DOCSLIB.ORG

1837 M. Taylor, 1837 John Smeaton Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F.R.S., Made on Various Occasions, in the Course of His Empl

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1837 M. Taylor, 1837 John Smeaton Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F.R.S., Made on Various Occasions, in the Course of His Empl 1837 M. Taylor, 1837 John Smeaton Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F.R.S., Made on Various Occasions, in the Course of His Employment as a Civil Engineer ..., Buy a cheap copy of Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F R S book . Free shipping over $10. Home > All Categories > Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F R S , Made on Various Occasions, in the Course of His Employment As a Civil Engineer. ISBN: 1173637052. ISBN13: 9781173637057. Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F R S , Made on Various Occasions, in the Course of His Employment As a Civil Engineer. No Customer Reviews. Select Format John Smeaton first described himself as a civil engineer in 1768. In doing so, he Identified a new profession that was distinct from that of the military engineers who, since ancient times, had undertaken the construction of all public infrastructure. Smeaton's Industry resulted in two developments that made an important contribution to the success of the Eddystone Lighthouse. First, he used a new kind of interlocking stone construction, and second, he developed a water-resistant (hydraulic) mortar to bind the blocks together by mixing blue lime and pozzolanic material from Italy. Not only is he widely regarded as the founder of the civil engineering profession, but his methods of construction site management and supervision are still in use today. John Smeaton FRS (8 June 1724 ⓠ28 October 1792) was a British civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed "civil engineer", and is often regarded as the "father of civil engineering". He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. Smeaton was associated with the Lunar Society. Book reports of the late john smeaton, f.r.s., made on various occasions, in the course of his employment as a civil engineer pdf free download or read online by john smeaton available on pdf epub and doc format isbn: HARVARD:32044044871796, download book reports of the late john smeaton, f.r.s., made on various occasions, in the course of his employment as a civil engineer at link below supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book for free. Excerpt from Reports of the Late John Smeaton, F. R. S., Made on Various Occasions, in the Course of His Employment as a Civil Engineer, 1887, Vol. 1 of 2 The Report of J 01111 Gwm.. Read Online Download Full. (iii) John Smeaton, Reports of the late John Smeaton, F.R.S. made on various occasions, in the course of his employment as a civil engineer, Vol. I, S.Brooke, London, 1797. (iv) John Smeaton, Reports of the late John Smeaton, F.R.S. made on various occasions, in the course of his employment as a civil engineer, Vols. II, John Murray, London, 1862. Denis Smith, in A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1: 1500-1830, ICE and Thomas Telford Limited, London, 2002. John Smeaton's diary of his journey to the Low Countries, 1755: from the original MS. in the library of Trinity House, London, printed for the Newcomen Society by Courier Press, Leamington Spa, 1938. Reports of the late John Smeaton, F. R. S., made on various occasions, in the course of his employment as a civil engineer Title: Reports of the late John Smeaton, F. R. S., made on various occasions, in the course of his employment as a civil engineer Author: Smeaton, John, 1724-1792. Note: London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1812. Civil engineering. Other copies: Look for editions of this book at your library, or elsewhere. Help with reading books -- Report a bad link -- Suggest a new listing. Home -- Search -- New Listings -- Authors -- Titles -- Subjects -- Serials. hoxopyboce.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cavendish the Experimental Life
    Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün. The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach Studies 7 Studies 7 Communicated by Jed Z. Buchwald Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Bendix Düker, Caroline Frank, Beatrice Hermann, Beatrice Hilke Image Processing: Digitization Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover Image: Chemical Laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alf Mattison Collection Figure at Leeds Central Library  Meadowcroft, Michael
    (68) ‘Chronicles of the Old Leeds Cloth Market’ (69) ‘England’s Future Queen – Her Passage through Leeds a Century Ago: 14 September, 1835’ (70) ‘Historic Doncaster Races’ (71) ‘A Historic Landmark; The Old George Hotel’ (10 November, 1933) (typescript) (72) ‘The Tercentenary of Sir Christopher Wren’ (73) ‘Old Yorkshire Assizes, Some Notable Trials’ (74) ‘Sandy Lobby, An Exiled Leeds Loiner’s Early Recollection’ (75) ‘Leeds in the Olden Days’ (incomplete lecture notes) (76) Miscellaneous Newscuttings Notes MS. indicates the item is available in manuscript form MIC indicates the item is also available on microfilm. Contact us to request scanned or printed copies Bibliography Local and Family History Crump, W.B. ‘Alfred Mattison,’ Thoresby Society, 37. (1945) Henderson, Lesley A. Alf Mattison: Collector and Socialist – A Survey of Research Guides the Mattison Collection in the Brotherton Library (MA Thesis; 1987, typescript) Isaac, Rhian. ‘Alf Mattison: A Hidden Figure,’ available at: The Alf Mattison Collection https://secretlibraryleeds.net/2016/02/26/alf-mattison-a-hidden- figure at Leeds Central Library Meadowcroft, Michael. ‘Leeds Archivist and Labour Archivist,’ available at: http://www.independentlabour.org.uk/main/2013/12/16/ilp120- Our Research Guides list some of the most useful, interesting and alf-mattison-%E2%80%93-leeds-archivist-and-labour-activist (a hard- unique items in Local and Family History at Leeds Central Library. copy of this article can be found at the Central Library) Many others are listed in our online and card catalogues. Thornton, David. Leeds: A Historical Dictionary of People, Contact us for more information: Places and Events (2013) Visit: www.leeds.gov.uk/localandfamilyhistory Email: [email protected] Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions (A)
    INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1889. A. A bney (W. de W.). Total Eclipse of the San observed at Caroline Island, on 6th May, 1883, 119. A bney (W. de W.) and T horpe (T. E.). On the Determination of the Photometric Intensity of the Coronal Light during the Solar Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363. Alcohol, a study of the thermal properties of propyl, 137 (see R amsay and Y oung). Archer (R. H.). Observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of Extension of the Coronal Streamers at Hog Island, Grenada, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382. Atomic weight of gold, revision of the, 395 (see Mallet). B. B oys (C. V.). The Radio-Micrometer, 159. B ryan (G. H.). The Waves on a Rotating Liquid Spheroid of Finite Ellipticity, 187. C. Conroy (Sir J.). Some Observations on the Amount of Light Reflected and Transmitted by Certain 'Kinds of Glass, 245. Corona, on the photographs of the, obtained at Prickly Point and Carriacou Island, total solar eclipse, August 29, 1886, 347 (see W esley). Coronal light, on the determination of the, during the solar eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363 (see Abney and Thorpe). Coronal streamers, observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382 (see A rcher). Cosmogony, on the mechanical conditions of a swarm of meteorites, and on theories of, 1 (see Darwin). Currents induced in a spherical conductor by variation of an external magnetic potential, 513 (see Lamb). 520 INDEX.
    [Show full text]
  • Back Matter (PDF)
    [ 395 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, V o l . 193. A. Abney (W. de W.). The Colour Sensations in Terms of Luminosity, 259. Atmospheric electricity—experiments in connection with precipitation (Wilson), 289. Bakebian Lectube. See Ewing and Kosenhain. C. Colour-blind, neutral points in spectra found by (Abney), 259. Colour sensations in terms of luminosity (Abney), 259. Condensation nuclei, positively and negatively charged ions as (W ilson), 289. Crystalline aggregates, plasticity in (Ewing and Rosenhain), 353. D. Dawson (H. M.). See Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson VOL. CXCIII.— Ao : S F 396 INDEX. Electric spark, constitution of (Schuster and Hemsalech), 189; potential—variation with pressure (Strutt), 377. Electrical conductivity of flames containing vaporised salts (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. Electrocapillary phenomena, relation to potential differences between‘solutions (Smith), 47. Electrometer, capillary, theory of (Smith), 47. Ewing (J. A.) and Rosenhain (W.). The Crystalline Structure of Metals.—Bakerian Lecture, 353. F. Filon (L. N. G ). On the Resistance to Torsion of certain Forms of Shafting, with special Reference to the Effect of Keyways, 309. Flames, electrical conductivity of, and luminosity of salt vapours in (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. G. Gravity balance, quartz thread (Threlfall and Pollock), 215. H. Hemsalech (Gustav). See Schuster and Hemsalech. Hertzian oscillator, vibrations in field of (Pearson and Lee), 159. Hysteresis in the relation of extension to stress exhibited by overstrained iron (Muir), 1. I. Ions, diffusion into gases, determination of coefficient (Townsend), 129. Ions positively and negatively charged, as condensation nuclei (Wilson), 289. Iron, recovery of, from overstrain (Muir), 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Engineers' Commemorative Plaques
    CIVIL ENGINEERS’ COMMEMORATIVE PLAQUES Biographical notes on the civil engineers whose names are commemorated on the façade of the Civil Engineering Building CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT IMPERIAL COLLEGE ------------ LONDON 1995 © Department of Civil Engineering Imperial College 1987 Revised 1995 FOREWORD The term civil engineer appeared for the first time in the Minutes of the Society of Civil Engineers, formed in 1771. In using this title, founder members of the society were recognising a new profession in Britain which was distinct from the much earlier profession of military engineer. John Smeaton, whose name appears among those on the plaques, was among the founder members. The Society, which still exists, was later renamed the Smeatonion Society of Civil Engineers after principal founder, John Smeaton, and was the precursor of, but distinct from, the Institution of Civil Engineers, which was formed in 1818, with Thomas Telford as its first President. The transformation of Britain from an agrarian to an industrial society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was made possible only through the skill and ingenuity of civil engineers. From the beginning of the eighteenth century the quantity and range of engineering work gained momentum, encompassing river navigation schemes, drainage of marshes, work on docks and harbours, the building of bridges, and the surveying and laying out of a large canal system. The last involved tunnels and aqueducts on a hitherto undreamt of scale. As the Canal Age gave way to the development of the railway system during the nineteenth century, the challenges which engineers had to meet became even greater. The building of the railway track and bridges called for rapid advances in iron technology and an understanding of behaviour of both wrought and cast iron.
    [Show full text]
  • Smeaton's Tower Lighthouse (Plymouth, Devon)
    U.S. Lighthouse Society ~ Lighthouses of the United Kingdom Smeaton's Tower Lighthouse (Plymouth, Devon) A NON-PROFIT HISTORICAL & EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY U.S. Lighthouse Society ~ Lighthouses of the United Kingdom The base of Smeaton's Tower still in position next to the current Eddystone Lighthouse History Smeaton's Tower is the third and most notable Eddystone Lighthouse. It marked a major step forward in the design of lighthouses. In use until 1877, it was largely dismantled and rebuilt on Plymouth Hoe in the city of Plymouth, Devon where it now stands as a memorial to its designer, John Smeaton, the celebrated civil engineer. Smeaton was recommended to the task by the Royal Society and he modeled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree, using granite blocks. He pioneered the use of "hydraulic lime," a form of concrete that will set under water, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels. Construction started in 1756 at a site in Millbay where Smeaton built a jetty and work yard in the south west corner of the harbor for unloading and working the stone. Timber rails of 3 ft. 6 in. gauge were laid for the four-wheeled flat trucks on which the masonry was moved around the site. A ten-ton ship, named the Eddystone Boat, was based here and took the worked stones out to the reef. She carried the 2¼ ton foundation stone out in the morning of 12 June 1756.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower ‐ cite_note‐MD‐1 A NON-PROFIT HISTORICAL & EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix Visitors' Accounts of the Herschels at Work
    Appendix Visitors’ Accounts of the Herschels at Work We are fortunate that a number of visitors to the Herschel homes in the 1780s have left us detailed accounts of William and Caroline at work in this, their most productive period. These accounts enrich the picture we derive from the siblings’ own written records. The earliest is by the French geologist BARTHÉLEMY FAUJAS DE SAINT-FOND (1741–1819), and describes the night he spent at Datchet, 15/16 August 1784, when the sweeps for nebulae had been under way for nearly eight months. From it we learn that already at this date the 20-ft was capable of being moved out of the meridian, and indeed that it could be used to track the rotation of the heavens: I arrived at Mr. Herschell’s about ten o’clock. I entered by a staircase, into a room which was decorated with maps, instruments of astronomy, and natural philosophy, spheres, celestial globes, and a large harpsichord. Instead of the master of the house, I observed, in a window at the farther end of the room, a young lady seated at a table, which was surrounded with several lights; she had a large book open before her, a pen in her hand, and directed her attention alternately to the hands of a pendulum-clock, and the index of another instrument placed beside her, the use of which I did not know: she afterwards noted down her observations. I approached softly on tiptoe, that I might not disturb a labour, which seemed to engage all the attention of her who was engaged in it; and, having got close behind her without being observed, I found that the book she consulted was the Astronomical Atlas of Flamstead, and that, after looking at the indexes of both the instruments, she marked, upon a large manuscript chart, points which appeared to me to indicate stars.
    [Show full text]
  • CIVIL ENGINEERING – Vol
    CIVIL ENGINEERING – Vol. I - Civil Engineering - Kiyoshi Horikawa CIVIL ENGINEERING Kiyoshi Horikawa Musashi Institute of Technology, Tokyo, University of Tokyo, and Saitama University, Japan Keywords: Architecture, civil engineer, civilization, Club of Rome, cultural heritage, disaster prevention, design code and manual, engineering profession, ethics, environmental assessment, environmental problem, feasibility study, global greenhouse effect, GPS (Global Positioning System), Industrial Revolution, infrastructure system, information technology, ITS (Intelligent Transport System), licensing, military engineering, mean sea level rise, professional engineer, pollution problem, remote sensing, satellite, sustainable development. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Historical Background of Civil Engineering 3. Functions of Civil Engineering 4. Social Development Of Civil Engineering 5. Prospects for the Twenty-First Century Appendix: Content of Handbook of Civil Engineering Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Civil engineering is the oldest of the engineering specialties, and its main task is to perform civil works in order to make the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature useful to people. The advancement of civil engineering has, therefore, been closely related to that of civilization. In this article, human activities on the earth from ancient times to the present are briefly reviewed first, and then the history of the process to establish the civil engineering discipline is discussed for better understanding of the important roleUNESCO that civil engineering has played – inEOLSS the growth of a mature society, from both technological and social points of view. Broad diversification of civil engineering has resulted from the enormous expansion of society during the latter half of the twentieth century. The various branches are briefly described to show the notable characters that civilSAMPLE engineering has formed toCHAPTERS maintain the sustainable development of society.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Blue Fishing History of the Eddystone Lighthouse
    Wednesday, October 18th, 2017 ELECTRIC BLUE FISHING LEAVE A TRAVEL ATTRACTIONS PHOTOS WEATHER LINKS EMAIL ELECTRIC BLUE MESSAGE HISTORY OF THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE The Eddystone Reef in the English Channel is where I cut my teeth and learned all about fishing from several friends, notably David Toy, Spencer Vibart and a reel old salt of the sea Alfie Briggs. Sadly all of these guys have now passed on. They all used land marks to fish. The Eddystone Reef is a notorious group of rocks and has seen its fair share of shipwrecks. LOCATION: Latitude: 50° 10’.80 N Longitude: 04° 15’.90 W Established 1703 (present tower 1882). Height of tower 51 meters. Height of light above Mean High Water 41 meters. Range 24 miles. Intensity 570,000 candle power. Light Characteristics-- White Group Flashing twice every 10 seconds. Subsidiary Fixed Red Light-- covers a 17˚degree arc marking a dangerous reef called the "Hands Deep". Fog Signal-- Super Tyfon sounding three times every 60 seconds. Automatic Light--Serviced via Helicopter Platform. One of the world's most famous, if not the most famous lighthouses is the Eddystone Lighthouse, which stands on a treacherous group of rocks some fourteen miles out at sea in the English Channel, bearing 211° from Plymouth Breakwater, in the South West of the United Kingdom. This group of rocks was a graveyard for vessels traversing the English Channel. The Eddystone Lighthouse was the first lighthouse to be built on a small group of rocks in the open sea and resulted in a few disasters until the present lighthouse which stands there today.
    [Show full text]
  • TECHNOLOGICAL TRADITIONS and NATIONAL IDENTITIES a COMPARISON BETWEEN FRANCE and GREAT BRITAIN DURING the XIXTH CENTURY Article
    TECHNOLOGICAL TRADITIONS AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES A COMPARISON BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE XIXTH CENTURY Article published in E. Nicoladis, K. Chatzis (ed.), Science, technology and the 19th century state, Athens, Institut de Recherches Nohelleniques, 2000, pp 13-21. A CONTEXT OF GROWING COMPETITION During the nineteenth century there was a strong link between technology, between engineering in particular, and the construction of national identities. This link was somewhat paradoxical since the nineteenth century saw the internationalization of technology. Technological knowledge and know how had been generally local. Now they were circulating all over the world. Throughout the century, the evolution of manufacturing processes and technological artifacts was to a large extent the result of this circulation. However, such a circulation was accompanied by a growing political and economical competition between nations. In this context, technology and its engineering component became both dimensions of the various national identities and measures of the degree of excellence of the nations present on the international stage. By the end of the century, this double role was epitomized by great civil engineering works such as the Eiffel tower, the Firth of Forth bridge or the Brooklyn bridge. These achievements were meant to be objects of national pride as well as arguments on the international market of civil engineering expertise[1]. Such a role implied that technology and engineering were to be all at once specific, intimately linked to national cultures, and comparable from one country to another. How were these rather contradictory requirements met with? This question will be the starting point of this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighthouses of Massachusetts TR State MASSACHUSETTS
    Form No. 10-306 (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE r NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES r INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM FOR FEDERAL PROPERTIES SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS __________TYPE ALL ENTRIES -- COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS INAME HISTORIC Lighthouses of Massachusetts - Thematic Group Nomination AND/OR COMMON same LOCATION STREET ft NUMBER m|]1 tf ple Iocat1ons ( See i ndi V i dual f OHUS ) NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY, TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT various ICINITYOF STATE CODE Massachusetts ; , d?gE seT^ction 10 HCLASSIFICATION v CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE _ DISTRICT —PUBLIC , ;j " XLOCCUPIED . .-- •*'"""' _ AGRICULTURE. -X.MUSEUM _ BUILDING(S) —PRIVATE . K-UNOGCOPIED —COMMERCIAL JCPARK —STRUCTURE -XBOTH . r -CfWQRK IN PROGRESS —EDUCATIONAL -XPRIVATE RESIDENCE —SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT —RELIGIOUS —OBJECT fl /.SIN PROCESS ' AYES: RESTRICTED —GOVERNMENT _ SCIENTIFIC ^thematic —BEING CONSIDERED — YES: UNRESTRICTED —INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION group —NO —MILITARY XOTHER: 3?.ti VG 1 i qh -f-hrouse AGENCY REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS: (if applicable) United states Coast Guard - First Coast Guard District STREET & NUMBER 408 Atlantic Avenue CITY. TOWN STATE Boston n/a VICINITY OF Massachusetts LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS,ETC, various STREETS NUMBER CITY. TOWN STATE 1 REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE Historic Assets of the Commonwealth (also, see continuation sheet) DATE 1980 -FEDERAL JL.STATE COUNTY LOCAL
    [Show full text]
  • Fish and Ships: Models in the Age of Reason Zinn, Johann Gottfried
    70 M A Z Z 0 LIN I Paolo Mascagni nel suo tempo (I755-I8I5), ed. Francesca Vannozzi, 101-9. Siena: Nuova Immagine Editrice. Sonolet, Jacqueline. 1977. "A. propos d'un mannequin anatomique en bois: Napoleon Bonaparte et Felice Fontana." In La ceroplastica nella scienza e CHAPTER FOUR nell'arte. Atti del I Congresso Internazionale, Firenze, 3-7 giugno I975, vol. I: 443-58. Florence: Olschki. Stendhal [Marie-Henry Beyle]. 1977. Diario, ed. E. Rizzi, 2 vols. Turin: Einaudi. Fish and Ships: Models in the Age of Reason Zinn, Johann Gottfried. 1755. Descriptio anatomica oculi humani iconibus illustrata. Gottingen: A. Vandenhoeck. Simon Schaffer Emerson has no patience with analysis. A Ship to him is the Paradigm of the Universe. All the possible forces in play are represented each by its representative sheets, stays, braces, and shrouds and such-a set of lines in space, each" at its particular angle. Easy to see why sea-captains go crazy-godlike power over realities so simplified (Pynchon 1997, 220). This chapter is concerned with models ofelectric fish and of ships' hulls made in late eighteenth-century London to manifest rational principles in the arti­ ficial and the natural realms. The two stories told here relate to the establish­ ment ofnew sciences in the decades around I 800. Models ofelectric fish were decisive in the construction of the electric pile, so helped spawn newfangled chemical physiology and electrodynamics. Elegant trials with ship models showed how rational mechanics could join a new alliance of military and academic sciences. Furthermore, both projects were entangled with impor­ tant philosophical puzzles, newly pressing in the wake of the work of David Hume.
    [Show full text]