How to Settle in Madagascar? Towards a Better Understanding of the Biogeographical History of the Malagasy Ferns

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How to Settle in Madagascar? Towards a Better Understanding of the Biogeographical History of the Malagasy Ferns Université Pierre et Marie Curie Ecole doctorale 227 « Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme : écologie et évolution » UMR 7205 ISYEB : Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité How to settle in Madagascar? Towards a better understanding of the biogeographical history of the Malagasy ferns. Par Lucie BAURET Thèse de doctorat de Systématique et Evolution Dirigée par : Marc-André SELOSSE, Professeur au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, HDR Germinal ROUHAN, Maître de conférences au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Myriam GAUDEUL, Maître de conférences au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Présentée et soutenue publiquement le Mardi 5 Décembre 2017 Devant un jury composé de : Eric QUEINNEC Professeur, UPMC Président du jury Petra KORALL Associate Professor, Uppsala University Rapportrice Guillaume BESNARD Chargé de Recherche, CNRS Rapporteur Valérie PONCET Chargée de Recherche, IRD Examinatrice Marc-André SELOSSE Professeur, MNHN Directeur de thèse Germinal ROUHAN Maître de Conférences, MNHN Directeur de thèse A mes parents, ma famille, mes ami-e-s, mes collègues, merci pour votre soutien. Ackowledgements - Remerciements Ce travail de trois ans n’aurait pas été possible sans la contribution précieuse de nombreuses personnes, sur plusieurs plans qu’ils soient professionnels ou personnels. Je remercie premièrement mes encadrants et mon directeur de thèse, Germinal, Myriam et Marc-André, pour m’avoir donné cette opportunité unique qu’est le doctorat au Muséum. J’aurai vécu une expérience de trois ans avec vous, non sans difficultés, mais qui aura été professionnellement très enrichissante. Je mentionnerai tout particulièrement Germinal, que je remercie pour avoir partagé avec moi son expérience du terrain à Madagascar. To the jury members, thank you very much to have accepted my invitation. Especially, I would like to thank the reviewers for their work on my manuscript. Je remercie également le ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, pour sa dotation ayant financé mes trois années de recherche à l’Université Pierre et Marie Curie, au sein de laquelle j’aurai passé huit ans de vie académique. Ce doctorat n’aurait jamais eu lieu sans l’aval de mon laboratoire, l’Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, et de l’Ecole Doctorale 227. Je remercie également les membres de mon comité de thèse pour le temps qu’ils m’ont accordé, leur écoute et leurs conseils. Pour l’organisation de ma mission de terrain à Madagascar, je remercie les collègues du Missouri Botanical Garden et tout particulièrement Christian Camara, Faranirina Lantoarisoa, Patrice Antilahimena, Désiré Ravelonarivo, Charles Rakotovao, Jean-Ba, ainsi que Vololotahiana Razafindrahaja, du Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, pour leur aide précieuse. Madagascar est un pays extraordinaire, mais il le serait moins sans ces habitants et ses experts naturalistes. Je remercie également nos guides, avec une mention particulière pour Edmond au Marojejy. Cette mission n’aurait jamais eu lieu sans l’aval de Madagascar National Park, que je remercie pour la confiance que l’institution accorde aux chercheurs vazaha. Cette mission fut financée par l’ATM « Emergence des clades, des biotes et des cultures », sous la coordination de Stéphane Peigné, que je remercie chaleureusement. Merci également aux responsables et aux personnels des laboratoires BoEM et SSM, au sein desquels mes travaux moléculaires ont été effectués. - Many thanks to the numerous collaborators on this project, especially: Ashley, thank you very much for your contagious passion about Phlegmariurus and our enthusiastic discussions in Washington, Paris and on the internet. It was a great pleasure to meet you. I hope that we will continue our Malagasy Phlegmariurus adventure and that we will find new opportunities to work on exciting projects after my PhD. Michael Sundue, Barbara Parris and Tom Ranker who I met with great pleasure in Washington during the Next Generation Pteridology conference, thank you for your knowledge and your data of grammitid ferns. I was glad to publish my first article of thesis with you. My work also relied on the contribution of many people who collected ferns all around the world and who have provided precious collections, especially Samuli Lehtonen, Leon Perrie, André L. de Gasper and their collaborators, Regina Hirai, Jefferson Prado, Alexandre Salino, Bruno Senterre, Lara Shepherd, Michael Sundue, and also France Rakotondrainibe, Germinal Rouhan, Thomas Janssen and all the collectors who transmitted a precious trace of the natural heritage of Madagascar. - Je remercie également l’ensemble de mes collègues de l’unité, de l’équipe et de l’herbier, en particulier : Catherine, je t’avais déjà mentionnée dans mon mémoire de Master 2 mais tu mérites bien de nouveaux remerciements pour m’avoir transmis la fibre botanique, il y maintenant cinq ans. Les souvenirs de cette mission bryo-ptéridologique à Madagascar sont impérissables et nourriront pour encore longtemps ma passion pour les petites (et plus grandes) plantes à spores. Je te remercie également pour ton amitié, ton soutien durant la thèse, tes relectures ainsi que tes conseils. Pour ta prestation magique du cœlacanthe dans mon amphi de L1 (qui a marqué toute une génération d’étudiants !), mais surtout pour la confiance que tu m’as accordée concernant tes projets scientifiques, je te remercie Jean-Yves. Durant ces trois années de thèse, tu t’es montré disponible pour discuter science mais pas que ! Tu es même venu me donner quelques distractions botaniques, pour mon plus grand bonheur. Chère France, ta connaissance de la flore ptéridologique de Madagascar a nourri nombre de nos discussions, mais tu as aussi été une bonne oreille pour d’autres sujets plus personnels et je te remercie d’avoir été à l’écoute malgré quelques divergences d’opinion sur d’autres sujets. Merci Visotheary, d’être venu discuter avec moi après ma présentation, nos discussions m’ont aidé à redémarrer durant ma 2ème année de thèse, alors que ça n’allait pas très fort. J’espère bien que nous arriverons un jour à faire quelque chose de ces données ! Florian, je te remercie également, pour avoir accepté d’être dans mon comité, mais aussi pour tes conseils professionnels et parfois plus personnels concernant la gestion de ma thèse. Merci à Sabine pour ses conseils (en particulier dans la recherche de post-doc !) et sa bibliothèque biogéographique, ainsi qu’à Timothée pour ces siné-anecdotes et ces encouragements ; je remercie Hubert pour ces passages « discrets » dans le bureau des étudiants, Véronique pour nos salutations matinales et son attention, Serge pour sa bienveillance envers les étudiants, Didier pour nos causettes du samedi, Mathieu, Claudia, Liliane, Cécile, Marc et Fabrice pour leur bonne humeur en toute circonstance. Merci à tous les collègues du bureau Cosson, anciens et actuels. Mentions spéciales à Anaëlle et Lauriane (vous me manquez les filles !). Je remercie également la communauté en ligne des phylogénéticiens et biogéographes, pour leurs blogs, forums, conseils et tutoriels qui m’ont bien aidés durant ces trois années. - Car mes activités associatives ont fait partie intégrante de mon doctorat à l’UPMC et au MNHN, je remercie également les étudiants des associations B’DEM et Timarcha, ceux qui se sont impliqués mais également ceux qui font vivre ces associations en participant à leurs évènements. Au B’DEM, mentions spéciales à Camille, Lauriane, Antoine (tu pourras me voler une bière, promis), Agathe, Baptiste, Corentin et les faisans, on sait tous que notre bureau était le meilleur de tous ! Vous êtes également nombreux à remercier à Timarcha, Catherine et Mathilde (encore elles !), Valentin, Paul, Camille et tant d’autres ! - Merci à tous les ami-e-s du Muséum et d’ailleurs et aux camarades de master, vous êtes très nombreux à remercier pour avoir fait vivre mon passage au Muséum ! Quelques mentions spéciales tout de même : Mathilde, ma voisine, collègue de bureau, de Timarcha, compagne de déjeuners, de soirées et de vie quotidienne jusqu’à ces contrées lointaines que nous avons visitées ensemble. Ces années de thèse n’ont pas été des plus faciles pour nous deux, mais je suis heureuse de les avoir passées à tes côtés. Charlène, ta bonne humeur et ton caractère enjoué et curieux de tout font de toi une personne avec qui il est toujours agréable de discuter. Tu es également une personne attentionnée, qui s’est toujours montrée à l’écoute durant ma thèse. Meggy, t’es une vraie bourrique mais c’est comme ça qu’on t’aime alors ne change pas. Merci à toi pour ta petite surprise de fin de thèse, ça m’a bien fait plaisir ! Tes délires permettent de décrocher un peu du Muséum et ça fait du bien. Merci à la promo BEVT « Taxus baccata », avec laquelle j’espère garder des liens pour encore longtemps. Mention spéciale à Florian, Fred, Laura et Oriane, qui sont pour certains déjà trop loin ! RDV à Mada en 2018 ? Paul-Ange, merci pour le soutien logistique infaillible sur la YBR. Et dans la famille « Motardes du Muséum », je voudrais saluer Perrine ! V. Enfin, merci à tous les FT, sympathisants, arrangeoirs, faisans, ENFP et tardigrades, pour avoir été vous-mêmes, tous autant plus fous les uns que les autres. Mon passage au Muséum n’aurait certainement pas été le même sans vous. Nos diverses activités ont déjà commencé à nous séparer (on n’en a même déjà perdu quelques-uns dans l’hémisphère sud !), mais la cladistique parviendra toujours à nous rassembler, quelque part, un jour, 42. - Je remercie mes nombreux enseignants pour m’avoir porté jusqu’ici, et qui m’ont supporté dans les classes, bus scolaires et amphithéâtres. Merci en particulier aux responsables pédagogiques et enseignants du Master SEP et BEVT. - Enfin, je remercie du fond du cœur ma famille, avec une pensée particulière pour mes parents à qui je dédie ce travail. Vous m’avez toujours soutenue dans mes choix professionnels, même si vous n’étiez pas très rassurés à l’idée de me voir partir dans ces lointaines forêts tropicales.
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