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Mapping Plant Species Ranges in the Hawaiian Islands—Developing a Methodology and Associated GIS Layers: U.S

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Mapping Plant Species Ranges in the Hawaiian Islands—Developing a Methodology and Associated GIS Layers: U.S Prepared in cooperation with the Hawaiÿi Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaiÿi at Hilo Mapping Plant Species Ranges in the Hawaiian Islands— Developing a Methodology and Associated GIS Layers By Jonathan P. Price, James D. Jacobi, Samuel M. Gon, III, Dwight Matsuwaki, Loyal Mehrhoff, Warren Wagner, Matthew Lucas, and Barbara Rowe Open-File Report 2012–1192 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Price, J.P., Jacobi, J.D., Gon, S.M., III, Matsuwaki, D., Mehrhoff, L., Wagner, W., Lucas, M., and Rowe, B., 2012, Mapping plant species ranges in the Hawaiian Islands—Developing a methodology and associated GIS layers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1192, 34 p., 1 appendix (species table), 1,158 maps, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1192/. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................1 Climate Zone Classification .............................................................................................................................................2 Moisture Availability Index ...............................................................................................................................................3 Moisture Zone Map..........................................................................................................................................................6 Adaptation of the Moisture-Zone Map to Species Distributions.......................................................................................7 Young Lava Substrate Areas.........................................................................................................................................11 Biogeographic Regions..................................................................................................................................................13 Human Impact................................................................................................................................................................17 Additional Factors Influencing Species Ranges.............................................................................................................20 Species-Range Mapping................................................................................................................................................20 Applications of Estimated-Range Maps.........................................................................................................................21 Facilitating Field Surveys ...........................................................................................................................................21 Restoration Efforts .....................................................................................................................................................21 Studies of Range Size and Rarity ..............................................................................................................................29 Studies of Biodiversity................................................................................................................................................29 Conservation Planning ...............................................................................................................................................29 Invasive Species Management ..................................................................................................................................30 Summary and Future Modeling Efforts ..........................................................................................................................30 Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................30 References Cited ...........................................................................................................................................................31 Appendix. Modeled Historic Range Maps for Hawaiian Vascular Plant Species...........................................................34 Figures Figure 1. Elevational profile of potential evapotranspiration (PET). Modified from Bean and others (1994)...............5 Figure 2. Comparison of estimated moisture availability index (MAI) surface with mapped vegetation from Jacobi (1989). Areas of coincidence: orange, Dry areas; green, Mesic areas; and Dark Blue, Wet areas. Areas of disagreement are colored according to which combination of designations that were given. Areas in gray were not covered by Jacobi’s maps. Locations of rain gauges are shown for reference. .....................................................6 Figure 3. Approximate precipitation and elevation values used to define seven moisture zones used in this study. Zones are defined as follows: Zone 1, Arid; Zone 2, Very Dry; Zone 3, Moderately Dry; Zone 4, Seasonal Mesic; Zone 5, Moist Mesic; Zone 6, Moderately Wet; Zone 7, Very Wet. Sites in middle elevations may be in wetter moisture zones than areas that have comparable rainfall at higher or lower elevation, a function of depressed PET in middle elevations (fig. 1) that results in higher available moisture. Zonal boundaries only extend to precipitation-elevation combinations that exist; for example, no location exists above 2,300 m that receives more than 3,000 mm precipitation. Note that drier zones are more narrowly defined, in part, because areas that receive little rainfall are spatially extensive and, thus, more finely subdivided and, in part, because these are critical moisture thresholds that affect plant-species ranges. ..................................................................................................8 Figure 4. Moisture zones on Niÿihau, Kauaÿi, Oÿahu, Molokaÿi, Länaÿi, Maui, and Kahoÿolawe...................................9 Figure 5. Moisture zones on island of Hawaiÿi...........................................................................................................10 Figure 6. Areas of young lava substrates on Maui and Hawaiÿi. ...............................................................................14 Figure 7. Biogeographic regions on Niÿihau, Kauaÿi, Oÿahu, Molokaÿi, Länaÿi, Maui, and Kahoÿolawe. ....................15 Figure 8. Biogeographic regions on island of Hawaiÿi. ..............................................................................................16 Figure 9. Habitat-quality regions on Niÿihau, Kauaÿi, Oÿahu, Molokaÿi, Länaÿi, Maui and Kahoÿolawe. .....................18 Figure 10. Habitat-quality regions on island of Hawaiÿi. ..............................................................................................19 iii Figure 11. Habitat quality across modeled range of Sadleria cyatheoides on Niÿihau, Kauaÿi, Oÿahu, Molokaÿi, Länaÿi, Maui, and Kahoÿolawe. This species is known from Mesic and Wet habitats (moisture zones 4 through 7) across wide elevational range on many islands; it also extends into dryer areas in upper elevations on Maui and Hawaiÿi (Upland Dry Zone) but does not extend into drier habitats at lower elevations. Status of habitat for this species reflects commonly seen pattern for upland Wet/Mesic species in which much of estimated natural range remains in High- or Medium-quality habitat......................................................................................................23 Figure 12. Habitat quality across modeled range of Sadleria cyatheoides on island of Hawaiÿi. ................................24 Figure 13. Habitat quality across modeled range of Erythrina sandwicensis on Niÿihau, Kauaÿi, Oÿahu, Molokaÿi, Länaÿi, Maui, and Kahoÿolawe. This species is known from Arid to Seasonal Mesic habitats (moisture zones 1 through 4) at low elevations on many islands; it also extends into Moist Mesic areas (Zone 5) along coast but not inland. Status of habitat for this species is typical for species restricted to drier lowland areas where much of estimated natural range is Medium- or Low-quality habitat. .......................................................................................25 Figure 14. Habitat quality across modeled range of Erythrina sandwicensis on island of Hawaiÿi..............................26 Figure 15. Habitat quality across modeled range of Chamaesyce kuwaleana, restricted to Oÿahu. ...........................27 Figure 16. Habitat quality across modeled range
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