Socio-economic value and ethnobotanical study of Moroccan wild comosa L. Parl. Mohamed Boulfia, Fatima Lamchouri, Nacima Lachkar,

Abdelmajid Khabbach, Abdelouahab Zalaghi and Hamid Toufik

Abstract Keywords: Income; Interviews; Questionnaire; Wholesalers; Province of - . Background: (L.) Parl. (Syn. comosum (L.) Mill.), or Toupee Muscari is a perennial in the growing in Morocco Correspondence and the Mediterranean area. In the Moroccan Rif mountains, it is found in significant quantities. In the Mohamed Boulfia, Fatima Lamchouri*, Nacima spring, large quantities of the are marketed Lachkar, Abdelmajid Khabbach, Abdelouahab weekly in the souks (weekly markets) for export Zalaghi, Hamid Toufik abroad, mainly to Italy. Little research has been conducted on the species and its trade-in Morocco Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, or other southern Mediterranean countries. Given Environment, Modelling, Health & Quality of Life the lack of information about this plant, this study (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi aims to reveal for the first time the socio-economic Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, B.P.: value and ethnobotanical data of this species in 1223 Taza-Gare, Taza, Morocco. Morocco. *Corresponding Author: Methods: Socio-economic and ethnobotanical data [email protected], were collected from March 2018 to May 2019 by [email protected] direct interviews with vendors and wholesalers of the plant using a designated questionnaire in seven Ethnobotany Research & Applications municipalities (, Meknassa Acharqia, Bab 20:05 (2021) Marzouka, , Ras-El-Ma, Meknassa Al Gharbia, ) of the Province of Taza- Morocco. Résumé

Contexte: Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (Syn. Muscari Results: The results of the surveys revealed that comosum (L.) Mill.), ou Muscari à toupet est une Moroccan L. comosa bulbs are commonly known as plante vivace de la famille des Asparagacées qui "Bassila," and represent an important source of pousse au Maroc et dans la zone méditerranéenne, income for vendors and wholesalers. The profit on la trouve dans les régions du Rif avec des varies from 7 MAD / 0.64 € per kg of fresh to 3 quantités importantes. Au printemps, de grandes MAD / 0.27 € per kg of fresh bulb for vendors and quantités de la plante sont commercialisées chaque wholesalers respectively. Locally, the bulbs are used semaine dans les souks (marché hebdomadaire) in the treatment of dermatological affections and pour une exportation à l’étranger, principalement digestive disorders. vers l’Italie mais aucune étude scientifique n’a été

menée sur celle-ci ni au Maroc ni dans les pays Conclusions: L. comosa bulbs represent an méditerranéens sud. Vu le manque d’informations important source of income for the population and a sur cette plante, la présente étude vise à révéler pour promising source of bioactive molecules to treat la première fois la valeur socio-économique et les different diseases.

Manuscript received: 22/10/2020 - Revised manuscript received: 26/12/2020 - Published: 02/01/2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.21.05.1-17 2

تﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟا ﺢﯾﺗﺎﻔﻣﻟا : لﺧدﻟا ؛ ؛تﻼﺑﺎﻘﻣ ؛نﺎﯾﺑﺗﺳا رﺎﺟﺗ ؛ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟا مﯾﻠﻗإ ةزﺎﺗ - données ethnobotaniques des bulbes de Leopoldia .برﻐﻣﻟا .comosa L. Marocaine

Méthodes: Les données socio-économiques et Background ethnobotaniques ont été recueillies de Mars 2018 à Leopoldia comosa L. of the Asparagaceae family is Mai 2019 par des interviews face à face avec les a wild, that regenerates from a bulb exploitants et les grossistes de la plante en utilisant and is native to the Mediterranean region (Casoria et une fiche questionnaire dans sept communes al. 1999, Casacchia et al. 2017). In Morocco, the (Aknoul, Meknassa Acharqia, , Bni plant is widely distributed, commonly known as Lent, Ras-El-Ma, Meknassa Al Gharbia, Oued Amlil) "Bassila" with geographic dominance in the Rif and de la Province de Taza - Maroc. Middle Atlas regions (Valdés et al. 2002). During the spring period, large quantities of the plant are Résultats: Les résultats des enquêtes ont révélé que transported weekly in the souks (weekly market) for Leopoldia comosa marocaine communément marketing and export abroad, mainly to the Italian appelée «Bassila» constitue une source importante market (Khabbach et al. 2012). de revenus pour les exploitants et aussi pour les grossistes et que ces revenus varient de 7 MAD / According to our bibliographical research, no 0,64 € par kg de bulbe frais à 3 MAD / 0,27 € par kg scientific studies have been carried out on Leopoldia de bulbe frais pour les vendeurs et les grossistes comosa in Morocco or other southern Mediterranean respectivement. Localement, les bulbes sont utilisés countries. The only works we identified were from dans le traitement des affections dermatologiques et Italy where Casoria et al. (1999) reported L. comosa des troubles digestifs. as one of the wild most used in the food habits of the population of southern Italy and that the bulbs Conclusion: Leopoldia comosa représente une have diuretic and astringent proprieties (Casoria et source importante de revenus pour la population et al. 1999). In 2012, Bonasia and collaborators une source prometteuse des molécules bioactives reported L. comosa as is part of the diet and is used pour traiter différentes maladies. in traditional medicine in the treatment of gastronomic problems in the South. In the past in Mots-clés: Revenu ; Interviews ; Questionnaire ; Italy, the bulbs were mainly taken from wild Grossistes ; Province de Taza - Maroc. populations, but nowadays, the expansion of agriculture and the increased costs in harvesting have favored the import of the bulbs, mainly from صﺧﻠﻣﻟا : North Africa and especially from Morocco and :قﺎﯾﺳﻟا .Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl رﻣ ا فد Muscari .(comosum (L.) Mill. Tunisia (Bonasia et al. 2012 وأ Muscari à toupet وھ ﻧ ﺑ تﺎ رﻣﻌﻣ نﻣ نﻣ رﻣﻌﻣ تﺎ ﺑ ﻧ وھ ﯾﺻﻓ ﻠ ﺔ Asparagaceae ﻲﺗﻟا وﻣﻧﺗ ﻲﻓ برﻐﻣﻟا ﺔﻘطﻧﻣو رﺣﺑﻟا ضﯾﺑﻷا ضﯾﺑﻷا رﺣﺑﻟا ﺔﻘطﻧﻣو برﻐﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ وﻣﻧﺗ Today, there is a progressive awareness of the ،طﺳوﺗﻣﻟا دﺟوﺗو تﺎﯾﻣﻛﺑ ةرﯾﺑﻛ ﻲﻓ قطﺎﻧﻣ .فﯾرﻟا ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺑﯾﻊ، ﺗُﺑﺎع ﻛﻣﯾﺎت .medical and economic potential of natural resources ﺑﻛ ةرﯾ نﻣ هذھ ا ﻟ ﻧ ﺑ ﺔﺗ لﻛ عوﺑﺳأ ﻲﻓ قاوﺳﻷا قاوﺳﻷا( )ﺔﯾﻋوﺑﺳﻷا ﻟ ﻠ رﯾدﺻﺗ رﯾدﺻﺗ ﻠ ﻟ )ﺔﯾﻋوﺑﺳﻷا قاوﺳﻷا( قاوﺳﻷا ﻲﻓ عوﺑﺳأ لﻛ ﺔﺗ ﺑ ﻧ ﻟ ا هذھ نﻣ ةرﯾ ﺑﻛ Morocco and more particularly the province of Taza ،جرﺎﺧﻠﻟ لﻛﺷﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳأ وﺣﻧ ،ﺎﯾﻟﺎطﯾإ نﻛﻟو دﺣﻟ نﻵا ﻟ م ﯾ ﺗ م ءارﺟإ يأ ﺔﺳارد ﺔﺳارد يأ ءارﺟإ م ﺗ ﯾ م ﻟ نﻵا دﺣﻟ is characterized by a rich floristic and natural ﺔﯾﻣﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﻧﻋ ءاوﺳ ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ برﻐﻣ وأ ﻲﻓ لود بوﻧﺟ ا ﻟ رﺣﺑ ﺑﻷا ضﯾ ا ﻟ .طﺳوﺗﻣ .ﺳﺗ ﯾﺑا ﺣ بﻧ و ﻓ أ رﻣﻟا phytodiversity, which makes the province a ﻧظ ًرا ﻟﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺣول ھذا اﻟﻧﺑﺎت، ﺗﮭدف اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﺷف subsistence economy zone through the لوﻷ ةرﻣ نﻋ ا ﻟ ﻘ ﺔﻣﯾ ا اوﯾﺳوﺳﻟ ﻗ ﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗ و رﺳ د تﺎﯾطﻌﻣﻟا ﺛﻹا ﯾﺟوﻟوﺑوﻧ ﺔ ﻟ ـ Leopoldia comosa commercialization of some products such as ةدﺟاوﺗﻣﻟا .برﻐﻣﻟﺎﺑ Origanum spp, Ziziphus spp, and Capparis spinosa L. (Khabbach et al. 2012). Within the framework of ﺎﺳﻷا ﻟ :بﯾ مﺗ ﻊﻣﺟ ا ﻟ تﺎﻧﺎﯾﺑ ا دﺎﺻﺗﻗاوﯾﺳوﺳﻟ ﺔﯾ ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﺑوﻧﺛﻹاو نﻣ سرﺎﻣ سرﺎﻣ نﻣ ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﺑوﻧﺛﻹاو ﺔﯾ the valorization of the plants of origin of Taza, we 2018 ﻰﻟإ وﯾﺎﻣ 2019 نﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻘﻣ ﺎ تﻼﺑ ﺑﻣ ةرﺷﺎ ﻊﻣ ﻲﻣدﺧﺗﺳﻣ ﺑو ﺎ ﻲﻌﺋ ﻲﻌﺋ ﺎ ﺑو ﻲﻣدﺧﺗﺳﻣ ﻊﻣ ةرﺷﺎ ﺑﻣ تﻼﺑ ﺎ ﻘﻣ لﻼﺧ نﻣ have chosen for the present study, Leopoldia ﺔﺗﺑﻧﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺎﺑ كﻟذو مادﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ نﺎﯾﺑﺗﺳا ﻰﻠﻋ ىوﺗﺳﻣ ﻊﺑﺳ تﺎﯾدﻠﺑ ،لوﻧﻛأ( ،لوﻧﻛأ( تﺎﯾدﻠﺑ ﻊﺑﺳ ىوﺗﺳﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ نﺎﯾﺑﺗﺳا مادﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ كﻟذو ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺗﺑﻧﻟا comosa, a very abundant plant in our study area but ﻧﻛﻣ ﺔﺳﺎ ا ﻗرﺷﻟ ،ﺔﯾ ﺑ بﺎ ،ﺔﻗوزرﻣ ﺑ ﻲﻧ ﻟ ،تﻧ سأر ا ،ءﺎﻣﻟ ﻧﻛﻣ ﺔﺳﺎ ا ﺑرﻐﻟ ،ﺔﯾ داو داو ،ﺔﯾ ﺑرﻐﻟ ا ﺔﺳﺎ ﻧﻛﻣ ،ءﺎﻣﻟ ا سأر ،تﻧ ﻟ ﻲﻧ ﺑ ،ﺔﻗوزرﻣ بﺎ ﺑ ،ﺔﯾ ﻗرﺷﻟ ا ﺔﺳﺎ ﻧﻛﻣ .few studies on this plant ﻠﻣا )لﯾ ﻲﻣﺗﻧﺗ ﻰﻟإ مﯾﻠﻗإ ةزﺎﺗ - برﻐﻣﻟا .

-This study aims to assess for the first time the socio :ﺞﺋﺎﺗﻧﻟا تﻔﺷﻛ ﻧ ﺗ ﺎ ﺞﺋ تﺎﻋﻼطﺗﺳﻻا نأ Leopoldia comosa ﺔﯾﺑرﻐﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﺑرﻐﻣﻟا economic value and ethnobotanical data of this plant ﺔﻓورﻌﻣﻟا مﺳﺎﺑ "ﺔﻠﯾﺻﺑ" لﻛﺷﺗ ردﺻﻣ لﺧد مﮭﻣ ﻲﻣدﺧﺗﺳﻣﻟ ﺔﺗﺑﻧﻟا كﻟذﻛو كﻟذﻛو ﺔﺗﺑﻧﻟا ﻲﻣدﺧﺗﺳﻣﻟ مﮭﻣ لﺧد ردﺻﻣ لﻛﺷﺗ "ﺔﻠﯾﺻﺑ" مﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻓورﻌﻣﻟا using a questionnaire which contains two parts, the رﺎﺟﺗﻟ .ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟا حوارﺗﯾ ﺢﺑرﻟا نﻣ 7 رد ا مھ / 0.64 وروﯾ لﻛﻟ ﯾﻛ ارﻏوﻠ م إ ﻰﻟ 3 first deals with the medicinal aspect of the plant such مھارد نﻣ ا ﻟ ﻧ ﺑ ﺔﺗ ا ﺔﯾرطﻟ ﻟ ﻠ ﺑ ﺎ نﯾﻌﺋ رﺎﺟﺗو ا ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟ ﻰﻠﻋ ا ﻟ اوﺗ .ﻲﻟ ﻠﺣﻣ ﯾ ،ﺎ مدﺧﺗﺳﺗ مدﺧﺗﺳﺗ ،ﺎ ﯾ ﻠﺣﻣ .ﻲﻟ اوﺗ ﻟ ا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟ ا رﺎﺟﺗو نﯾﻌﺋ ﺎ ﺑ ﻠ ﻟ ﺔﯾرطﻟ ا ﺔﺗ ﺑ ﻧ ﻟ ا نﻣ مھارد ,as the part used, method of use and preparations ﺔﺗﺑﻧﻟا فادھﻷ ﺔﯾﺑط ﺔﺻﺎﺧ جﻼﻌﻟ ضارﻣﻷا ﺔﯾدﻠﺟﻟا ارطﺿاو ﺑ تﺎ ا زﺎﮭﺟﻟ زﺎﮭﺟﻟ ا تﺎ ﺑ ارطﺿاو nutritional value, the dose used and the main .ﻲﻣﺿﮭﻟا diseases treated and the second the socio-economic aspect which was concerning the sale price in kg, the :ﺔﺻﻼﺧﻟا لﺛﻣﺗ Leopoldia comosa دروﻣ لﺧد مﮭﻣ ﻟ نﺎﻛﺳﻠ ا ﻠﺣﻣﻟ ﯾ نﯾ نﯾ ﯾ ﻠﺣﻣﻟ ا نﺎﻛﺳﻠ ﻟ مﮭﻣ لﺧد دروﻣ quantity of the plant sold per year, the quantity of the وﻣﺻد ًرا ﻣﮭﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻧﺷطﺔ ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾًﺎ ﻟﻌﻼج اﻷﻣراض اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ.

3 plant harvested per day or per week, number of Respondents were informed of the objectives of the employees per household and total income per year. study and the fact that the information collected will be posted for scientific and non-commercial Material and Methods purposes and thus agreed to participate in the Socio-economic and Ethnobotanical Data survey. Collection Socio-economic and ethnobotanical data of Plant Material Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (Fig. 1) were collected Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (Fig. 1) were harvested from March 2018 to May 2019 in seven in the province of Taza (Morocco) (Fig. 2) during the municipalities (Aknoul, Meknassa Acharqia, Bab spring, March 2018, and the plant was identified by Marzouka, Bni Lent, Ras-El-Ma, Meknassa Al Dr. Abdelmajid Khabbach, the botanist of the Gharbia, Oued Amlil) of the Province of Taza Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, (Geographical coordinates: N 34°13'56.0" W Environment, Modelling, Health & Quality of Life 3°59'50.4", Altitude 421 m) which is located in the (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza North East of Morocco (Fig. 2). The Province has 38 (FPT), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of municipalities and is bordered to the North by the Fez, Morocco. A voucher specimen was deposited in Provinces of Al Hoceima and Driouch, to the South the herbarium under the code SA 2018/05. by the Province of , and to the West by the Province of . At the northernmost tip of the Statistical analysis Middle Atlas Mountains, close to Taza, extends the Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the Tazekka National Park, gazetteer in 1950, and data. Frequencies were expressed as the number extending over a length of 50 km and a width of 15 and percentage of vendors. km (Fig. 2). The choice of study stations was made following the recommendations of the population, Results regarding the abundance of this plant in these Socio-economic and Ethnobotanical Data of municipalities. Leopoldia comosa bulbs Socio-demographic Characteristics of the The study was conducted in the form of Respondents questionnaire-guided interviews (Appendix 1) During this study, a total of 100 people were consisting of both closed and open-ended questions interviewed in seven municipalities (Aknoul, which we have prepared regarding previously Meknassa Acharqia, Bab Marzouka, Bni Lent, Ras- conducted studies and which aims to collect El-Ma, Meknassa Al Gharbia, Oued Amlil) of the information on the interviewees (age, sex, level of Province of Taza, Morocco chosen according to the education, ethnic group, profession, family situation); abundance of the plant in these municipalities. The vegetable species and/or plant (vernacular names, interviewees included 85 vendors and 15 type of plant: wild or cultivated, harvest season, etc); wholesalers or “Jemmalla” (Table 1). Demographic medicinal aspect of the plant such as the part used, characteristics of the respondents were determined method of use and preparations, nutritional value, and recorded through face-to-face interviews. All the the dose used and the main diseases treated interviewees were men because we have not met (Heinrich et al. 2009, Zahoor et al. 2017). Information any woman who participates in the marketing of this about socio-economic value was concerning the sale plant, with an average age of 32 years, and with a price in kg of fresh bulb of L. comosa, the quantity of primary education level of 38%, secondary education the plant sold per year, the quantity of the plant of 39%, and 23% for illiterate people. harvested per day or per week as presented in previous works (Gharnit et al. 2006, Baydoun et al. The number of respondents per municipality 2017), number of employees per household, and depends on the quantity of the plant produced in total income per year (Appendix 1). each municipality and the demand for the plant by the wholesalers or "Jemmalla" of that plant. As there is a diversity of local dialects in the study area: tribes (Ghiata, Tssoul, Branés) who speak the Socio-economic Value of Leopoldia comosa bulbs Moroccan Arabic dialect called "Darija" or Amazigh To assess the socio-economic value of L. comosa, who speak one of the 3 Amazigh dialects we conducted a survey with local vendors and ("Tamazight", "Tarifit" and "Tachelhit or Tasousit"). wholesalers during the plant's harvest period. The interviews were conducted through a local Interviews focused on the selling price of the raw translator knowledgeable in both Arabic or Amazigh material in kilogram (kg), the quantity of the plant dialects for respondents who cannot use either the sold per week, and the total revenue per week. Table Arabic or French survey form. 2 shows the results of the economic value of L. comosa

a b

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a b

c d

Figure 1. a. Leopoldia comosa L. Parl in the souk (weekly market); b. Bulbs dried at the SNAMOPEQ Laboratory, FPT, USMBA; c. Herbarium sample; d. Peeled bulbs in SNAMOPEQ Laboratory. Photos are taken in March 2018 in Taza, Morocco (Geographical coordinates: N 34°13'56.0" W 3°59'50.4", Altitude 421 m).

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of In this regard, our study showed that the quantity of respondents (n = 100) in the Province of Taza - the plant harvested varies according to age; a young Morocco. person can harvest up to 100 kilograms per week, given the physical effort of harvesting, and this Characteristics Frequency quantity also varies according to the wholesalers and Gender vendors of the plant in the souks. Wholesalers or Male 100 "Jemmala" buy the plant in the souks and douars and Female 0 trade it through intermediaries from Taza, towards Educational level mainly the city of Oued Zem which is located in the Illiterate 23 center of Morocco, roughly 300 km from the place of Primary school 38 origin. In Oued Zem, small-scale factories carry out Secondary school 39 the cleaning of the residues of soil and sand that Age surround the bulbs, the sorting of the bulbs that are 17-39 77 going to be peeled, and the separation of the bulb Over 40 23 from the stem, and finally the packaging for export abroad, mainly to Italy.

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The standardization of the price has been done by rate of precipitation is higher, so the production of the converting the price in dirham for one kilogram to plant also is higher, consequentially the price selling Euro (€) according to international standards of L. comosa bulbs decrease. (www.xe.com). The unit price of L. comosa was estimated at 7 MAD per kg (0.697 €/kg) for vendors According to Table 2, the total profit varies from 413 and 10 MAD per kg (0.91 €/kg) for wholesalers. MAD / 38 € per collected quantity/week to 2860.5 According to the surveys, the evolution of the market MAD / 263.16 € per selling quantity/week for vendors depends on the rate of annual precipitation; if the and wholesalers respectively.

North-Morocco

Africa

Taza City

Figure 2. Geographic representation of the area study and map depicting the municipalities of the survey in the Province of Taza – Morocco (Basemap source).

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Table 2. Socio-economic data of Leopoldia comosa bulbs in the Province of Taza - Morocco.

Vendors Economic value Wholesalers (Collectors) Average quantity sold per week in kg 59 953.5 Selling price per kg 7 MAD / 0.64 € 10 MAD / 0.92 € Cost price per kg 0 7 MAD 953.5 kg * 7 MAD = Cost price per week 0 6674.5 MAD/ 614.05 € 59 kg * 7 MAD = (953.5*10) - (953.5*7) Total profit per week 413 MAD / 38 € 2860.5 MAD / 263.16 €

- Kg: Kilogram; MAD: Moroccan dirham; €: Euro. - Values in the table are expressed by calculating the average for each parameter.

Ethnobotanical Data of Leopoldia comosa bulbs from 14.4 MAD/kg, 17 MAD/kg and 14.8 MAD/kg The abundant trade of L. comosa in the local markets respectively (Khabbach et al. 2012), and of the Province of Taza prompted us to research the Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André which is medicinal value of this plant-based on a an important source of revenue through the sale of questionnaire which includes information on the part the palm heart (43.22 €/week/exploiter), and of the plant used, the method of preparation, and the marketing of artisanal products (Doum baskets: 6.2 diseases treated. €/week/maker). (Lachkar et al. 2020), and L. comosa are species that constitute an important source of All respondents (n=100) reported the economic income for rural families in the study area. value of L. comosa (100%). 33% of the population Commercialization of some products of local surveyed revealed the therapeutic effect in addition phytodiversity is often limited to the harvest period, to the economic value of the plant and 10% i.e. the growing season. mentioned that the gel of L. comosa bulbs is used in sticking. L. comosa is a spontaneous plant in the region of Taza, harvested from January to May each year. The part of the plant used is the bulb in the form of During this period, Large quantities ranging from 500 poultice and infusion to treat dermatological kg to 3000 kg of fresh L. comosa bulb are offered on affections and digestive disorders respectively. sale every week in the souks. The study carried out by Bonasia and his collaborators in Italy concurs with 24% of the population uses the plant to treat the information we found and which indicated that dermatological affection and 13% for digestive the import of L. comosa has increased particularly disorders. from Morocco and Tunisia due to the intensive use of bulbs in Italy (Bonasia et al. 2012). Discussion Socio-economic and Ethnobotanical Data of The average quantity of the plant purchased in Leopoldia comosa bulbs Morocco in the study area by wholesalers each week The results of the present study highlight the socio- is about 953.5 kg of fresh bulbs. Therefore, this economic value and ascribed medicinal properties of quantity constitutes a total profit of 2860.5 MAD / the plant in Morocco. The results of the surveys 263.16 €. reveal that L. comosa bulb is used to treat dermatological affections and digestive tract Among the information we gathered during our disorders. These results are in agreement with investigation is that the plant is intended for export Pieroni et al. (2002) which reported that L. comosa and more specifically to Italy, as it is included in their bulb is used in Italy in the treatment of gastronomic diet after pre-treatment and preparation in factories problems. Casoria et al. (1999) reported that L. in Oued Zem city (Morocco). This result explains comosa bulb has a diuretic and astringent effect, and what we found in the work published by Casoria et also a veterinary use as a revulsive if bulbs are mixed al. (1999) that the food use of bulbs has a long with pepper. history that can be traced back to the Egyptians, Greeks, and other Mediterranean peoples. The subsistence economy in the study area is associated, among other things, with the exploitation According to our survey, we can say that L. comosa of wild plants such as Origanum spp, Ziziphus spp, is an important source of income for vendors and and Capparis spinosa L., whose selling prices vary also for wholesalers and that the profit varies from 7

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MAD / 0.64 € per kg of fresh bulb to 3 MAD / 0.27 € Taza, towards mainly the city of Oued Zem which is per kg of fresh bulb for vendors and wholesalers located in the center of Morocco, roughly 300 km respectively. Compared to another study conducted from the place of origin (Morocco) where there are in the same study area, Lachkar et al. (2020) showed points of export abroad, especially to Italy. that Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André is an important source of income for the population of This study highlights the economic importance of L. the Province of Taza through the sale of the palm comosa as a medicinal plant and food for export to heart (43.22 €/week/exploiter), and the marketing of Italy as it is included in their diet. artisanal products (Doum baskets: 6.2 €/week/maker). Our results of the socio-economic and ethnobotanical surveys of the plant are encouraged Although, women are active storekeepers, street and and we are continuing to analyze the composition of market vendors and play an important role in the plant and explore its other biological and commerce around the world. In our study, women pharmacological properties. are not allowed to participate in the marketing of L. comosa, this can be explained by the traditional Declarations customs in the study area, where women are much List of abbreviations: Not applicable. more involved in domestic chores and where women Ethics approval and consent to participate: All probably prefer to work in women's associations or respondents were well informed of the objectives of cooperatives, which are also channels and means of the study, have been well informed, the marketing the plant's bulbs, rather than going directly confidentiality of their participation, and the data to the souks. provided and the right to refuse to participate and withdraw at any time. It is important to notify that in the municipalities Consent for publication: Not applicable. "Oued Amlil" and "Bni Lent" small quantities of L. Availability of data and materials: The data was comosa are offered for sale in the souks, even if in not deposited in public repositories. these two municipalities the plant is very abundant, Conflicts of interest: There is no conflict of interest. because the harvest period coincides with the olive Funding sources: This research did not receive any harvesting season and the population of these specific grant from funding agencies in the public, communes is not yet conscious of the economic commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. value of the L. comosa bulbs and prefers to harvest Author’s contributions: MB: Performed the olives even though their price (4 MAD/Kg / 0.398 experimental studies and field studies, data €/Kg) is lower than that of L. comosa bulbs (7 collection and analysis and manuscript preparation. MAD/Kg / 0.697 €/Kg) and also because the plant FL: Designed the experiments, consistent guidance, requires special experience during harvesting to analyzed the data, manuscript preparation and ensure that the bulbs are not damaged and a great review and edited the final version and submitted it deal of physical effort. for publication. NL: Contributed to experimental and field studies. AK: Contributed to botanical studies. Conclusions AZ: Contributed to data analysis. HT: Designed the These studies, undertaken for the first time in experiments, provided consistent guidance and Morocco, allowed us to document and describe the manuscript preparation and review. All authors read, socio-economic value and the ethnobotanical data of approved and reviewed the manuscript. Leopoldia comosa L., a spontaneous plant of the Taza region which is characterized by a high Acknowledgements production of this plant. The survey conducted The authors are extremely thankful to the local among vendors and wholesalers of the plant allowed informants of the study area for their co-operation us to draw several conclusions: all respondents and knowledge sharing. Our sincere appreciation (n=100) are looking for Leopoldia comosa for a goes to all the people who helped us during the monetary purpose; 33% of the population surveyed research work. raised the medicinal value of the plant, and that the bulb of L. comosa is used in the treatment of Literature Cited dermatological affections and digestive disorders. Indeed, L. comosa is an important source of income Baydoun SA, Kanj D, Raafat K, Aboul Ela M, Chalak for vendors and also for wholesalers and its profit L, Arnold-Apostolides N. 2017. Ethnobotanical and varies from 7 MAD / 0.64 € per kg of fresh bulb to 3 Economic Importance of Wild Plant Species of Jabal MAD / 0.27 € per kg of fresh bulb for vendors and Moussa Bioreserve, Lebanon. Journal of Ecosystem wholesalers respectively. Wholesalers buy the plant and Ecography 7:245. doi: 10.4172/2157- in the souks and trade it through intermediaries from 7625.1000245.

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Basemap source: https://www.cleanpng.com/png- Ethnomedicine 13:27. doi:10.1186/s13002-017- globe-earth-world-rwanda-map-yellow-globe- 0151-1. 5580809/preview.html Bonasia A, Conversa G, Lazzizera C, La Rotonda P, Elia A. 2012. Weed control in lampascione-Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Crop Protection 36:65-72. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.02.001. Casacchia T, Sofo A, Casaburi I, Marrelli M, Conforti F, Statti GA. 2017. Antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory and antitumor activity of the wild dietary plant Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. International Journal of Plant Biology. 8(1)). doi:https://doi.org/10.4081/pb.2017.6895 Casoria P, Menale B, Muoio R. 1999. Muscari comosum, , in the Food Habits of South Italy. Economic Botany 53:113-115. Gharnit N, El Mtili N, Ennabili A, Sayah F. 2006. Importance socio-économique du caroubier (Ceratonia siliqua L.) dans la province de Chefchaouen (Nord-ouest du Maroc). Journal de Botanique de la Société Botanique de France 33:43- 48. Heinrich M, Edwards S, Moerman DE, Leonti M. 2009. Ethnopharmacological field studies: a critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.043 Khabbach A, Libiad M, Ennabili A. 2012. Production and merchandising of plant resources from the province of Taza (North of Morocco). Revue AFN Maroc. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12941888.v1 Lachkar N, Lamchouri F, Toufik H. 2020. Socio- economic position of Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea Andre in the province of Taza (North East Morocco) and impact of the new Moroccan law n° 77- 15 (Moroccan Official Bulletin N° 6422) on the preservation of the environment. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 20:32. Pieroni A. 2000. Medicinal plants and food medicines in the folk traditions of the upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70:235-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00207-X. Pieroni A, Janiak V, Durr CM, Ludeke S, Trachsel E, Heinrich M. 2002. In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Non- Cultivated Vegetables of Ethnic Albanians in Southern Italy. Phytotherapy Research 16:467-473. doi:10.1002/ptr.1243. Valdés B, Rejdali M, Achhal EL Kadmiri A, Jury JL, Montserrat JM. 2002. Checklist of vascular plants of N Morocco with identification keys. Editions CSIC, Madrid. Zahoor M, Yousaf Z, Aqsa T, Haroon M, Saleh N, Aftab A, Javed S, Qadeer M, Ramazan H. 2017. An ethnopharmacological evaluation of Navapind and Shahpur Virkanin district Sheikupura, Pakistan for their herbal medicines. Journal of Ethnobiology and

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Appendix 1

Questionnaire form Record number: … ▪ Date...... ▪ City / Village / Douar...... ▪ Altitude...... ▪ Author………………………………………………………………………………......

––––––––––––––––––––––––– I- Informant or Interviewee: 1▪ Age: ...... 2▪ Gender: Male □ Female □ 3▪ Marital Status: Single □ Married □ 4▪ Ethnicity……………………………………………. 5▪ Level of education: Illiterates □ Primary □ Secondary □ Academic □ 6▪ Profession: Herbalist □ Cultivator □ Tradipraticians □ Nomad □ Others □…………... ––––––––––––––––––––––––– II- Vegetable species and/or Plant: 7▪ Vernacular names: ...... 8▪ Scientific name: ...... 9▪ Type of plant: Wild □ Cultivated □ 10▪ Harvest season: ...... 11▪ Place of harvest: □ Watercourses □ Mountain □ Pond □ Lakes □ Others …………………………………………………………. ––––––––––––––––––––––––– III- Medicinal aspect: 12▪ Plant uses: □ Therapeutic □ Cosmetic □ Human food □ Fence □ Firewood □ Animal feed □ Others: ………………………………………………...... 13▪ Used part: Stem □ □ Fruit □ Seed □ Bark □ Rhizome □ Bulb □ Leaves □ whole plant □ Other combinations □: …...... ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14▪ Form of employment: Tisane □ Powder □ Essential oils □ Oily oils □ Extract (tincture, solution, capsule) □ Others □ ...………………………………………………………………………………………………... 15▪ Mode of preparation:

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Infusion □ Decoction □ Maceration □ Poultice □ Kneading □ Softening □ Others □ ...... ………………………………………………………………………………………...…. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16▪ Mode of administration: Oral □ Massage □ Rinsing □ Brushing □ Others □ ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17▪ Dose used: Pinch □ Handle □ Spoon □ Others□ ...... 18▪ Plants and/or other substances: □ None □ Yes If Yes, which ones? Notes on preparation: …………………………………………………………………………………………..……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 19▪ Type of disease: ▪ Dermatological affections □ ▪ Digestive tract disorders □ ▪ Respiratory affections □ ▪ Gland disorders □ ▪ Diseases of the cardiovascular system □ ▪ Gastro-intestinal tract annexes □ ▪ Genitourinary affections □ ▪ Neurological Affections □ ▪Others………….…………………………………………….……………………………… 20▪ Toxicity: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ––––––––––––––––––––––––– IV- Socio-economic data of Leopoldia comosa L. 21. Number or quantity of the plant harvested per day or per week: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22. Number or quantity of the plant deplaned per year: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23. Raw material selling price per kg: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24. Types of customers: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25. Request by customers: Large □ Medium □ Low □ Others: …..…………………………………………………….……………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26. Types of employees: Men □ Women □ Children □ Indigenous □ Others□……………………………………… 27. Number of employees in each house: ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28. Direct Employment:

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Full-time □ Part-time □ Other □……………………………….……………………………. 29. Working period: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30. Number or quantity of the plant sold per year: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31. Total income per week: …………… …………………………………………………… 32. Cost price: ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33. Types of marketing: Associations/cooperatives □ Intermediaries □ Souks □ Other □ ……………………….. 34. Market evolution: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35. Obstacles that you encounter: …………………………………………………………………………………………..……… ………………………………………………………………………………………..………… …………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 36. Supplementary information: ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Appendix 2 / Annexe 2

Fiche questionnaire Numéro de fiche:…… ▪ Date...... ▪ Ville/Village/Douar...... ▪ Altitude...... ▪ Auteur………………………………………………………………………………………....

––––––––––––––––––––––––– I- Informateur ou Interviewé : 1▪ Age : ...... 2▪ Sexe : Masculin □ Féminin □ 3▪ Situation familiale : Célibataire □ Marié □ 4▪ Ethnie……………………………………………….. 5▪ Niveau scolaire : Néant □ Primaire □ Secondaire □ Universitaire □ 6▪ Profession : Herboriste □ Cultivateur □ Tradipraticien □ Nomade □ Autres □………. ––––––––––––––––––––––––– II- Espèce végétale et/ou Plante : 7▪ Noms vernaculaires : ...... 8▪ Nom scientifique : ...... 9▪ Type de plante : Sauvage □ Cultivée □ 10▪ Saison de la récolte : ...... 11▪ Lieu de récolte : □ Cours d’eau □ Montagne □ Mare □ Lacs □ Autres : ……………………………………………………… –––––––––––––––––––––––– III- Aspect médicinale : 12▪ Usages de la plante : □ Thérapeutique □ Cosmétique □ Alimentation humaine □ Clôture □ Bois de chauffe □ Alimentation des animaux □ Autres :…………………………………………………………………………………….. 13▪ Partie utilisée : Tige □ Fleurs Fruits □ Graine □ Écorce □ Rhizome □ Bulbe □ Feuilles □ Plante entière □ Autres combinaisons □ : ...... 14▪ Forme d’emploi : Tisane □ Poudre □ Huiles essentielles □ Huiles grasses □ Extrait (teinture, solution, gélule) □ Autres □ ……………………………………………………………………………. 15▪ Mode de préparation :

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Infusion □ Décoction □ Macération □ Cataplasme □ Pétrissage □ Ramollissement □ Autre □…………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16▪ Mode d’administration : Oral □ Massage □ Rinçage □ Badigeonnage □ Autres □ ………………………………………………………………………………………..………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

17▪ Dose utilisée : Pincée □ poignée □ Cuillerée □ Autres : ...... 18▪ Plantes et/ou autres matières : □ Aucune □ Oui Si Oui, lesquelles ? Notes sur la préparation : ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19▪ Type de maladie : ▪ Affections dermatologiques □ ▪ Affections des tubes digestifs □ ▪ Affections respiratoires □ ▪ Affections des glandes □ ▪ Affections cardio-vasculaires □ ▪ Annexes du tube digestif □ ▪ Affections génito-urinaires □ ▪ Affections neurologiques □ ▪Autres :……………………………………………………………………………………….. 20▪ Toxicité : ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ––––––––––––––––––––––––– IV- Données socio-économique de Leopoldia comosa L. 21. Nombre ou quantité de la plante récoltée par jour ou par semaine : ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22. Nombre ou quantité de la plante déplantée par an : …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23. Prix de vente de la matière première par kg : ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24. Types de clients : ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25. Demande par les clients : Fort □ Moyenne □ faible □ Autres………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 26. Types d’employés : Hommes □ Femmes □ Enfants □ Indigènes □ Autres □………………………………… 27. Nombres d’employés dans chaque maison :………………………………………….

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………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28. Emploi direct : Temps plein □ Temps partiel □ Autres □………………………………………………….. 29. Période de travail : ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30. Nombre ou quantité de la plante vendues par an : ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31. Revenu total par semaine :……………………………………………………………… 32. Prix de revient :…………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

33. Types de commercialisation : Associations/coopératives □ Intermédiaires □ Souks □ Autres □…………………… 34. Evolution de marché : ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 5. Obstacles que vous rencontrez : ……………………………………………………………………...... ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36. Informations supplémentaires : ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Appendix 3 / ﻖﺤﻠﻣ 3 رو ﻗ ﺔ ﺒﺘﺳﻻا ﯿ نﺎ ﺘﻻ

ﻢﻗر ةرﺎﻤﺘﺳﻹا ...... رﻤﺳا ﻗ

▪ ﺦﯾرﺎﺘﻟا ...... ▪ ﺔﻨﯾﺪﻤﻟا / ﺔﯾﺮﻘﻟا / راوﺪﻟا ...... ▪ عﺎﻔﺗرﻻا ...... ▪ ا ﻟ ﺒ ﺚﺣﺎ ………………………………………………………………………………………… . . –––––––––––––––––––––––– I. رﺑﺧﻣﻟا وأ لﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟا : 1 ▪ :ﺮﻤﻌﻟا ...... 2 ▪ ا :ﺲﻨﺠﻟ ﺮﻛذ □ ﻰﺜﻧا □ 3 ▪ ا ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟ ا ﺎﻌﻟ ﺋ ﻠ :ﺔﯿ ﻋﺎ بز □ ﻣ ﺘ ﺰ و ج □ 4 ▪ ا قﺮﻌﻟ ………………………………………………… ... 5 ىﻮﺘﺴﻤﻟا :ﻲﻤﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا نوﺪﺑ □ ا ﺑ ﺘ ﺪ ا ﻲﺋ □ ﺛ ﺎ ﻧ يﻮ □ ﺎﺟ ﻲﻌﻣ □ 6 ▪ ا :ﺔﻨﮭﻤﻟ ﺎﻌﻣ ﺞﻟ ﺑ بﺎﺸﻋﻷﺎ □ زﻣ ا عر □ ﻌﻣ ﺎ ﺞﻟ يدﯾﻠﻘﺗ □ ﺣر ﺎ ل □ ا رﺧ ى □ ..………… ...... –––––––––––––––––––––––– II. عوﻧﻟا ﻲﺗﺎﺑﻧﻟا و/ وأ :ﺔﺗﺑﻧﻟا 7 ▪ ءﺎﻤﺳﻷا :ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻌﻟا :ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻌﻟا ...... 8 ▪ ﻢﺳﻻا ا :ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟ :ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟ ا ﻢﺳﻻا ▪ ...... 9 ▪ عﻮﻧ ﺔﺘﺒﻨﻟا : ﺔﯾﺮﺑ □ ﺔﻋورﺰﻣ □ 10 ▪ ﻢﺳﻮﻣ ا :دﺎﺼﺤﻟ :دﺎﺼﺤﻟ ا ﻢﺳﻮﻣ ▪ ...... 11 ▪ نﺎﻜﻣ ا :دﺎﺼﺤﻟ □ ىﺮﺠﻣ ﻣ ﺎ ﻲﺋ □ ﻞﺒﺟ □ ةﺮﯿﺤﺑ □ ﺔﻛﺮﺑ وا ﻊﻘﻨﺘﺴﻣ □ :ﺮﺧآ …………… ...... ………………… ……… –––––––––––––––––––––––– III. ﺐﻧﺎﺠﻟا :ﻲﺒﻄﻟا 12 ▪ تﺎﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا ا ﻟ :ﺔﺘﺒﻨ □ ﺑط ﯾ ﺔ □ ﯾﻣﺟﺗ ﻠ ﯾ ﺔ □ ﺗ ﺬﻐ ﯾ ﺔ ﯾﺮﺸﺑ ﺔ □ ﯿﺴﺗ ﺞﯿ وا ﯿﺳ جﺎ □ ﺐﻄﺤﻟا □ فﻼﻋأ اوﯾﺣ ﻧ ﺔﯾ □ :ىﺮﺧأ :ﺮأ …. ... …………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 ▪ ا ءﺰﺠﻟ ا :مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟ عﺬﺟ □ □رﻮھز رﺎﻤﺛ □ □روﺬﺑ ءﺎﺤﻟ □ رﻮﻣﺬﺟ □ ﺔﻠﺼﺑ ا ﻟ ﺔﺘﺒﻨ □ قاروأ □ ا ﻟ ﺔﺘﺒﻨ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ □ تﺎﺒﯿﻛﺮﺗ ىﺮﺧأ :□ ...... 14 ▪ ﻞﻜﺷ وا ﺔﻘﯾﺮط :لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻا يﺎﺷ بﺎﺸﻋﻷا □ ةردوﺑ وا قﻮﺤﺴﻣ □ تﻮﯾز ﯾﺮﻄﻋ ﺔ □ تﻮﯾز ﻨھد ﯿ ﺔ □ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻣ ،ﺔﻐﺒﺻ( ﻠﺤﻣ ،لﻮ ﻛ ﻮﺴﺒ ﻟ )ﺔ □ ﺮﺧأ ..…………………………………………………………………...... 15 ▪ ﺔﻘﯾﺮط ا ﻟ :ﺮﯿﻀﺤﺘ ﻲﻠﻐﻤﻟا □ عﻮﻘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﻣ ﻦﺧﺎﺳ □ عﻮﻘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﻣ درﺎﺑ □ ﻣﻛ ﺎ د ة □ ﺠﻋ ﯿ ﻦ □ ﺗ ﻠ ﯿ ﻦﯿ □ ىﺮﺧأ ...... ……………………………………………………………………………… ......

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16 ▪ ﺔﻘﯾﺮط :لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻋ ﻖﯾﺮط ا ﻟ ﻢﻔ □ ﻟﺪﺗ ﻚﯿ □ ﻒﻄﺷ □ شﯾرﻔﺗ □ ىﺮﺧأ □ □ ىﺮﺧأ □ …...... …… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ...... 17 ▪ ا ﺔﻋﺮﺠﻟ ا :ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟ ﺔﺻﺮﻗ □ ﻣ ﻘ ﺾﺒ □ ﻣ ﻠ ﻌ ﻘ ﺔ □ :ىﺮﺧأ ......

18 ▪ ﺗﺑﻧ ﺔ /و وأ اﻮﻣ د :ىﺮﺧأ ﻻ ءﻲﺷ □ ﻧ ﻢﻌ □ اذإ نﺎﻛ ﺮﻣﻷا ،ﻢﻌﻧ ؟ﺎھﺮﻛذأ ﻈﺣﻼﻣ تﺎ لﻮﺣ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﯿﻀﺤ ﺮ : .. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...... ………………………………… . . . . …………… 19 ▪ عﻮﻧ ا :ضﺮﻤﻟ ▪ ضاﺮﻣأ ﺔﯾﺪﻠﺟ □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎ ﻲﻓ ا زﺎﮭﺠﻟ ا ﻲﻤﻀﮭﻟ □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎ ا زﺎﮭﺠﻟ ا ﻟ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﺘ □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎ ا دﺪﻐﻟ □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎ ا ﻟ ﻘ ﺐﻠ ﺔﯿﻋوﻷاو ا ﺔﯾﻮﻣﺪﻟ □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎ ﻘﺤﻠﻣ تﺎ زﺎﮭﺠﻟا ﻲﻤﻀﮭﻟا □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿا تﺎ ا زﺎﮭﺠﻟ ا ﻟ ﻲﻟﻮﺒ او ﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻲﻠﺳﺎ □ ▪ ﺑاﺮﻄﺿﻻا تﺎ ا ﺔﯿﺒﺼﻌﻟ □ ▪ :ﺮﺧأ ...... …………………………………………………………………………………………… 20▪ ﻢﻤﺴﺗ : … .. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ...... ……………………………… ...... …………… –––––––––––––––––––––––– IV. ﻟا ﯿﻄﻌﻤ تﺎ ﻟا ﺴ ﺳﻮ ﯿ ﻮ - ﺔﯾدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ـﻟ .Leopoldia comosa L 21- ﺪﻋ د وأ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ا ﻟ ﻨ ﺒ ﺔﺘ ا ةدﻮﺼﺤﻤﻟ ﻲﻓ ا ﻟ مﻮﯿ وأ ﻮﺒﺳﻷا ع: . ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22- ﺪﻋ د وأ ﺔﯿﻤﻛ ا ﻟ ﻨ ﺒ ﺎ ﺗ تﺎ ا ﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻟﻮﻘ ﻲﻓ ا :ﺔﻨﺴﻟ . ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23 . ﺮﻌﺳ ﻊﯿﺑ ةدﺎﻤﻟا مﺎﺨﻟا ﻮﻠﯿﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺟ ا م : . ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 . عاﻮﻧأ :ءﺎﻨﺑﺰﻟا . ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...... …………………………………………… . ………… 25 . ﺐﻠط :ءﺎﻨﺑﺰﻟا يﻮﻗ □ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ □ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ □ ﺮﺧأ ﺮﺧأ ……………………… ………………………………………………………………………… ...... …. 26 . عاﻮﻧأ :ﻦﯿﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺟر ﺎ ل □ ﻧ ﺴ ﺎ ء □ ﻔطأ لﺎ □ ا نﺎﻜﺴﻟ ﻠﺻﻷا نﻮﯿ □ ىﺮﺧأ □ □ ىﺮﺧأ □ نﻮﯿ ﻠﺻﻷا نﺎﻜﺴﻟ ا □ لﺎ ﻔطأ ...... …………………………………… 27 . ﺪﻋ د ا ﻟ ﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﻣ ﻦﯿ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻛ ﺑ :ﺖﯿ :ﯿﺑ ﻞ ...... ……………………………… ...... ……………… 28- ﻞﻤﻋ وا لﻐﺷ ﻣ ﺑ ﺎ رﺷ : ود ا م ﻛ ﺎ ﻞﻣ □ ود ا م ﺰﺟ ﺋ ﻲ □ أ ﺮﺧ □ □ ...... ……………………………………… ...... …………… 29- ةﺮﺘﻓ :ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ...... 30 . دﺪﻋ وأ ﻤﻛ ﯿ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻨ ﺒ ﺘ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﺒ ﻋﺎ ﻦﯿ ﺳﻨﻮﯾًﺎ : : .. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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31 . ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ :عﻮﺒﺳﻷا :عﻮﺒﺳﻷا ﻲﻓ ﻞﺧﺪﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟإ ...... …………………………………………………………… ...... …………… 32 . ﺮﻌﺳ :ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا :ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟا ﺮﻌﺳ ...... …………………………………………………………… ...... ……………………… ……………………………………………………………………… .. ………………………… 33 . عاﻮﻧأ :ﻖﯾﻮﺴﺘﻟا ﯿﻌﻤﺟ تﺎ / ﻧوﺎﻌﺗ ﯿ تﺎ □ ءﺎﻄﺳو □ قاﻮﺳأ □ ىﺮﺧأ □ □ ىﺮﺧأ □ قاﻮﺳأ □ ءﺎﻄﺳو □ تﺎ ﯿ ﻧوﺎﻌﺗ / تﺎ ﯿﻌﻤﺟ ……………...... ………… 34 . رﻮﻄﺗ :قﻮﺴﻟا :قﻮﺴﻟا رﻮﻄﺗ . ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...... ……………… 35 . تﺎﺑﻘﻌﻟا ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﮭﻧﻮﮭﺟﻮﺗ : : ...... ……………………………………………………………………… ...... 36- ﻌﻣ ﻠ ﻣﻮ تﺎ ﺎﺿإ ﻓ ﯿ ﺔ : …… .. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… ...... ……………………… ……………………………… ......