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The Journal of Avjatjoniaerospace Education & Research WINTER 2005 l~~--lVOL. 14, NO. 2 on Aidines..3*= ...... @#$< A A Step Toward Early PGBased Training IThat Reduces Rbk: The Effis of Practicing I THE JOURNAL OF AVJATJONIAEROSPACE EDUCATION & RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AVIATIONIAEROSPACE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Winter 2005 Volume 14 Number 2 The Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education and Research (JAAER) Winter 2005, Volume 14, Number 2 Copyright @ 2005 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 1 st Printing FEBRUARY 2005 Indexed in: Library of Congress, ISSN 1065-1 136 Aviation Tradescan All correspondence and inquiries should be directed to: The Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education and Research Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Aviation Building, Room 102A 600 S. Clyde Morris Blvd. Daytona Beach, FL 321 14-3900 USA Telephone 38612266855 FAX 38612264895 Winter 2005 Volume 14 Number 2 Editorial Staff of the Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education and Research William A. Kohlruss, Editor Deborah L. Burke, Assistant Editor Tim Brady, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Thomas Comolly, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University James Schultz, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Editorial Board Brent D. Bowen University of Nebraska Thomas Q. Carney Purdue University Gerald W. Cook Spirit Airlines Gerald Fairbairn Daniel Webster College Jackie Luedtke Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Chuck Moren Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University David A. NewMyer Southern Illinois University Marvin Smith Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Ross Telfer Instructional Research and ~eveib~mentPty, LTD. Phillip S. Woodruff Federal Aviation Administration Headquarters Additional Reviewers Greg Aaron United Parcel Service Dee Andrews Air Force Research Laboratory Deak Arch Ohio University Shawn Arena Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Joe Clark Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Ronald Clark Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Atef Ghobrial Georgia State University Thomas Hagovsky Purdue University Mark Hewitt Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Philip Ikomi Prairie View A & M University Kenneth J. Kovack Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University1 University of Maryland Roger D. Lee Salt Lake City Community College Gary Northam Parks College of Engineering and Aviation- St. Louis University Sherry Parshley Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University- William Rantz Western Michigan University Bruce A. Rothwell Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Michaela Schaaf University of Nebraska Mark Sherman Ohio University Marian Schultz University of West Florida Guy M. Smith Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Alan Stolzer Parks College of Engineering & Aviation- St. Louis University Michael E. Thorn Globalink Consulting Brison Torbert Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Dale R. Wilson Central Washington University Graphics Design: Browning Press, DeBary, FL Published three times annually (Fall, Winter, Spring) at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 600 S. Clyde Morris Blvd., Daytona Beach, FL 321 14-3900 THE JOURNAL OF A VL4 TION/AEROSPACE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Winter 2005 Volume 14, Number 2 r TABLE OF CONTENTS The Editor's Forum William A. Kohlruss ........................................................ 7 Forum: Application of Low Speed Wind Tunnels in Teaching Basic Aerodynamics RandolphReynolds ......................................................... 9 Fourm: Airline Fuel Hedging: An Ovewiew of Hedging Solutions Available to Airlines C. Lester Westbmks ....................................................... 19 An Approach to Determine the Need for Expanding Small Airports: A Case Study Jefiey A. Johnson ....................... Low-Level Wind Shear and its Impact on Airlines Wayne L. Goldig ........................................................35 A Step Toward Early PC-Based Training that Reduces Risk: The Eflects of Practicing an "Instrument Referenced" Skill Pattern on "Visually Referenced" Performance of Beginning Flight Students Ryan Olson and John Austin .................. JAAER, Winter 2005 Page 5 EDITORIAL FOCUS The Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education and Research (JAAER) is a scholarly publication for educators and researchers as well as for professionals in the aviation and aerospace industry. The focus is how the educational process is influenced by various segments ofthe aviation and aerospace community and how education affects the industry. Although the basic focus is toward colleges and universities, manuscripts concerning secondary and elementary education are encouraged. The Journal is interested in a wide range of scholarly submissions concerning aviatiodaerospace curriculum development andlor innovative methods of instruction (for anylall levels of education), significant research relating to aviatiodaerospace education, to industry research, and to industry and education partnerships. The Journal welcomes submissions reflecting the latest industry and academic thought concerning currenfissues of interest to JAAER readers, and is interested in well-researched and documented stories concerning aviation history, both in the past and in the making. A ref& publication, manuscripts are blind-reviewed by members of the editorial board as well as by a limited number of professionals in that field. From time to time a non-refereed article may be included in a Forum section. AUTHOR'S GUIDELINES Prwaration of Manuscri~tsThe most current edition of the Publications Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) is used as the style guide for submissions. However, authors are instructed to include all tables in the body of the manuscript. JAAER does not accept multiple submissions. (If pending acceptance elsewhere do not submit to us.) Cl Submit five copies of the manuscript using standard, white, bond paper. Cl Double space the text. Use wide margins (1.5"-2") on both sides and top and bottom. Donumberthe pages -Title The title of the manuscript should be clearly indicative of its subject and of the author's intention, and should not be unnecessarily long or convoluted. Documentation Manuscriptsare to conform to APA reference documentation. Text reference citations and reference list entries must be identical. Autobiogra~hvOn a separate sheet of paper, include a brief autobiography stating your qualifications for writing this article. If multiple authors, give a brief autobiography for each author. Publication Policy With your initial manuscript submission JAAER requires a full statement that this manuscript has not been previously published elsewhere, is not submitted and pending acceptance elsewhere, and will not be submitted for publication elsewhere in its present form. If you have questions about submitting an article or subscribing to the Journal, please call (386) 226-6855 or visit our website at: http://www.erau.edulre~hljaaef/home~l - -- -- - Page 6 JAAER, Winter 2005 The Editor 's Forum Editor's Forum Welcome to the winter rendition of the Editor's Forum in which 1will attempt to inspire dialog via the Forum of the "Journal of Aviation and Aerospace/ Education and Research" (JAAER). As we begin 2005, the aviation industry continues to progress much as the year before, some great news and some bad news. Many of the major air carriers continue to struggle to make a profit. As the dynamics of our industry continue to evolve we see differing efforts to address these challenges. In one of our forum articles the author, Professor Les Westbrooks, discusses how some air carriers are addressing the issue. With limited ability to raise revenues, air carriers are searching for ways to reduce costs. Professor Westbrooks does a magnificent job in exploring how some air carriers are attempting to reduce costs and deal with the varying price of fuel by "Fuel Hedging". Professor Westbrooks provides a detailed look at the pros and cons of this financial practice. With differing methods, air carriers hope to gain a financial advantage on supplying themselves with the lowest cost fuel available. I think you will find this article very interesting and informative. This information can be used in real practice and or in the educational realm, to provide business students with strategies that will help them and their employers succeed in the future. In our other forum article we have another useful paper that helps in the educational arena. Professor Randolph Reynolds provides an excellent argument on the use of low speed wind tunnels for undergraduate stirdents. Professor Reynolds describes the construction and use ofthese devices along with the various apparatus that provides the feedback data for aerodynamic experiments. The article contains a detailed procedure for using the devices in the classroom environment. Whether the devices are used in group projects or individual studies, Professor Reynolds concludes the experiments are not only accurate but the learning experiences of the students are very rewarding. For undergraduate students to have an opportunity to have hands on learning is an educational tool that will impact the learning for a long period of time. Join me in enjoying the reading of this issue's forum articles. I am confident that you will find these educational and rewarding. Feel free to provide feedback in your own written dialog by contributing to the forum of the "Journal on Aviation and Aerospace/ Education and Research". Sincerely William Kohlruss Editor JAAER, Winter 2005 Page 7 Low Speed Wind Tunnels FORUM APPLICATION OF LOW SPEED WIND TUNNELS IN TEACHING BASIC AERODYNAMICS Randolph S. Reynolds 1 ABSTRACT Undergraduate programs that include one or more courses on basic
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