10 Cities

2005.April Nationwide Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.April NCR*, 10 Cities

2010 April Nationwide Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010 April NCR*, 10 Cities

*National Capital Region (Delhi)

Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agara. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010.[10]

Validity of pollution under conlrol (PUC) certificate is six months

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Save the fuel for future generation

Traffic congestion on urban roads

Adopt the mass transport mode for your routine journey. Chapter 12

NOISE POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES

Unwanted sound is called as Noise. This unwanted sound from ear-splitting sounds of moving vehicles and from their harsh blare of horns is increasing day by day in cities and towns. It has a grave effect on the health and mind of the people. The hearing faculty in particular goes on dwindling. Other road users, pedestrians and children are likely to lose their concentration or get startled, leading to accidents. The unwarted sound created by the vehicles can cause damage to psychological health, can cause annoyance and agression, hypertension and high stress levels, sleeping distrubances and other harmful effects. To regulate such noise, rules 119 and 120 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules of 1989 lay down noise level standards for vehicles. In India the rule made it mandatory that every motor vehicle shall be fitted with an electric horn approved by bureau of Indian standards and capable of giving audible sound and sufficient warnings. No motor vehicle shall be fitted with any multi toned horn or other sound producing device giving an unduly harsh, shrill, and loud noises, which leads to noise pollution.

Rule 120 of Indian motor vehicle rules 1989 stipulates that every motor vehicle shall be fitted with silencer to reduce the noise pollution and lays down the noise standards so that every motor vehicle shall be constructed and maintained as to conform to these noise standards

Horns cause hypertension Irritation and damage hearing power.

The upper limits of sound level produced by various categories of vehicles are as follows

Category of vehicle Maximum noise limit indecibells

(Ambient) a. Petrol two-wheelers 80 Db (A) b. All cars 3-wheelers and diesel vehicles 82 Db(A) c. All diesel passenger Vehicles up to 4,000 kg in 85 Db(A) weight d. Passenger vehicles frcm 4,000 kg to 12,000 kg 89 Db (A) e. Passenger or hired vehicles of maximum of 12,000 91 Db (A) kg f. Tractors used for farming purposes 98 Db (A) Emission of noise above these limits will entail a penalty of Rs 300 and horns producing such noise will be dismantled and confiscated by the transport authorities. Chapter 13

VEHICULAR LIGHT POLLUTION

Vehicular light pollution is an excessive or obtrusive (undesirable) artificial light created by the head lights of high voltage and extra fitted high voltage gaseous lights. Glare is the blinding effect caused due to the oncoming bright and high beam vehicular lights. Disability glare light cause's loss of contrast and leads to unsafe driving condition. In essence bright and gas filled high intensity bulbs fitted to vehicles causes the partial blindness to drivers on road or to pedestrians also and contribute to road accidents. The glare effect also induces the fatigue on drivers. The vehicular light pollution also disrupts ecosystem and has adverse health effects.

The light clutter is the group of lights shining excessively and brightly on roads and sometimes fitted on vehicles generate confusion, causes distraction to drivers and potential cause for accidents. Therefore light pollution can also be defined as "any adverse effect of artificial light including glare, light trespass, light clutter, decreased visibility at night".

As per Rule 106 of Indian motor vehicle Rules, every vehicle should be driven with headlights on, after sunset. The headlights should be of tungsten or halogen variety emitting white lights only. The light should be adequate to help the drivers to spot a vehide or pedestnans from a distance of 155 meters. No lamp other than head light showing the light to the front shall be used on any motor vehicle or by the oncoming vehicle drivers.

Light indicator signals are more effective during night times.

The headlights fitted to motor vehicles should posses power and brightness specified as under, conforming to the Indian standards IS: 185-1977.

1. For the vehicles, fitted with 24 volt Battery, Use 70 to 75 watt bulbs for headlights. 2. For the vehicles, fitted with 12 volt Battery use 65 watt bulbs for headlights.

Switch to high beam illumination when there is no vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. Inside cities, it is compulsory to use dip lights or low beam lights when vehicles are coming from the opposite direction. This will cut down the probability of accidents after dark by 60 percent.

Low of dip headlights beam High beam headlights causes glare

Always use low beam or traffic beam at night. When the colour of artificial light is close to that of natural lights, strain on the eyes is less.

Those who drives vehicles with lights of excessive power, or light that are blue or other colors will be fined under section 177 of the motor vehicle Act. The violation of the above regressive section drivers are liable to fine of rupees 300. And such illegal lights will be dismantled and confiscated by the authorities.

(Diagrams of vehicle moving in opposite directions with lights on low beam)

Outside city limits, dip the lights when an oncoming vehicle is abcut 200 meters away The other vehicle should be likewise.

Switch on the left turn indicator and move to the left when the driver of another vehicle attempts to overtake, at night. Use of dazzling lights and high beam illumination that would impede the visibility of the opposite driver is prohibited.

Every vehicle shall be fitted with Hazard lights and remain lit when the vehicle is stationery the road at nights.

Night time driving

Sometimes drivers of vehicles coming from the opposite direction use dazzling lights that renders other drivers momentariy blind. For this reason, it is necessary to slow down the vehicle and take the vehicle to a left side so as to spot the other vehicle. Do not use the high beam lights under the following circumstances.

a. If it dazzles drivers of oncoming vehicles b. If the aparoaching vehicle is very close c. When it is raining at night

Head lights meant for you to see and letting others to see. Chapter 14

DEFENSIVE DRIVING

In India, vehicle drivers and other road users are instrumental in causing accidents. The rising number of vehicles, increase in their size, over speeding, rash and negligent driving and bad roads are the factors causing accidents. On the other hand, the lack of awareness of rules among pedestrians and drivers' too cause accidents. Creation of awareness among vehicle drivers about the importance of defensive driving is essential in our country which ranks top among nations which have the highest accident rates.

Definition of the defensive driving

National safety Council defines defensive driving as “driving to save lives, time, and money, in spite of the conditions around the driver and the actions of others on the road”. Defensive driving constitutes effective control of the vehicle with alertness and anticipating the unexpected situation and observing about other road users' behavior.

The skill of defensive driving develops only when it is applied every day. Day dreaming, mental inertia, conversation of any kind inside the vehicle that causes distraction should be overcome at all costs. A person who is unwell, worried or sorrowful should avoid driving a vehicle. A good driver should follow traffic rules and possess a disciplined attitude.

Give way to your right hand traffic. Take all precautionary measures before reversing.

The aggressive and inattentive driving, involving in mobile talking and listening of music stereo with high volume are the contributing factors for road hazards. The actions of other drivers cannot be controlled. But learning defensive driving skills can avoid the dangers caused by other people on the road.

THE SKILLS OF DEFENSIVE DRIVING 1. Always concentrate on driving

The driver has to concentrate only on driving and look for bad road conditions and accordingly adjust speed of the vehicle, the driver has to observ the of traffic signals and keep checking rear view mirrors.

Driver concentration and defensive skills

2. Stay Alert while driving

Excessive stress and tiredness, alcohol cr drugs consumption while driving, affects the driver's reaction time to make decisions and leads to vehicle crashes. Therefore the drivers must be alert and have presence of mind on driving and be able to see the potential problems on the road. The drivers should take rest on the way side amenities during the night time to overcome night time driving fatigue due to the long journies

Reckless driving is the invitation to Accident

3. Always keep watching others on road.

It is necessary to anticipate what other drivers or pedestrian may do on the road and preparing to react quickly for the hazards created by them and taking the vehicle away from such situation is safest way.

KEYS TO DEFENSIVE DRIVING

The following tips of defensive driving can help the drivers to reduce the risk or the road.

a. Think Safety first

Leave plenty of space between the vehicle, wear the seatbelt, check the vehicle condition and avoid to drive in tense situations and adverse climatic conditions.

b. Be aware of your surroundings. c. Do not depend on other drivers move. d. Have alternate path of travel in the traffic jam situations. e. Maintain a safe following distance, ie at least one car length distance if the vehicle is at a speed of 15 kh/hr. f. Keep the vehicle speed matching the existing conditions of road and environment or follow the 3 second rule while following the vehicle which is explained below. "When you fellow the vehicle at some speed see the object passed by the vehicle ahead of you on the road side and immediately you start counting 101, 102 and 103 by this time if your vehicle does not cross the object, then your at the safe following distance otherwise reduce your speed. g. Avoid facing too many risk factors at a time. h. Avoid distractions from driving. i. Do not use mobile phones, engage in loud conversation, listen to music or watch television during driving.

Don't use mobiles while driving/riding. Authorities levy the fines and also confiscate the mobile set

PRECAUTIONS WHILE TAKING TURNS

As a part of defensive driving, the driver has to take certain precautions while taking tiuns a. Left turn:

Move vehicle to the left side of the road. Switch on left indicator and show hand signal for left turn9 Ensure that no one occupies the left side of the read At the circle or intersection, pay attention to the traffic lights or policeman's signal and use rear view mirrors judiciously b. Right turn:

Take vehicle to the right lane, switch on right indicator lights and show hand signal for right turn

At circles, follow traffic lights or policeman signals while making the turn. Keep an eye on the traffic ahead.

Watch out for pedestrians, motor-cycles and autorickshaws while turning right. c. ‘U’ turn:

Use right indicator signal for ‘U’ turn before 30 metres of the point where you wish to make the turn and bring the vehicle to the right lane. Watch the traffic behind using the rear view mirror, while making the ‘U’ turn Please note that ‘U’ turn is prohibited at traffic circles or on stretches of road which have an unbroken white line10 in the centre Take ‘U’ turn quickly when oncoming traffic is at a safe distance. Move to the appropriate lane

d. While going round traffic islands

Traffic Roundabout circle

Stop the vehicle at the white line near the island. Approach the island when there is no traffic in front Switch on right turn indicator and go round the island on the right lane only Similarly switch on the indicator to turn left and remain on the left lane to take the turn To go past the traffic island, stay in the centre lane, keep left indicator on and proceed ahead e. Overtaking

Remember three points before overtaking a vehicle ahead: i. do not be uncertain ii. wait for a signal from the driver of the vehicle in the front iii. make sure that no vehicle is approaching from the opposite direction. Judge the speed of the vehicle ahead and overtake quickly. Take your position on the left lane leaving an adequate gap from the vehicle you have just overtaken.

Overtaking proceedure on Double lane road

Overtaking is prohibited i. at gradients ii. at narrow hill roads iii. at circles, roads with lanes marked iv. when the vehicle in front is turning right v. on city roads where an yellow line is drawn at the middle of the road. Every driver shall slow down and make a way to allow the vehicle behind which attempts to overtake safely The result of bad driving

Driver + Alcohol = Unsafe Road. Alcohol short circuits your brain computer.

Helmet saves from serious injuries during accidents

Riders must always use Helmets

9 See hand signals at page 31

10 See Road Marking at page 39 Chapter 15

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

The best way to keep your vehicle running clean and green is to follow the maintenance instructions as given in the owner's marual. It tells you everything you need to now about the maintenance and replacements required at the specified periods. If you don't have owner's manual for your vehicle, contact to the dealer or manufacturer and ask for a copy. Maintenance requirements varies widely from one vehicle to another.

Vehicle inspection by opening the bonet

You can overcome problems when your vehicle develops technical faults, if you have learnt to make small repairs. Do not become nervous it the vehicle stops for any reason. Push the vehicle to the left edge of the road and switch on emergency lights. Place warning triargular signs or hang red cloth both in the front and back of the vehicle.

Keep the following essential material handy along with the tool kit in your car

a. Brake oil. b. Engine oil - 1 litre c. Coolant - half litre d. Headlight - one bulb e. Radiator pipe (hosepipe) f. Fan belt - one g. Piece of cloth h. Water - 2 litres

Driving manual or owner's manual first aid malerial and vehicle documents In motor-cycles, keep spark plug and wire brush

DAILYMAINTENANCE

It is a healihy practice to inspect your vehicle every morning, before you set off on it. Do simple checks to ensure that the vehicle is in perfect riding / driving conditon.

Follow the daily maintenance steps to keep the vehicle in good condition as under:

Person inspecting the car wheels.

Save 15% fuel by proper maintenance and by good driving habits.

A. From the driver’s seat

a. Switch on headlights and indicaters and ensure that they are functioning property b. Ensure that the fuel meter is in order and the fuel in the tank is sufficient c. Operate and check for problems with the breaks Drive the vehicle on a straight flat and traffic free stretch of road and rest your hands lightly on the steering wheel and apply the breaks gradually. If the vehicle swerves one side or diverges from regular line then break liners might be wornout or break system may need adjustments by the mechanic. d. Ascertain that vehicle documents like insurance papers, RC book or Vahan smart card, Driving licence, PUC are kept in the vehicle. e. See that the windshield wipers are in good working condition.

B. From the front of the vehicle (by opening the bonet)

a. Check with the help of a dip-stick that the engine oil level is between the minimum and maximum level. Check the viscosity and if the oil thick and dark then it needs to top up. b. Checkaround the car and under the engine for fluid leaks which are of different colors. One can identify the type of the fluid that is leaking by its color. For example, engine oil is black, coolant is green, gear oil is pink, break and steering oil is clear. c. Check the radiator to ascertain maximum level of coolant liquid and soundness of hosepipes and clamps. Make sure that there is no leakage. d. Open the cap of the battery and check the fluid level upto the cap. Add distilled water if the fluid level is low. Clean the corrosion around the battery terminals e. Inspect fan belt and replace if it is loose and producing a noise f. Check tyre pressure and wheel bolts to ensure that they are tightened properly. Also check the signs of wornout tyre or any embedded objects that can cause air leaks or tyre burst. g. Change air and fuel filters at the regular intervals as per time table in the owner’s manual.

C. At the back of the vehicle

The driver should confirm that wheel changing equipment like jack, lever, wheel spanner and toolkit as well as spare wheel is present. The driver should know how to change the wheel in case of puncture or burst of the tyre.

Motor mechanic helping the lady in changing the tyer wheel

MINOR REPAIRS OF THE VEHICLE

The trouble shooting and procedure to correct the trouble shooting is given below to set right minor flaws in the vehicle.

Fault/minor repairs Causes Corrective steps

1. Miss-firing and Wornout of spark plug or Replacement of spark-plug and damaged Starting problem damage of spark plug or wires at least after 48000km run or battery Or long cranking Battery problem. check up for voltage. sound while

starting. 2. Engine fails to Fuel not reaching engine or Fill fuel tank and charge the battery or replace start. fault in power circuitry the battery itself 3. Noises fromthe Loose fan belt or air- Change the belt and needs the vehicle Engine. compressure pully belt. serviceing . 4. Tyre puncture Or imbedded stones, nails, other 1) use the spare wheel and replace the bursting of Tyre. objects or over-inflation or punctured tyre. Under- inflation of tyres. 2) measure the tyre pressure at least once in a month.

3) rotate the tyres regularly For every

10,000km. 5. Overheating Of 1) Non-functioning or 1) Change the radiator belt and get radiator engine. leakage of radiator in the repaired, regularly inspect the Hosepipe for cooling system. cracks or for a loose clamps, and radiator

2} Gasket leakage of Engine coolant level. head block. 2) Replace the gasket of Engine head & stop

the coolant oil leakage. 6. Unever wearing Faulty wheel alignment and Get the wheel alignment done at the garage out of tyres failure to maintain correct and maintain optimum tyre pressure

tyre pressure. 7. Headlight and Fuse problem or lamps are Fit the new fuse or replace lamps with indicator lamps fused. appropriate voltage.

fail to glow. 8. Break grinding, Break pedal or shoe not The break system should be serviced at Squealing norse releasing the disk or drum regular interval of time as specified in Or puling of and producing excessive owner's manual. Inspection of brakes and Wheel to one Side fnctional heat at the wheels. break fluid or connecting link condition to be or soft Pulsatirg The wearing Out of shoe, & checked and rectified by a motor mechanic at break Pedal. Break pads. the garage. 9. Reduction in choking or dirty air filter and Replace the air filter & fuel filter as per the Acceleration Or fuel filter and eduction in oil owner's manual. Replace the engine oil slow pickup. level penodically.

WHEEL AND TYRE INSPECTION

Learn the skill of changing tyres in case of puncture. For more serious problems, stop the vehicle and have it towed to a motor mechanic.

Check the condition of the tyres. Have the air pressure of the tyres checked at least once in a month as it plays an important role in maintaining the balance of the vehicle.

The table below gives the optimum tyre pressures for different kinds of vehicles:

Manufacturer Front tyre Rear tyre a. Hero Honda Passion Plus 1.75 kg/sq. cm* or 25 PSI ** 2.25kg/sq. cm or 32 PSI b. Tata Indigo 25 PSI 26 PSI c. Bajaj Autorickshaw 2.1 kg/sq. cm (30 PSI) 3.5 kg/sq. cm (50 PSI) d. Tata 2515 C lorry 115 PSI 85 PSI

*Kilogram per square centimetre **Pounds per square inch Having gone through the above check ups, sit behind the steering wheel and pay attention to the following aspects before taking the vehicle on the road:

Adjust the rear view mirror and the seat movement to forward, backward or up and down for comfortable driving.

Check clutch and brakes by operating them.

Fasten seat belt.

Start engine and check dashboard indicators

Change gear, disengage hand brake and start vehicle.

Your saga of responsible driving begins here. Drive safely on your wheels and save lives.

Good wishes.

A check a day, keeps the mechanic at bay OVERLOADING CAUSES

Damage to road infrastructure Pollution Accidents Danger to other road users Higher vehicle operating cost For better maintenance of vehicle avoid overloading

Reckless driving leads to Accident. Reckless driving is the invitation to Accident Chapter 16

MODEL QUESTION PAPERS (Written test for learners' licence)

Rule 11 of the Motor Vehicle Rules 1989 require a licence seeker to appear in person at the transport authority for the test. It is mandatory to hold a learner's licence and to drive a vehicle under the supervision of a licence holder for at least 30 days. An applicant for a learner's licence should obtain the requisite application form a road transport authority office. After filling up the form correctly, it should be submitted to the authority along with date of birth proof and residence address proof. The applicant should convince the transport authority, with appropriate answers, of his knowledge of the following points:

Traffic signs, signals and road rules Drivers' duties and safe driving habits Procedure to follow near railway crossings Documents to be earned in the vehicle like RC, DL, insurance. Vehicular air pollution & penalties for violation. Driving regulations and penalties. Parking methods and precautions.

A model questior paper with the respective answers is given alongside for the benefit of the applicants.

Question paper -1

Total questions - 15 Total marks - 15 Pass marks - 10

Question 1. If driving in an inebriated state is proved

a. Will have to undergo six months' imprisonment or pay a fine of Rs 2,000 or both b. Receive a warning from the authorities c. Driving licence will be cancelled

Question 2. If your vehicle is causing air pollution and engine is not tuned in time

a. Driving licence will be cancelled b. The RC book of the vehicle will be cancelled c. Vehicle insurance will be cancelled

Question 3. The meaning of C - 7 traffic sign

C - 7

a. Left U-tum b. Left reverse turn c. Double bend first to left

Question 4. When your vehicle is approaching a road jurction without traffic lights or signs

a. Drive slowly and cautiously b. Stop the vehicle completely c. Do not alter speed if the road is clear

Question 5. The meaning of M - 12 sign

M - 12

a. Bicycles are allowed b. Bicycles prohibited c. Both answers are incorrect

Question 6. When you notice the traffic light change to yellow from green at road junction

a. Cross the point in a hurry b. Halt at the stop line c. Move past junct on cautiously

Question 7. The meaning of C - 19 sign C - 19

a. Caution - cattle crossing b. Cattle crossing prohibited c. Dairy ahead

Question 8. All vehicles should be insured because

a. The premium money will go into nation building b. It helps in securing repairs of vehicles damaged in accidents c. Afords protection to third party life and property in case of accident

Question 9. Vehicles transporting hazardous substances can be identified by

a. Their shape and colour b. Diamond shaped warning sign c. Diamond shaped warning sign and list of content

Question 10. The meaning of C - 32 sign

C - 32

a. Switch off headlights b. Road humps c. Neither of the answers above

Question 11. While taking vehicle out of parallel parking

a. Sound horn and enter road slowly b. Enter the road after signaling to other drivers c. Move with caution after ensuring that any vehide that might cause an accident is not nearby

Question 12. On noticing stop sign at road junction a. Halt behind the white stop line b. Stop anywhere allowing space for pedestrians to cross the road c. Halt 10feet behind the stop line

Question 13 The meaning of C - 15 sign

C - 15

a. Bicycle lane ahead b. Motor-cycle lane ahead c. Bicycles prohibited

Question 14. The meaning of M - 3 sign

M - 3

a. Heavy tonnage vehicles prohibited b. Partial traffic restriction c. No entry

15. From how many feet before making a turn should the signal be given?

a. 50 feet b. 100 feet c. while taking the turn

Question paper 2 Question 1. The meaning of M - 35 sign

a. Drive slowly b. Do not drive c. peed restriction ends

Question 2. The meaning of M - 4 A sign

M - 4 A

a. Entry ahead b. No entry c. Drive fast

Question 3. Tne meaning of C - 23 sign

C - 23

a. Rough road b. Turn in the middle c. Trunk road ahead

Question 4. The meaning of C - 17 sign

C - 17 a. Crossing for school children b. School entrance ahead. Drive slowly c. No crossing for school children

Question 5. Documents to possess while driving

a. Driving licence only b. Drive licence and vehicle insurance papers c. Driving licence, vehicle tax certificate and insurance papers

Question 6. Fitting multi-tone horns

a. Recommended as it is used to alert other drivers b. Not advisable as the cost is high c. v/iolation of the law

Question 7. The meaning of M - 32 sign

M - 32

a. Moving straight ahead compulsory b. Moving straight ahead or left turn compulsory c. Compulsory right turn

Question 8 The meaning of M - 30 sign

M - 30

a. Compulsory left turn b. Compulsory right turn ahead c. Right turn is not compulsory Question 9. The meaning of M - 17 sign

M - 17

a. Overtake if drver ahead gives all clear sign b. Overtaking is prohibited c. Overtake when there is no traffic

Question 10. When another vehicle is overtaking

a. Slow down to permit smooth overtaking b. Move towards right if within permitted speed limit c. Accelerate

Question 11. The meaning of C - 4 sign

C - 4

a. Hairpin bend b. U-turn c. Hairpin-like right turn

Question 12. While driving, who should move first if a small vehicle enters from a side road

a. You b. Small vehicle c. Neither

Question 13. The meaning of M - 13 sign

M - 13

a. Four-wheelers prohibited b. No entry for pedestrians c. No traffic allowed

Question 14. At what distance before taking a turn should you give the sign?

a. 50 feet b. 100 feet c. While taking the turn

Question 15. To take a U-turn at a road junction with traffic lights

a. Move to a junction which has no traffic lights b. Take the U-turn after the yellow light glows c. Take the U-turn if a traffic policemen is manning traffic at road junction.

Question paper - 3 Question 1. The meaning of M - 35 sign

M - 35

a. Blowing horn compulsory b. Blow horn if needed c. No horn zone

Question 2. The meaning of M - 4 A

M - 4 A

a. No entry b. One way c. Neither answer above

Question 3. The meaning of location E - 1 sign

E - 1

a. advance direction sign b. advertisement c. Reassurance sign

Question 4. The meaning of C - 13 sign

C - 13

a. Slippery road b. Falling stones c. Parking space

Question 5. The meaning of C - 4 sign

C - 4

a. Zig Zag turn b. U-turn c. Hairpin bend - right

Question 6. The meaning of M - 18 sign

M - 18

a. Blow horn b. No horn zone c. Blowing horn compulsory

Question 7. The meaning of M - 2 sign

M - 2

a. Vehicles prohibited b. Caution c. Give way

Question 8. The meaning of C - 36 sign

C - 36

a. Road block ahead b. Railway crossing ahead c. Manned railway crossing ahead

Question 9. Circumstances where a person is ineligible for driving licence

a. Habitual criminal b. Accident prone c. Both reasons above

Question 10. Yielding right of way means

a. Stopping vehicle b. Stop vehicle if necessary c. Drive vehicle at normal speed

Question 11. Driver's duties in case of accident

a. Flee from the spot b. Attend to the injured c. identify yourself, attend to the injured and inform the police

Question12. A vehicle licence issued in Karnataka is valid

a. The whole world b. All over India c. In Karnataka only

Question13. The number of licences a person can hold

a. Three licences b. Only one licence c. Any number

Question 14. Driver's duties at unmanned railway crossing

a. Stop vehicle, look both sides b. Cross in haste c. Neither of the above

Question 15. Documents to keep in the vehicle

a. Registration Certificate and licence b. Registration Certificate and insurance papers c. Registration Certificate, licence, insurance papers and emission certificate ANSWERS

Question paper 1

1) a 6) c 11) b 2) b 7) a 12) a 3) c 8) c 13) a 4) a 9) c 14) c 5) b 10) b 15) b

Question paper 2

1) c 6) c 11) c 2) b 7) b 12) b 3) b 8) b 13) b 4) b 9) b 14) b 5) c 10) a 15) b

Question paper 3

1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) c 6) b 7) c 8) c 9) c 10) b 11) c 12) b 13) b 14) a 15) c APPENDIX

Spot fines levied under section 200 of Indian Motor Vehicles Act for various violations committed by the drivers and others.

SI Details of violation of Act Penalty No. 1. Driving a vehicle without licence

a) Motor cycle Rs 300 b) Non-transport vehicle Rs 400 c) Transport vehicle Rs 500

2. Driving on a public road by under-aged persons Rs 500 3. Vehicle owner permitting a person without a licence to drive his vehicle Rs 1000 4. Permitting another person to use his/her Driving licence Rs 1000 5. Driving when the licence has been Invalid Rs 500 6. Driving a vehicle registered in another State beyond 12 months without Re-registering

a) For first offence Rs100 b) For second offence Rs 300

7. Disobedience of directions given lawfully or obstruction to discharge of official duties Rs 500 or refusal to give information 8. With-holding information willfully Rs 500 9. Over speeding Rs 300 10. Dangerous driving

1. Two wheelers Rs 300 2. Non vansport vehicles Rs 400 3. Transport vehicles Rs 500

11. Racing and trials of speed Rs 500 12. Driving while in a state of physical or mental disability

a) First offence Rs 200 b) Second offence Rs 500 13. Entry into a stationery vehicle by unauthorised person and tampering the brakes Rs 100 14. Driving a transport vehicle without authorisation in Form -6 Rs 500 15. If transport vehicle driver demand excess fare or rent

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

16. Overloading beyond capacity in goods carrier

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

17. Useing his/her vehide for furtherence of or procure prastitutes or any kind of smuggling

For first offence Rs 100 For every repeat offence Rs 300

18. Autorickshaw / taxi driver demanding excess fare or refusing to go to desired destination

First offence Rs 100 Each repeat offence Rs 300

19. Carrying excess passengers than the number mentioned in the permit

Moto cab for every excess passenger Rs 100 Autorickshaw for every excess passenger Rs 100 Other transport vehicle for everyexcess passenger Rs 100

20. Functioning as conductor while under the influence of liquor or Intoxicating substances Rs 100 21. Failure to stop vehicle at unmanned level crossing Rs 100 22. Driving without registration plate Motor cab / autorickshaw / other transport vehicles

a) First offence Rs 100 b) Second offence Rs 300

23. For carrying more than six persons in goods carriers and more than two persons in light carrier vehicles - for each extra person

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

24. For carrying persons on roof top of the vehide in a dargerous conditons - per person

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

25. Failure to stop vehicle when transport officers mentioned under Rule 105, to stop the Rs 500 vehicles and preventing to inspect wish to inspect it 26. Transport of explosive material in stage carriers

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

27. Permiting passegners to stand on the upper deck of double-decked vehicle

For first offence Rs 100 For every repeat offence Rs 300

28. For carrying kerosene or petrol withoul authorization

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

29. Refusal to take passengers in contract vehicles

a) Two or three wheel vehicle Rs 50 b) Other vehicles Rs 200

30. Violation of rules other than those mentioned here

For first offence Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

31. carrying persons in the trailer of a goods carrier

For first offence per person Rs 100 For each repeat offence Rs 300

32. Driving a motor vehicle with weight in excess of permisalbe weight

a) For having carried over load b) For each additional 1,000 kg of over load or part thereof Rs2000 * Exccess load shall be off loaded Rs1000

33. Driving without insurance Rs 500 34. Sale or alteration of vehicle the use of which will be contrary to the requirements Rs 500 stipulated in Chapter 7 of the Motor Vehicle Act 1988

35. If conductor has allowed more passengers in a stage carriage than the number mentioned Rs 100 in the permit For every excess pasenager 36. If authorized dealer has allowed a vehicle To move on the road without a trade certificate

a) First offence Rs1000 b) Second offence Rs3000

37. Improper use of trade certificate by the dealer

a) First offence Rs3000 b) Second offence Rs5000

38. Failure to provide good and efficient braking system Rs 100 39. If conductor in a stage carrier has

a) Refused or failed to accept the ticket fare Rs 100 b) Failed or refused to issue a ticket Rs 100 c) Issued a used ticket Rs 100 d) Issued a lower denomination ticket Rs 100 e) Failed or refused to check passes and tickets Rs 100

Pay the fines and penalties as early as possible. Drunken driving

Alcohol reduces the ability lo drive safely and becomes accidents prone. Therefore, avoid driving after drinking. Alcohol is depressant that slows down mental processes. It makes the driver less alert and at the same time gives a strong but false sense of confidence

The drunken driver is subjected for alcohol lest by breath analyser.

Punishment

Any person under the influence of alcohol or drugs, driving or attempting to drive motor vehicle, found to have an alcohol level exceeding 30mg per 100 ml of blood detected by a breath analyser, shall be:

Punishable for the first offence with imprisonment for a term which may extend upto 6 months or a fine upto Rs. 2000/- or both, and For a subsequent offence committed within 3 years of the previous offence, with imprisonment which may extend to 2 years or fine upto Rs. 3000/- or both.