Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Thomas Bed Does' Contributions to the Monthly Review, 1793-1801

Thomas Bed Does' Contributions to the Monthly Review, 1793-1801

APPENDIX I

THOMAS BED DOES' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MONTHLY REVIEW, 1793-1801

The material given in this Appendix is based on the work of Benjamin C. Nangle and his original scholarship is here gratefully acknowledged. His two Indexes to the Contributors and Articles in the Monthly Review a together give a history of the Review and biographical accounts of the contributors. In them, the main reviews are listed in alphabetical order of the name of the author of the book reviewed. The Indexes to the Foreign Supplement, which appeared three times a year numbered independently, give only the number of the review article. To show more clearly the significance of Beddoes' work as a reviewer and its relation to his other work, his writings are here placed in chronological order. It can be seen that once the Pneumatic Institute was in being, Beddoes no longer contributed main articles; his reviewing came to an end when he was busy with Hygeia and his attentions turned to Preventive .

Main Reviews

1793 Vol. 11 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Anonymous. p.419. Vol. 12 John Abernethy. Surgical and Phy~iological Essays. p. 48. Thomas Reide. View of Diseases of the Army. p. 89. Medical Facts and Observations, Anonymous. p. 94. 1794 Vol. 13 Experiments and Observations Relative to Animal Electricity. Richard Fowler. p. 297. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Anonymous. pp.385-388. Alexander Philip Wilson. Inquiry into Urinary Gravel. p. 166. Memoirs of the literary and Philosophical Society of Man• chester. pp. 65 and 182. a Nangle, B. C.: 1934, Monthly Review, First Series. Indexes of Contributors and Articles (to 1790). Nangle, B. C.: 1955, Monthly Review, Second Series. Index of Contributors and Articles (1790-1815).

254 APPENDIX I 255

Vol. 14 Matthew Carey. On Malignant Fever. p. 187. Medical Facts and Observations. Anonymous. p. 25. E. Valli. Experiments on Animal Electricity. p. 40. A Translation of the Table of Chemical Nomenclature. Proposed by de Guyton, formerly de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and de Fourcroy: with additions and alterations: to wttich are prefIxed an Explanation of the Terms and some Observations on the new system of Chemistry. p. 317. [Dr George Pearson named as author in the review.] Vol. 15 John Abernethy. Surgical and PhYSiological Essays. p. 299. Benjamin Rush. An Account of the Yellow Fever as it appeared in Philadelphia. p. 161. 1795 Vol. 16 William Crump. An Inquiry into Opium. p. 68. John Ewart. History of Two Cases of Ulcerated Cancer. p. 308. George Fordyce. Dissertation on Simple Fever. p. 279. James Hutton. Dissertation on Natural Philosophy. p. 246. James Peacock. A Short Account of Filtration. p. 178. Vol. 17 John Dalton. Meteorological. Observations. p. 178. Michael Ryan. History and Cure of Asthma. p. 417. , FRS. Treatise on Blood with a memoir by E. Home. p. 261. Alexander Gordon, M.D., PhYSician to the Dis• pensary. A Treatise on the Epidemic of puerperal fever of Aberdeen. p. 316. John Hunter. On Blood. p. 75. Continuation of his previous article. Memoirs of the Medical School of . Anonymous. p.193. Rev. Joseph Townsend, Rector of Pewsey. Guide to Health. p.99. 1796 Vol. 19 Colin Chisholm. An Essay on Fevers. p. 62. Samuel Ferris. General View of the Establishment of Physic as a Science. p. 320. E. Peart. The Antiphlogistic Doctrine of Monsieur Lavoisier Critically Examined and Demonstratively Confuted. p . .194. Benjamin Rush. Medical Inquiries and Observations Part 2. p.408. James Russell. A Practical Essay on Certain Diseases of the Bones. p. 69. 256 APPENDIX I

Vol. 20 Joseph Adams. On Morbid Poisons. p. 57. Mrs Fulhame. An Essay on Combustion, with a view to a new Art of Dyeing and Painting. Wherein the Phlogistic and Antiphlogistic Hypotheses are proved erroneous. p. 30l. Memoirs of the literary and Philosophical Society of Man• chester. Beddoes. From p. 416 to the end. James Carmichael Smyth. Descriptions of Jail Distemper. Minutes of the Society for Philosophical Conversations. p.284. 1797 Vol. 23 John Crisp. Observations on the Nature and Theory of Vision. p.64. E. Peart. On the CompOSition and Qualities of Water with remarks on the opinions of different reviewers on the author's preceding tract entitled 'The Antiphlogistic Doctrine of Monsieur Lavoisier Critically Examined'. p. 139. Vol. 24 John Abernethy. Surgical and Physiological Essays. p. 47. Rev. Joseph Townsend. A Guide to Health Vol. 2. p. 19. Robert Townson. Travels in Hungary. p. 169. Continued in the next month. J. G. Schmeisser. System of Mineralogy, formed chiefly on the plan of Cronstedt. p. 26. 1798 Vol. 25 Dr John Rollo, Surgeon General to the Royal Artillery. Two Cases of Diabetes. With William Cruickshank, Chemist to the Ordnance and Surgeon of Artillery. Trials of Various Acids. p. 58.

Foreign Supplement

The page number is the page on which the Supplement begins.

Vol. XII Page 481 1793 Article 7. Journal der Physik, i.e., A Journal of Natural Philosophy. F. A. C. Gren, Professor at Halle. 9. La Medecine eclairee par les sciences physiques. A. F. Fourcroy.

Vol. XIV Page 481 1794 Article 7. Chemische Annalen. Lorenz von Crell. APPENDIX I 257

10. Journal of Nat. Philos. F. A. C. Gren. Cont. from Vol. XII. 11. Experiments on Substances capable of extinguishing Fire. Assessor Aken, Stockholm 1793, and Nils Nystrom, Norrkoeping 1793.

Vol. XVI Page 481 1795 Article 9. Transactions of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia.

VoL XVIII Page 481 1795 Article 16. Philosophie Chimique. A. F. Fourcroy. 17. Les Revolutions de France et Geneve. d'Ivernois.

Vol. XX Page 481 1796 Article 1. Origine de tollS les cultes. M. Dupuis. 2. Zum ewigen frieden, Le., To Perpetual Peace. Emmanuel Kant, Koenigsburg 1795. 3. An inaugural Dissertation on the Chemical and Medical History of Septen, Azote, or Nitrogen. Winthrop Salton• stall, Connecticut. 4. Account of the Epidemic Yellow Fever as it appeared in New York in 1795. Val. Seaman M. D. 5. Physiological Observations on Amphibious Animals. Part I on Respiration. Part II on Respiration with a fragment on Absorption. Robert Townson, Gottingen. 29. de Morbis Vasarum Absorbentium. S. T. Soemerring, Frankfort. A prize Dissertation. 30. de Corporis Hurnani Fabrica. S. T. Soemerring, Frankfurt on Main.

Vol. XXI Page 481 1796 Article 9. De generis Humani Varietati Nativa, i.e., On the Native Varieties of the Human Species. 3rd Edition by J. F. Blumenbach F. R. S. To which is prefIxed an Epistle to Sir J. Banks, Gottingen. 10. On the Origin, Causes and Early Practicable Extirpation of the Small-pox and Contagious Disorders. Now fIrst proposed to Ferdinand N King of both Sicilies and demonstrated by F. M. Scuderi. F. M. Scuderi, Naples. 258 APPENDIX I

11. Danish Translation of 's work. Pfaff, Copenhagen. 12. Ideas on the Production of diseases. C. W. Hufeland, Jena. 13. On the Vital Principle. J. D. Brandis, Jena. 14. Archives of Physiology. J. C. Rei!, Halle. 15. Insanity general and particular, with a century of cases. V. Chiarugi, Florence. 16. Experiments on the Shining of Phosphorus in Azotic Gas. A. H. Scherer M. D. and C. C. F. Jager M. D. with remarks on M. Goettling's Tract. Weimar. 22. Physical and Political Travels thro' Dacia and Sarmatia. Dr Hacquet, Nuremberg. 23. Anatomy of the Nerves of the Heart. A. Scarpa, Pavia. 26. 'The Hours'. A periodical to which Schiller contributed. Ttibingen. 27. The Luciniad or the Art of Midwifery. Sacombe, Paris. 28. Apparatus Medicaminium: Minerals. Prof. Gamelin. G6ttingen. Continuation of the late Dr Murray's Materia Medica. 29. Compilation of Dissections, J. C. F. Schlegel, Gotha.

Vol. XXIII Page 481 1797 Article 2. Memoir concerning the fascinating faculty which has been ascribed to the rattlesnake. Benjamin Smith Barton, Pennsylvania. 10. Memoire de Physique et d'histoire Naturelle. J. B. Lamarck. 11. Theorie de la Terre. J. C. Delametherie. 12. Inaugural Dissertation on Dysentery. W. Bay. Reviewed with W. W. Taylor 3. The Art of Prolonging Human Life. C. W. Hufeland, Jena. 4. Works of General Dumouriez, Vol. I. Portugal.

Vol. XXIV Page 481 1797 Article 2. Experiments on the Irradiated Nervous and Muscular Fibre. F. A. von Humboldt. Posen & Berlin. 8. Annales de Chimie. Paris. 20. Handbuch der Pathology. K. Spreugel. 22. Theorie de la Terre. J. C. Delametherie (cont.) APPENDIX I 259

31. Manuel de Philo sophie Pratique. Lausanne. (Includes translations of extracts of 'Poor Richard' by Franklin and of extracts from Evenings at Home.)

VoL XXV Page 481 1798 Article 7. Letters on Switzerland and Italy. G. A. Jacobi. Translated from German. 8. History of the Yellow Fever in New York. Alexander Hosack, Philadelphia. 9. Case of the Manufacturers of Soap and Candles in the City of New York. Published by Association of Tallow Chandlers and Soap Makers, N. York. 21. Contributions to the Chemical Knowledge of Mineral Bodies. Prof. Klaproth, Berlin. 22. Intelligence concerning French Military Hospitals. G. Wedekind. Physician to the Army of the Rhine. Leipzig. 28. Plan of a Natural History of the Human Species. C. F. Ludwig, Leipzig. 29. The Present State of Medical Learning in the City of New York.

Vol. XXVI Page 481 1798 Article 6. An account of the Disease and Death of General Hoche by M. Poussielgue, surgeon, Paris. 8. Inaugural Dissertation - in what manner pestilent Vapours acquire their acid qualities ... with letter from Dr Mitchell. A. C. Lent, New York. 12. A foundation for a future zoonomia. Anon., Jena. 17. Carolia Unne system and vegetabilium. Ed. C. H. Pearsoon, Gottingen. 18. On the effect of Mineral Waters. J. E. Wickman, Hanover. 19. Outlines of Physical Sciences. F. C. A. Gren, Halle. 20. Observations on Gastric Juices. F. Chiarenti, Florence. 21. On the Action of Frictions with Saliva. V. L. Brera, M.D., Pavia.

VoL XXVII Page 481 1798 Article 14. An Inquiry concerning the origin of diseases. A. Roschlaus, Frankfurt. 260 APPENDIX I

15. On the Knowledge and Treatment of Fevers. Part I. J. C. Reil, Halle. 17. William Meister's Apprenticeship. Goethe, Berlin. 21. Diaetophilus Psychological History of his seven years Epilepsy. Part I. ZUrich. 22. Annales de Chimie. 1797. Paris. 23. Louisa, a Pastoral. J. H. von Voss, Konigsberg. 34. An account of the Plants of Mauritius. P. R. Willemet, Leipzig.

Vol. XXVIII Page 481 1799 Article 11. Annales de Chimie 1798-1799.

VoL XXIX Page 481 1799 Article 14. Annales de Chimie (cont. from Vol. XXVIII). Paris. 15. On Perkinism. J. C. Tode, Copenhagen. 22. Letters of a Physician written at Paris and with the French Army. G. Wardenburg.

Vol. XXX Page 481 1799 Article 1. Observations on a journey into the southern departments of Russia. P. S. Pallas, Leipzig. 14. Annales de Chirnie.

Vol. XXXI Page 449 1800 Article 11. Annales de Chirnie. Paris, 1800.

Vol. XXXII Page 449 1800 Article 11. Annales de Chimie. Paris.

VoL XXXIII Page 449 1800 Article 11. Annales de Chimie. Paris.

Vol. XXXIV Page 449 1801 Article 7. Annales de Chimie. Paris. APPENDIX II

DR 'S LETTER TO , OCT. 31, 1803

(In Humphry Davy: Poet and Philosopher, by T. E. Thorpe, 1896, pp. 38- 39.) Thorpe's account runs, "Among the letters entrusted to me is one from Priestley, which must have been particularly gratifying to the young man. It is as follows:

Northumberland, Oct. 31, 180l. Sir, - I have read with admiration your excellent pUblications, and have received much instruction from them. It gives me peculiar satisfaction that, as I am far advanced in life, and cannot expect to do much more, I shall leave so able a fellow-labourer of my own country in the great fields of experimental philosophy. As old an experimenter as I am, I was near forty before I made any experiments on the subject of Air, and then without, in a manner, any previous knowledge of chemistry. This I picked up as I could, and as I found occasion for it, from books. I was also without apparatus, and laboured under many other disadvantages. But my unexpected success induced the friends of science to assist me, and then I wanted for nothing. I rejoice that you are so young a man; and perceiving the ardour with which you begin your career, I have no doubt of your success. My son, for whom you express a friendship, and which he warmly returns, encourages me to think that it may not be disagreeable to you to give me information occasionally of what is passing in the philosophical world, now that I am at so great a distance from it, and interested, as you may suppose, in what passes in it. Indeed, I shall take it as a great favour. But you must not expect anything in return. I am here perfectly insulated, and this country furnishes but few fellow-labourers, and these are so scattered, that we can have but little communication with each other, and they are equally in want of information with myself. Unfortunately, too, correspondence with England is very slow and uncertain, and with France we have not as yet any intercourse at all, tho we hope to have it soon .... I thank you for the favourable mention you so frequently make of my experiments, and have only to remark that in Mr Nicholson's Journal you say that the conducting power of charcoal was first observed by those who made experiments on the pile of Volta; whereas it was one of the earliest that I made, and gave an account of in my History of Electricity, and in the Philosophical Transactions. And in your treatise on the p. 55 you say, and justly, that I concluded this air to be lighter than that of the atmosphere. This, however, was an error in the printing that I cannot account for. It should have been alkaline air, as you will see the experiment necessarily requires. With the greatest esteem, I am Sir, yours sincerely J. PRIESTLEY."

261 NOTES AND REFERENCES

Chapter 1. Introduction

1 Davies Giddy of Tredrea in Cornwall took the surname of his wife, Mary Ann Gilbert, on his marriage in 1808 and was subsequently known as . Since he was always known to as Davies Giddy, that is the name I have used throughout. 2 Anna Beddoes to Davies Giddy, 19 Jan. 1809. Cornwall Record Office, Truro. DD DG 89. 3 John Edmonds Stock, 1775-1835. Exeter College, Oxford. Studied medicine at University. Physician to the Royal Infirmary, 1811-1828. His Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes M.D. appeared in 181l. 4 Coleridge, S. T. to Humphry Davy, 30 Jan. 1809. Letters of Davy, Library. 5 See Note 3. 6 Anna Beddoes to Mrs King (her sister Emmeline), 1823. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Papers of Beddoes, MS Dep. C. 134-137, Box 135. 7 Monro Smith, G.: 1917, A History of the Bristol Royal Infirmary, pp. 180-182. S Stock, J. E.: 'Life', p. 388.

Chapter 2. Early Life

1 Stock, J. E.: 1811, Life of Thomas Beddoes, p. 2. 2 Thomas Paine's pamphlet was published in January 1776 and widely distributed. 3 Plymley, J.: 1803, A General View of the Agriculture of Shropshire, pp. 82-88. 4 For a general account of eighteenth century Shropshire, see: Trinder, B.: 1973, The in Shropshire, Phillimore, Chichester. Trinder, B. and J. Cox: 1980, Yeomen and Colliers in Shropshire. Phillimore, Chichester. 5 Copy of an affidavit of T. Bishop, R. Pigeon and T. Morris relating to land in posses• sion of Thomas and Richard Beddoes. Sworn 1826. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Dep. C.134. 6 Rosamond Beddoes to Mrs. Whitehall, n.d. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Dep. C. 135. 7 Plymley, J., op. cit., p. 106 ff. S See Rosamond Beddoes' letters in Bodleian Library, Oxford. MS Dep. C. 134-7. 9 Telford, T. in J. Plymley, op. cit., Ch. 4, p. 289. 10 Smith, S.: 1979, A View from the Ironbridge. Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust. No. 13 has a particular interest in being a woodcut by J. Edmunds who later illustrated T. Beddoes' poem, Alexander's Journey . ... Klingender, F. D.: 1968, Art and the Industrial Revolution. Adams and Dart, pp. 75-80; Paladin, St. Albans, 1972.

262 NOTES AND REFERENCES 263

11 'Report of Mr John Smeaton etc.' printed for a Select Committee of Civil Engineers. Reviewed in Nicholson's Journal, April 1768. 12 Will of R. Beddoes. Shropshire Record Office, Shrewsbury. 13 Auden, J. E. (ed.): 1909, Shrewsbury School Register from Nov. 16, 1738, pp. 4-5. 14 T. Beddoes to R. Beddoes, n.d. (but 1777). Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Dep. C. 135. 15 Jones, W. (of Nayland): 1809, Life of George Horne, Vol. 1, pp. 135-6. 16 Green, V. H. H.: 1964, Religion at Oxford and Cambridge, Ch. 10. 17 The Swedish Chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, published his treatise, On Fire and Air in 1777 but his experiments were made between 1770 and 1773. In the four years before 1777, Priestley had made and published the same discoveries. 18 Gunther, R. T.: 1923, Early Science in Oxford, Vol. 1. Oxford Historical Society, Oxford, p. 64. 19 Gunther, R. T.: 1933, The Old Ashmolean, Oxford, p. 4 ff. 20 Wall, M.: 1783, Dissertations on Select Subjects in Chemistry and Medicine, Preface. I am indebted to the Librarian, Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, Mr A. V. Simcock, M. A., for drawing my attention to this reference to the laboratory; and to the similarity of the laboratory in Oxford to the one at Altdorf as illustrated in his own account of the Ashmolean Chemical Laboratory. 21 Wheeler, T. S. and Partington, J. R.: 1960, The Life of William Higgins, Higgins and the Atomic Theory, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 66-67. 22 Stock, J. E.: 1811, Memoir, p. 9. 23 Thomas Beddoes to Richard Beddoes. Bodleian Library MS Dep. C. 134-137. 24 William Hunter, 1718-1783. From 1768 had a famous anatomy theatre in Great Windmill St., London, where he lectured and trained other surgeons. 25 Dr John Sheldon, F. R. S., 1752-1808. 26 For an account of scientific lectures and patrons in London in the second half of the eighteenth century see Musson, A. E. and Robinson, E., 1969, Science and Technol• ogy in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester University Press, Manchester, p. 119 ff. For a contemporary account of Sir Joseph Banks, p. 7 ff., and Dr John Sheldon, p. 45 ff., see Faujas de Saint Fond, B., 1797, Voyage en Angleterre and Geikie, Sir Archibald: 1907, Journey through England, p. 37 ff. For a more extensive account with comments on Faujas de Saint Fond's merits as a reporter see Cameron, H. C.: 1952, Sir Joseph Banks, K.B., F.R.S., Batchworth Press, London, pp. 125-127; 167-172. For an account of 's London life see M. Donavan's Biographical Account in the paper read to the Royal Irish Society 25.2.1850 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 4 (1850), lxxxi-cxviii. 27 Wheeler, T. S. and Partington, J. R.,op. cit., pp. 2-3. 28 Smeaton, W. A.: 1967, Louis Bertrand de Morveau, F. R. S., 1737-1816, Notes and Records of the Royal So ciety, London, p. 118. 29 Hodgson, 1. E.: 1924, History of Aeronautics in Great Britain, Oxford 1924, p. 114 ff. 30 Lazarus Spallanzani, 1729-1799, was appointed to the Chair of Natural Philosophy at Pavia, 1776. His Dissertations were published in 1776 and 1778; Beddoes' translation in 1784. 31 Spallanzani, L. Dissertations, Translator's Preface, p. xiv. 32 Spallanzani, L. Dissertations, Translator's Preface, p. xviii. 264 NOTES AND REFERENCES

33 Spallanzani, L. Dissertation III, p. 345. 34 Rosamond Beddoes to Richard Beddoes, 1783, from Hopesay. Bodleian MS Dep. C. Box 135.

Chapter 3. Edinburgh Medical School

1 Beddoes, T.: 1795, Brown's Elements of Medicine, p. li. 2 Beddoes, T.: op. cit., p. li. 3 For the Edinburgh Medical School and its personalities see: Garrison, F. H.: 1929, A History of Medicine. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia and London. Grant, Sir A.: 1884, The Story of the during its first three hundred years. Vol. I. Longmans, Green. Lawrence, C.: 1979, 'The Nervous System and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment', in B. Barnes and S. Shapin (eds.), Natural Order: Historical studies of scientific culture. Sage. 4 Beddoes, T. to C. B. Trye, MS D303Cl/61 Gloucester Record Office, Gloucester. 5 Lyson, D.: 1848, Life of Mr Trye, Surgeon, with extracts from his private papers. 6 Beddoes, T. to C. B. Trye, D303CI/61 Gloucester Record Office. 7 Anderson, Dr J. in Chambers Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, 1871 (reprint). 8 Beddoes, T. to C. B. Trye, D303Cl/61 Gloucester Record Office. 9 Lawrence, C. and M. Neve: 1980, Taxonomy and Practice: medical classification in the eighteenth century. Paper presented to the conference on 'New Perspectives in the History and Sociology of Medical Knowledge' organised by British Society for the History of Science, Bath, March 1980, p. 11. 10 Beddoes, T.: 1795, Brown's Elements of Medicine, p. lxxx. 11 For an account of , see: Ramsay, W.: 1918, Life and Letters of Joseph Black, M.D., Constable, London. Simpson, A. D. C. (ed.): 1982, Joseph Black, 1728-1799. A Commemorative Sympos• ium. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 12 Stock, Life, p. 14. 13 Knight, D. M.: 1976, in C. C. Gillispie (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 5. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. 14 Beddoes, T. to R. Beddoes. MS Dep. C. 135 Bodleian Library, Oxford. 15 Beddoes, T. to C. B. Trye, D303CI/62 Gloucester Record Office. 16 Stock, Life, Appendix I. Of the Sexual System of Vegetables, p. xvi, and Appendix 2. Of the Chain of Being. 17 Beddoes, T.: 1808, Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. 18 Beddoes, T.: 1793, Letters from Dr Withering, etc. Supplementary to two publica• tions on Asthma, Consumption, Fevers, etc.

Chapter 4. Chemical Reader

1 For an account of the problems of chemical nomenclature, see Crosland, M. P.: 1962, Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry, Dover Publications, New York. NOTES AND REFERENCES 265

2 Gibbs, F. W. and W. A. Smeaton, 1961, Ambix 9, 'Thomas Beddoes at Oxford'. 3 Wheeler, T. S. and J. R. Partington: 1960, The life and Works of William Higgins, 1763-1825. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 2-5. 4 Beddoes, T.: 1787 February, Memorial on the State of the Bodleian library. 5 Stock, Life, p. 17. 6 For a very sympathetic early account of Guyton de Morveau, see Granville, A. B.: 1817, life of Baron Guyton de Morveau; and for de Morveau's significance for English scientists, see Smeaton, W. A.: 1967, Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau F. R. S. (1737- 1816), Notes and Records of the Royal Society, p. 118. 7 Papers of Thornas Beddoes, Bodleian library, Oxford, Dep. C. 134. 8 Beddoes, T.: 1793, Observations on the Nature and Cure of Calculus, Sea Scurvy, Catarrh and Fever. 9 Correspondence of J. Black and T. Beddoes, 1787-1792. Edinburgh University Library Gen. 875/111/52-53. 10 Beddoes, T. to J. Black, 6 Nov. 1787. Edinburgh University Library. 11 Black, J. to T. Beddoes, 24 Nov. 1787. Edinburgh University library. 12 Beddoes, T. to J. Black, 23 Nov. 1788. Edinburgh University library. 13 Beddoes to Black, 6 Nov. 1787 and Black to Beddoes, 24 Nov. 1787. 14 Guyton de Morveau (Dijon) to T. Beddoes, prof. Chymie Oxford, 19 Sept. 1788. Bodleian library MS Dep. C. 134. 15 Op. cit. (Note 14). That is, "He is a very pleasant young man and one who will learn everything he puts his mind to; I am sorry that his plans do not include devoting himself to chemistry; but there is time for him to develop a liking forit and your lectures are the right ones to inspire him, he has come to some of our sessions and I have clearly seen that he had been listening to you". 16 Idem., i.e., "experiments on artifical cold produced by salts ...". 17 Idem., i.e., "concerning this, a quite strange thing has happened here having put amonia on silver oxide in a wide necked bottle in order to let it digest cold in a cupboard there was a spontaneous explosion which broke everything in the cupboard, there were more than 4 fingers' depth of liquid on the silver, what is it that can have caused the inflammation?". 18 Idem., i.e., "would bring everything together as regards theory and nomenclature". 19 Idem., i.e., "I am giving Mr Smith a lett~r for M. Berthollet whom I am asking to give him a copy for you". 20 Beddoes, T. to J. Black, 23 Feb. 1788. Edinburgh University Library. 21 Hodgson, A. E.: 1924, The History of Aeronautics in Great Britain. Oxford University Press, p. 141 ff. 22 Sadler, J. to T. Beddoes, 14 Jan. 1791, Bodleian library, Oxford, MS D. 134. 23 Beddoes, T. to J. Black, 15 April 1791, Edinburgh University library. 24 Stock, J. E., life, p. 10. 25 For a modern account of Mayow's experiments and illustrations of the apparatus see Partington, J. R.: 1930, A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Macmillan. pp.33-34. 26 Beddoes, T. to J. Black, 23 Feb. 1788 and further requests on 15 April 1791 and 14 June 1792. Edinburgh University library. 27 Beddoes, T. to Sir Joseph Banks, 3 and 27 Jan. 1791. Dawson, Warren R.: 1958, The Banks Letters. A Calendar of the Manuscript correspon• dence. British Museum (Natural History). 266 NOTES AND REFERENCES

28 Beddoes, T.: 1791, On the Affinity between Basaltes and Granite. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, VoL !xxxi Part I, p. 69. 29 Op. cit., p. 57: 'conducted' is misleading to a twentieth century reader; in modern terms, Beddoes was saying "according as the temperature is programmed". 30 Papers of Thomas Beddoes, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Dep. C. 134. See above. Beddoes wrote to Black that he was anxious to do justice to Hutton's theory. 31 King-Hele, D. (ed.): 1981, The Letters of Erasmus Darwin, pp. 173-5. 32 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 4 Nov. 1791. Cornwall R. O. DDG 41. 33 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 4 Nov. 1791. Cornwall R. O. DDG 41. 34 On April 21st 1789 Beddoes wrote to Black: "Since I had the pleasure of seeing you in Shropshire I have had an opportunity of making some observations on the agency of heat which have impressed upon my mind a very strong conviction of the truth of Dr Hutton's theory of the earth". If he is referring to Black's visit to Oxford and Birmingham this would be the work he had done in preparation for his paper on 'The Affinity between Basaltes ... '. Edinburgh University Library. 35 Ramsay, W.: 1918, The Life and Letters of Joseph Black, M.D. Constable. 36 Memorial on the Present State of the Bodleian Library. For an account of the works missing or defective, see p. 10 ff. 37 Swift, Jonathan: Polite Conversation (by Simon Wagstaff esq.): "A collection of genteel & ingenious conversation according to the most polite mode & method, now used at court & in the best companies of England." In several dialogues. These are a set of conversation pieces in fashionable settings, satirising the cliche• ridden, dull conversation of the 'best set', preceded by an ironic essay about the collecting of witty sayings, and would have been purchased by the Bodleian for their Tory stance. 38 See below, Chapter 5. Levere, T. H.: 1981, 'Dr Thomas Beddoes at Oxford .. .', Ambix, Vol 28, Pt. 2 (July 1981), p. 62 et seq. gives a detailed history. 39 Gunther, R. W. T.: 1923, Early Science in Cambridge. Oxford University Press, p. 227. 40 See Lefebvre, G., trans. R. R. Palmer: 1947, Paperback edition 1967, Princeton University Press. 41 Goodwin, A.: 1979, The Friends of Liberty, Hutchinson, p. 108. 42 King-Hele, D. (ed.): op. cit. Erasmus Darwin to , 19 Jan, 1790, p. 200. 43 Quoted in Porter, R.: 1982, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middx., p. 368. 44 Goodwin, A., op. cit., pp. 111-113. 45 Club des Jacobins, Bibliotheque Historique de la Revolution. See account in Goodwin, A., op. cit., pp. 201-203. 46 Goodwin, A.: op. cit., pp. 122-124. 47 Reinhard, M.: 1970, Le Voyage de Petion a Londres, 24 Octobre-ll Novembre 1791. Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique, Jan.-June 1970, pp. 1-60. See account in Goodwin, A.,op. cit., pp.186-7. 48 Lefebvre, G.: trans. R. R. Palmer: 1947, The Coming of the French Revolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., p. 205. 49 Goodwin, A.: op. cit., pp. 106-110, where Dr Price's sermon is extensively quoted. 50 Paine, T.: 1791, Rights of Man; ed. Collins, H.: 1969, Penguin Books, Harmonds• worth, Middx., p. 87. 51 Goodwin, A.: op. cit., pp. 66-68. 52 Lefebvre, G.: op. cit., p. 148. NOTES AND REFERENCES 267

53 Goodwin, A.: op. cit., pp. 67 ff. and p. 264. 54 See Aspinall, A.: 1949, Politics and the Press, Harvester Press, Chapters 3, 7, 9, 11.

Chapter 5. The Midland Circle

1 Stock, J. E.: 1811, Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes M.D., Murray, p. 12. 2 Trinder, B.: 1973, The Industrial Revolution in Shropshire, Phillimore, Chichester, pp. 198-200. For the industrial developments in Shropshire and the Reynolds family, see: Raistrick, A.: 1953, Dynasty of Iron Founders. Longmans, Green, and Trinder, B., op. cit. 3 Plymley, J.: 1803, A General View of the Agricultural History of Shropshire. 4 Beddoes, T.: 1791, An account of some appearances attending the conversion of cast into malleable iron. Philosophic Transactions of the Royal Society, London. Vol. 81, Part 2, pp. 173-181. 5 Crell's Chemical Journal, Vol. 2 1792, Reprint of Beddoes' 1791 Phil. Trans. Paper. Vol. 3. 1793, p. 290. 6 Sadler to Beddoes, 14th January 1791: Bodleian Library, Oxford. MS. Dep. C. 134- 137. 7 Sketch Book of William Reynolds, Science Museum Library, London. For an account of the book, see Dickinson, H. W., in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol. II, 1921-22. For further details of the 'battle of patents' in which Sadler was involved see: Torrens, H. S.: 1982, 'New Light on the Hornblower and Winwood Compound ', Journal of the Trevithick Society, No.9. 8 Rose Beddoes to Thomas Beddoes, August 1791, CornwallR. 0., Truro, MS DG41/31. Reynolds, J. to T. Beddoes, Ketley, 26 Aug. 1791, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, MS DG41/30. 9 Darwin, E. to R. L. Edgeworth, Feb. 1788, in King-Hele, D. (ed.): 1981, Letters of Erasmus Darwin. University Press, Cambridge. 10 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, , 21 Nov. 1791. Cornwall R. 0., Truro, MS DR41. 11 Stock, J. E.: op. cit., Appendix 6, pp. xxxvi-xxxviii, quoted in The Letters of Erasmus Darwin. D. King-Hele (ed.), 1981, Cambridge, pp. 174-176. 12 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy, undated. Cornwall R. O. Truro MS DG41. 13 W. Reynolds to T. Beddoes, 1789. Bodleian Library, Oxford. MS Dep. C. 134-7. 14 Beddoes, T.: 1792, Alexander's Expedition down the Hydaspes and the Indus to the Indian Ocean, printed privately, Madeley, p. 4. Torrens, H. S.: 1982, The Reynolds-Anstice Shropshire Geological Collection in Archives of Natural History (1982) 10(3); pp. 429-441. See p. 433. 15 Bibliotheca Parriana, Catalogue of the Library of the late Reverend and learned Dr Parr: 1827, J. Bohn and J. Mawman, London. For an account of S. Parr. see: Derry, W.: 1966, Dr Parr, A Portrait of the Whig Dr Johnson. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 16 Beddoes, T.: Alexander's Expedition, p. iv. 17 Beddoes' titles were: Chapter I. Observations on Hindoo austerities and on ceremonious devotion, pp.49-58. Chapter II. On the manufactures of the Hindoos, pp. 58-63. 268 NOTES AND REFERENCES

Chapter IV. On the manufactures of the Hindoos, pp. 68-77. Chapter VI. On the possessions of the British in Hindoostan, pp. 82-90. 18 Beddoes, T., op. cit., Chapter IV, p. 45. 19 Beddoes, T., op. cit., Chapter VI, p. 89. 20 Nehru, J.: 1946, The Discovery of India, Signet Press, Calcutta, pp. 333-338. 21 Beddoes, T. op. cit., Chapter VI, p. 85; Chapter I, p. 58. 22 Plymley, K.: (i) April 1792, (ii) February 1792, Diary, Book 9, Shropshire R. 0., Shrewsbury. 23 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy, 1792/3, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG41. 24 See Derry, W., op. cit. (Note 15). 25 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy: from Shifnal, 3 April 1792, 1 December 1791; from Bath 4 November 1791; from Shifnal 3 April 1792, Cornwall R. O. DG41. 26 Parr, S.: 1792, A letter from Irenopolis to the Inhabitants of Eleutheropolis. 27 T. Beddoes to W. Reynolds, 19 November 1792, Cornwall R. O. DG41. 28 Plymley, K.: Diary, Book 4, Oct. 1791-Feb. 1792, printed leaflet in cover. Book 5, Feb. 10 1792-Feb. 23 1792. Book 6, Feb. 24 1792-Mar. 5 1792, Shropshire R. O. Shrewsbury. 29 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy, 2 February 1792; August 1792, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG41. 30 Annual Register, 1792: Chronicle, p. 36 September. History of Europe, pp. 53-54 December; Appendix, p. 76. 31 Plymley, K.: Diary, Book 17, May 19-August 17, 1793, Shropshire R. 0., Shrewsbury. 32 Jackson's Oxford Journal, June-December 1792. 33 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy, undated, Cornwall R. O. Truro, DG41. 34 Wedgwood, J. to Hester, J. T., 1793 (written by his secretary Chisholm), Wedgwood Archive, University of Keele, 1707 -93. 35 Nepean, E. to Hawkins Browne, I., 1 November 1793, Public Record Office, HO 42/22 ERE 9144. 36 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy, undated (1792/3) Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG41. 37 T. Beddoes to D. Giddy, 11 May, 1792; undated letter; 5 July, 1792, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DD41. 38 See B. Trinder, 1973, Industrial Revolution in Shropshire, Phillimore Chichester, p. 73 ff.; p. 128; p. 201. 39 Stock, J. E.: 1811, Life of Thomas Beddoes M.D., pp. 88-89.

Chapter 6. Revolutionary and Educationalist

1 Wordsworth, W.: 1804, The French Revolution, 1.9 and 11.35-40. 2 Beddoes, T.: 1792, Alexander's Expedition, p. iv-vi. 3 Rathbone, H. M.: 1852, Life and Letters of Richard Reynolds with a Memoir of his Life, p. 33. 4 Whitney, 1.: 1947, Elizabeth Fry. Harrap. Guild Books Edition, p. 56. Mrs Trimmer ran a school for poor children in Ealing. Thomas Day's (1748-1789) Sandford and Merton was published in 1783, 1789. See previous chapter. Mrs Barbauld - best known for her poems and for her stories for children published as 'Evenings at Home', 1793. NOTES AND REFERENCES 269

5 Beddoes, T.: 1792, Letter to a Lady on Early Instruction, Particularly that of the Poor: subsequently, Letter to a Lady, pp. 4-5. 6 Clarke, M. 1.: 1977, Mme de Genlis and Louis Philippe, History Today, Vol. 28, No. 10, October 1977, pp. 673-8. Mme de Genlis was certainly in England at this time but I have been unable to find any evidence that she and Dr Beddoes met. 7 Beddoes, T.: Letter to a Lady, p. 2. 8 Ibid., p. 4. 9 Ibid., p. 11. 10 Ibid., pp. 16,17. 11 Ibid., p. 7. 12 Ibid., p. 8. 13 Ibid., p. 9. 14 Ibid., pp. 20-24. 15 Carswell, J. P.: 1950, The Prospector: being the Life and times of R. E. Raspe 1737-1794. 16 Curran, J. P.: July 1790, Speech on the Right of Election of Lord Mayor of Dublin. 17 Beddoes, T.: 1792, Isaac Jenkins and Sarah his wife. 18 Ibid., p. 7. 19 Ibid., p. 16. 20 Ibid., p. 9. 21 Ibid., p. 12. 22 Ibid., pp. 28-29. 23 Ibid., p. 38. 24 Ibid., p. 25. 2S Ibid., p. 30. 26 Plyrnley, K.: Journal, Book 32, Feb.-April, 1795, MS SRO 567, Shropshire R. O. Shrewbury. 27 King-Hele, D.: 1982, Letters of Erasmus Darwin, p. 255. 28 Beddoes, T.: Observations, p. 15. 29 Ibid., p. 31. 30 Ibid., pp. 60-6l. 31 Ibid., p. 89, et seq. 32 Keele University Library, Letter, T. Beddoes to T. Wedgwood, after 1796, Wedgwood accumulation deposited by Messrs Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd., Barlaston, Stoke• on-Trent.

Chapter 7. Bristol: Reviewing for The Monthly Review

1 Stock, J. E.: op. cit., pp. 90-91. 2 Felton, J. (Editor of the Picture of London): Guide to the Watering Places, p. 93 ff. 3 Goodwin, A.: op. cit., pp. 281-282. 4 Thelwall, K.: 1837, Life of John Thelwall, p. 59, and Cestre, C.: 1906: John Thelwall, A pioneer of Democracy in England. Swan Sonnenschein. 5 Locke, D.: 1979, A Fantasy of Reason, Life of W. Godwin. Routledge and Kegan Paul, p. 80 ff. 6 Locke, D.: op. cit. and Goodwin, A.: op. cit., pp. 76 ff. 270 NOTES AND REFERENCES

7 Sadler, T. (ed.), 1869, Robinson, H. c.: Diary and Correspondence. Vol. I, pp. 26-27. 8 Rosamond Beddoes to Mrs Whitehall, December lst [1794]. Bodleian Library MS Dep. C. 135. 9 Edgeworth, R. L. and M. Edgeworth, ed. Hunter, 1820: Memoirs of , Vol. II. 10 Beddoes T. to D. Giddy, 29th October 1793. Cornwall R. O. 11 See Appendix. 12 Beddoes' contributions to the Main and Foreign Sections of the Review are listed in an Appendix where the articles discussed here can be traced. The contributions to the Monthly Catalogue are often very brief: the most relevant are noticed here. For a full list see Nangle, Index, Vol. 2, pp. 248-250. 13 Beddoes, T.: 1802. Hygeia, Essay I. 14 Beddoes, T.: 1802. Hygeia, Essay IX. 15 Bartram, W.: 1791, Philadelphia; 1792, London. Travels through North and South Carolina. van Doren, M. (ed.): 1955, Dover Reprint. 16 Robberds, J. W.: 1843, Memoir of William Taylor 1765-1836, Murray, London, pp. 84 passim; and Nangle, op. cit. 17 Enfield, W., 1741-97, who had been on the staff of the Warrington Academy, was one of the few R. Griffiths consulted about contributors. 18 Where would be the Harm of a Speedy Peace?, 9th December, 1795, Biggs and Cottle, Bristol. 19 Beddoes, T.: 1796, Essay on the Public Merits of Mr Pitt, J. J. Johnson, London. For a full account of Beddoes' Essay see next chapter. 20 Coleridge, S. T.: The Watchman, ed. Patton, L., 1970. Vol. 2 in The Collected Works of . General editor K. Coburn. Bollingen Series No. 75. 1969- . London and Princeton, N.J. 21 Coleridge, S. T.: Notebooks 1794-1804. Vol. 1 in The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Coburn, K. Bollingen Series No. 50 (5 vols.) 1957- . New York, Princeton, N.J. and London. See Entry No. 249. 22 Birkbeck Hill, G.: 1887, ed J. Boswell, Life of Johnson, 'Apr. 10, 1776 Dinner at Mr Thrale's. He expatiated a little more on the theme (Le., reviews): "The Monthly Reviewers (said he) are not Deists; but they are Christian with as little Christianity as may be; and are for pulling down all establishments. The Critical Reviewers are for supporting the constitution both in Church and State. The Critical Reviewers, I believe, often review without reading the books through, but lay hold on a topic and write chiefly from their own minds. The Monthly Reviewers are duller men, and are glad to read the books through".' Vol. III, p. 32.

Chapter 8. Arrival of Coleridge/Political and Literary Activities

1 Beddoes, T.: 1799, Essay on the Causes, Early Signs and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption, p. 6. 2 Beddoes, T. (ed.): 1795, Brown's Elements of Medicine, p. cxvii. 3 Stock, Life, p. 94. 4 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 15th June 1793. Cornwall R. O. 5 Bodleian Library ms. Affidavit made by Lovell Edgeworth, Maria Edgeworth and George Keating, testifying to the marriage of Anna with Thomas Beddoes in April NOTES AND REFERENCES 271

1794. The affidavit was needed by Dublin solicitors Hamilton and Co. and probably links with financial arrangements after T. Beddoes' death. 6 Correspondence of Thomas Beddoes with his parents Richard and Anne and his sister Rosamund. Bodleian Library MS C. 135. (2 April, 1794; 5 June, 1794; 11 March, 1794; 26 July, 1793.) 7 Anna Beddoes to Mrs Beddoes and Rosamond Beddoes, 26th Oct., 1794; 28th May 1794. Bodleian Library, MS C. 135. 8 Southey's part in bringing Coleridge to Bristol and the relations of the two young men are particularly well described in Georges Lamoine, La Vie Litteraire de Bath et de Bristol (doctoral thesis 1975; Paris 1978, Librairie Honore Champion). See especially, Tome II, Part 3, Chapter 1, pp. 499-560, and for Joan of Arc II, Part 3, Chapter 2, pp. 556-560. 9 Warter, J. (ed.): 1856, Selections from the Letters of R. Southey. R. Southey to T. Southey 11th Feb., 1810, p. 194 and to John May, 19th July 1797, for Southey's summary of the arrangements. 10 Cottle, J.: 1848, Reminiscences of Coleridge and Southey, p. 2 ff. 11 ()p. cit., p. 261. 12 Beddoes, T.: 1792, "Extract from a Letter on ., . Early Instruction", p. 9. The use of Hessian mercenary troops in the American War and the building of barracks for a standing army caused much alarm. Rumours in Jan. 1794 that Hessian soldiers had landed in the Isle of Wight added to the fear. See Goodwin, op. cit., p. 313. 13 Goodwin, A., op. cit., pp. 385-6. 14 Cottle, J., op. cit., pp. 93 ff. 15 Coleridge, S. T.: Lectures 1795, ed. Patton, 1. and P. Mann, 1971, Vol. 1 in The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, op. cit. (Ch. 7, Note 20). 16 Stock, J. E., op. cit., p. 127. 17 Griggs, E. 1.: 1932, Unpublished Letters of S. T. Coleridge, Constable. Vol. I, Letter 18. 18 For the course of the protest and the details of dates of publication of the pamphlets see Patton, 1. and P. Mann, op. cit. 19 16th Aug. 1819. An orderly meeting in St Peter's Fields, Manchester, to press for Parliamentary Reform was broken up by a charge of yeomanry and 12 protesters were killed. This blunder by the Magistrate was approved by the Ministry and the incident became known as "The Peterloo Massacre" and symbolic of the oppressive nature of the government. 20 See Hirst, M. E.: 1923, Quakers in Peace and War, p. 469, and Collection of news• paper items etc. in Friends House Library, Euston Road, London. 21 Coleridge, S. T.: The Watchman, ed. Patton, 1., 1970. Vol. 2 in The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, op. cit. (Ch. 7, Note 20). 22 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 8 Nov. 1792. Cornwall R. 0., DG41. 23 Coleridge, E. H. (ed.): 1912, Poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Oxford Standard Authors, 1960 reprint, p. 138. 24 Stock, J. E., op. cit., Appendix No.7. 25 Coleridge, E. H., op. cit., p. 74. The variant reading makes clear how much less realistic about country life Coleridge was compared to Beddoes and that "the dell" was to be "where high souled Pantisocracy shall dwell". 26 Southey, R. to H. Davy, 4th May 1799. Papers of H. Davy, Royal Institution Library, London. Box 9, p. 91. 272 NOTES AND REFERENCES

27 Coleridge, E. H., op. cit., p. 240. 28 Stock, J. E., op. cit., Appendix no. 7. 29 Coleridge, E. H., op. cit., p. 216. 30 Coleridge, S. T.: Notebooks 1794-1804, op. cit. (Ch. 7, Note 21). 31 Potter, S. (ed.): 1934, A Minnow among Tritons: Letters of Sara Coleridge. 32 Coburn, K., op. cit. The entries are as follows: Considerations Notebook entry 133 John Brown "" 389 Edinburgh Medical School " "174 Dreams " "188

Nitsch " /I 249 33 See an te: Arrival in Bristol. 34 Davy, H. to S. T. Coleridge at Nether Stowey. Papers of H. Davy, Royal Institution Library, London, Box 27 (n.d. 1800). 35 Erdman, D. V.: 1956, 'Coleridge, Wordsworth, and the Wedgwood Fund'. Bulletin of the New York Public Library; Part I, Vol. 60, pp. 425-443; Part II, Vol. 60, pp. 487 -507. 36 Hazlitt, W.: 1823, My First Acquaintance with Poets. William Hazlitt: Selected Writings, ed. R. Blythe, Penguin, Harmondsworth, Middx., p. 51. 37 The Watchman No. III, March 17, 1796. Bollingen edition, p. 100. 38 Essay on the Public Merits of Mr Pitt: Commutation tax p. 92ff.; Tiller of the ground p. 156; Furniture of science p. 138; New poisons p. 160 ff.; Yokefellow in adversity p.92. 39 Ibid., p. 32. 40 Monthly Review, New Series, Vol. 20 July 1796, p. 258. 41 Essay, p. 160 ff. 42 Ibid., p. 115. 43 Ibid., p. 198. 44 Ibid., Chapter I.

Chapter 9. Pneumatic Institute/Humphry Davy

1 Beddoes, T.: 1793, Letter to Darwin, pp. 4-5. 2 Beddoes, T.: 1793, Observations on the Nature and Cure of Calculus etc. 3 Ibid., pp. 6-12. 4 Ibid., p. 59. 5 Ibid., p. 52. 6 Ibid., p. 56. 7 Ibid., p. 147. 8 Ibid., p. 253 ff. 9 Beddoes, T.: 1793, Letter to Dr Erasmus Darwin on a New Method of Treating Pulmonary Consumption, p. 27 ff. 10 Beddoes' description of his efforts to account for this change during pregnancy is given also in 'Observations on sea scurvy, calculus, etc.', p. 113 ff. 11 Letter to Darwin, p. 31 ff. 12 Ibid., p. 43. . NOTES AND REFERENCES 273

13 Ibid., p. 50 ff. 14 Darwin, E. to T. Beddoes, 17th Jan. 1793. See King-Hele, D.: 1981. The Letters of Erasmus Darwin, Cambridge U.P., pp. 228-231. This letter was printed by T. Beddoes in A Letter to Erasmus Darwin, M.D., 1793. 15 Letters from Dr Withering etc., 1793, pp. 3-4. 16 Letter to Darwin, pp. 4-5. 17 Beddoes, T.: 1794, Considerations on the Medicinal Uses of , p. 10. 18 Ibid., p. 17. 19 Muirhead, J. P.: 1854, Mechanical Inventions of James Watt, Vol. II, Letters, J. Watt to E. Darwin, 30th June 1794. 20 A reconstruction of this apparatus, made from Watt's drawings, is on view in the Wellcome History of Medicine section at the Science Museum at South Kensington: No. 19 in a series of tableaux. 21 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 19th June 1796, Cornwall R. O. 22 Beddoes, T.: 1796, Medical Cases and SpeCUlations including Parts IV and V of Considerations, p. xi. 23 Dawson, W. R.: 1958, The Banks Letters. A Calendar of the Manuscript Correspon• dence. British Museum: Natural History. 24 Bolton, H. c.: 1892 (ed.) Scientific Correspondence of Joseph Priestley. Priestley to Sir Joseph Banks, 25th April, 1790, Priestley to Dr Withering, 15th April 1793, New York. 25 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 31 July 1796 and 22 Aug. 1796, Cornwall R. O. 26 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, Mar. 1795, Cornwall R. O. 27 For details of the collaboration between James Watt and Dr Beddoes I am much indebted to Lord Gibson-Watt who kindly allowed me access to the papers of James Watt in his private collection. 28 Letters of Thomas Wedgwood, 1794-1801. Keele University Library, Wedgwood accumulation. 29 King-Hele, D.: 1982, Letters of Erasmus Darwin, p. 259. 30 Weber, C. A.: 1935, Bristols Bedeutung flir die Englische Romantik und die Deutsch• Englischen Beziehungen. Max Niemeyer, Halle (Saale). 31 Hartley, Sir Harold: 1972, Humphry Davy. E. P. Publishing, Wakefield, pp. 9-19. Davy, J. (ed.): 1856, Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., where many of Davy's early letters are quoted. 32 Todd, A. C.: 1967, Beyond the Blaze. D. Bradford Barton, Truro. Chapter VIII. 33 Davy, J. (ed.): 1856, op. cit., p. 000. 34 Charlotte Edgeworth to Mrs Ruxton, Oct. 1802. Edgeworth Letters, Bodleian Library - Papers of Mrs C. Colvin. 35 Davy, H.: Notebook 13e, Davy Archive, Royal Institution, London. 36 I am indebted to the present occupants of 6, Dowry Square for the opportunity to see the house and for an explanation of the history of the alterations which have been made. 37 Davy, H. to S. T. Coleridge at Nether Stowey. Box 27, Davy Archive, Royal Institu• tion, London. 38 Beddoes, T.: 1799, Notice of some Observations etc., p. 6. 39 Ibid., p. 7 ff. 40 Ibid., p. 37. 274 NOTES AND REFERENCES

41 Ibid., p. 6. 42 Hartley: 1972,op. cit., pp. 26-37. See Thorpe, T. E.: 1896, Humphry Davy Poet and Philosopher, Cassell, p. 40 ff. 43 Davy, H.: 1800, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical ... Facsimile reproduction, Butterworths, n.d. (1972). In the account of Research IV Davy names the people who breathed N2 0. 44 Published by Beddoes in 1799 immediately after Davy's arrival; included Davy's early experiments on Heat and Light which he accepted quite uncritically. See Thorpe, op. cit. 4S Davy,J.:1800,op.cit. 46 See below, Chapter XIII. 47 Pain, intense and brutal, was in the 18th century accepted as an inevitable part of everyday life and inflicted for punishment without restraint. 48 It was Thomas Charles Hope, 1766-1844, successor to Joseph Black as Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh, who recommended Davy to Rumford. In 1799 Hope visited Beddoes, who had been his fellow student in Edinburgh, and was very impressed by Humphry Davy and the experiments he was doing at the Pneumatic Institute. See Kendall, J., Endeavour, July 1944. 49 Peruvian bark, from which quinine is obtained, was a common medicine. 50 Warter, J. W.: 1856, Selections from the Letters of R. Southey. Southey, R. to J. Rickman, 1802. 51 Jones, T. W.: 1925, Thomas Beddoes, M.D.: A Neglected Chemist, Scie~ce Progress, Vol. 19. Jan. 1925, p. 635. See also Stock, J. E.: 1811, Memoir, p. 157 ff. 52 Nicholson's Journal, 1808, p. 68, Letter from a Correspondent on the late Discovery of Metals in the fixed Alkalis. 8th Aug. 1808. 53 Southey, R. to Humphry Davy from Exeter, 4 May 1799. Royal Institution Library. 54 Grigg, E. L.: 1932, UnpUblished letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Coleridge, S. T. to H. Davy, 15 July 1800, Constable. Letter 71. ss Coburn, K., op. cit., Coleridge Note Books 1794-1804. Entry 1098. S6 Davy, H. Notebook 13G. Royal Institution Library. 57 See Sharrock, R.: 1962, The Chemist and the Poet: Sir Humphry Davy and the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Notes and Records of the Royal Society, Vol. 17, p. 57.

Chapter 10. Preventive Medicine

1 Cartwright, F. F.: 1952, The English Pioneers of Anaesthesia, Wright, Bristol, p. 86. 2 John Wedgwood to Torn Wedgwood, 12 March 1800. Wedgwood Archive, Keele University Library. Quoted by permission of Messrs Josiah Wedgwood & Sons Ltd., Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent. 3 Stock, J. E.: op. cit., p. 156. 4 Sir John Sinclair: 1754-1835, first President of the Board of Agriculture. 1790 Planned a 'Statistical Account of Scotland'. This was published at intervals during the next ten years. See E. Clarke, D. N. B., Vol. 18. 5 Beddoes, T.: 1797, Reports concerning the effects of the Nitrous Acid in the Venereal Disease. NOTES AND REFERENCES 275

6 Beddoes, T.: 1799. 7 Beddoes, T.: 1800, Communications Respecting ... Venereal Disease, p. v ff. B Beddoes, T.: 1799, Essay on the Causes Early Signs and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption for the use of Parents and Preceptors. 9 Beddoes, T.: op. cit., p. 264. 10 Beddoes, T.: op. cit., p. 3 ff. 11 T. Beddoes to Sir John Sinclair, 18 Feb. 1798, quoted in Sinclair, J.: 1837, Memoirs of Sir John Sinclair, Vol. II, p. 27. 12 The inclusion of fifers among a group of trades where the occupational hazard was occasioned by dust seems curious. The rail at the base of the mast of a sailing ship, where running rigging was belayed, was the fife rail. Fifes were used to give the signals for working the rigging, but there seems no record of a fifer being anyone other than the man who gave these signals. I am grateful to Mr A. W. H. Pearson, Historian at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, for help in checking the use of the term 'fifer'. 13 Beddoes, T.: op. cit., pp. 34-35. 14 Beddoes, T.: op. cit., pp. 103-107. 15 Beddoes, T.: op. cit., p. 254. 16 Bradley and Willich (eds.): The Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. 10, June• December 1803. 17 Cartwright, F. F.: op. cit., pp. 163-164. 18 Beddoes, T.: 1804, Rules of the Medical Institution for the Relief of the Sick and Drooping Poor, p. 93. 19 Beddoes, T.: Ibid., pp. 158-159. 20 Beddoes, T.: Ibid., p. 179. 21 Beddoes, T.: Ibid., p. 32. 22 Beddoes, T.: Ibid., p. 110. 23 Beddoes, T.: Ibid., p. 20. 24 Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. 8, July-December 1802, p. 7. 25 Beddoes, T.: 1796, Letter to the Rt Hon. William Pitt on the means of Relieving the Present Scarcity. 26 Beddoes, T.: 1796, Essay on the Political Merits of Mr Pitt, p. 11. 27 Stock, J. E.: op. cit., p. 299 ff. This visit is also described in Weber, C. A.: 1935, Bristols Bedeutung fUr die Englische Romantik und die Deutsch-Englischen Beziehungen. Halle (Saale). 28 See Goodwin, A.: 1979, 'The Friends of Liberty', Hutchinson, London, pp. 403- 405;414. 29 Beddoes, T.: 1797, Introductory Lecture to a course of Popular Instruction, p. 64. 30 T. Beddoes to J. Watt, Jr. Letters in the Boulton papers, Birmingham Central Library, dated 24 Dec. 1797; 2 Jan. 1798; 25 Feb. 1799; March 1798. Cited by permission of the Trustees of the Matthew Boulton Trust. 31 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, June 1798, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG43. 32 Stock, J. E.: op. cit., p. 136 ff. 33 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy 14th April, 1798, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG42. 34 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, January 21, 1802, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG42. 3S Medical and Physical Journal, ed. Bradley and Willich, Vol. 9, Jan-Dec. 1803;Vol. 12, June-Dec. 1804. 36 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 11 June, 1803, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG42. 276 NOTES AND REFERENCES

37 Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. 10, June-Dec. 1803, p. 193 ff. 38 Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. 9, Jan.-June 1803. 39 Paris would have particularly interested Beddoes for the opportunities it was able to give its students for practice in anatomy. Vienna, perhaps described to him by Dr Frank, was outstanding for clinical medicine. 40 Beddoes, T.: 1800, Appendix in Davy, H., Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide, or dephlogisticated nitrous air, and its Respiration. London, J. Johnson, pp. 577-579.

Chapter 11. ReJigio Medici

Hygeia first appeared as eleven essays, published separately in 1802. The Essays are:

Essays on Personal Prudence and Prejudices respecting health To Heads of families inhabitants of the British Isles. II Essays on the Means of Avoiding Habitual Sickness and premature mortality to Ministers of the Gospel of Every Denomination. III On Individuals composing our Affluent and Easy Classes. Part 1, Of Schools for Girls. IV On Individuals composing our Affluent and Easy Classes. Part 2, Treatment of Boys. V On Temperature and Hardiness with Remarks on Diet. VI On Scrophula. VII On Consumption. VIII On the Preservation of the Physical Powers of Enjoyment with remarks on food and digestion. IX On the Nature and Prevention of some Disorders commonly called nervous. Part 2, On Insanity. XI Essays containing Remarks on Miscellaneous topics of Prophylactic Medicine.

The references that follow are to the three volume edition, Vol. I, Essays I-IV, 1802; Vol. 2, Essays V -VIII, 1802; Vol. 3, Essays IX-XI, 1803. The Essays are paged in• dependently and here the Reference is to Essay and page.

1 Hygeia: Essay II, p. 54. 2 Idem., Essay I, p. 21. 3 Idem., Essay I, p. 32. 4 Idem., Essay I, p. 84-86. 5 Idem., Essay II, p. 77. 6 Idem., Essay II, p. 83. 7 Idem., Essay II, p. 52. 8 Idem., Essay II, p. 90. 9 Idem., Essay VIII, p. 60. 10 Idem., Essay III, p. 13. 11 Idem., Essay IV, p. 82. 12 Idem., Essay IX, p. 149. NOTES AND REFERENCES 277

13 Idem., Essay X, p. 13. 14 Idem., Essay X, p. 40. Beddoes added the following footnote to Hygeia, Essay X, "Whether madness admit of an essential character?", p. 41:

"The appearance of the eye, which is so striking in the maniacal state, is regulated by its muscles. Though hollow when the patient is calm, it will protrude on the commence• ment of the paroxysm. This arises from the rigidity of certain muscles to be seen on the back of the ball in any set of anatomical plates. The glistening is a similar operation. The dullness of the eye often arises from a sort of corrugation of the coats, though the furrows are not singly visible. But when all the moving fibres become tense, the coats are fully unfolded, and shine. - Sometimes the presence of the keeper of the madhouse shall overawe the raving patient, till his tongue and limbs become in a moment composed. But the eye will retain its characteristic expression."

15 Essay IX, p.107. 16 Essay IX, p. 90 (Note). 17 Essay X, p. 74. 18 Essay X, p. 36. 19 Essay X, p. 19. 20 Essay IX, pp. 70/71. 21 Essay X, p. 85. 22 Essay IX, p. 184. 23 Essay V, p. 93. 24 Essay II, pp. 77 - 7 8. 25 Essay IX, p. 203. 26 Essay II, p. 63. 27 Essay VII, pp. 99-100. 28 Beddoes to Giddy, Cornwall R. 0., Truro, DG41. 29 Essay IX, p. 205 (Note). 30 Griggs, E. L. (ed.): 1932, Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. S. T. C. to R. Southey, Letter 18, March 12, 1803: "with the exception of the Essay on Mania, the Hygeia is a valuable and useful work".

Chapter 12. Behind the Print

1 Beddoes, T.: 1803, Hygeia, Essay XI, p. 96. 2 Beddoes, T.: 1808, Good Advice to Husbandmen, pp. 8, 19. 3 Beddoes, T. to F. Douce, March 1808, Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Douce d 21.d.29. 4 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 26th June, 1807, Cornwall R. O. 5 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy. Seven letters during 1797, 1798, 1799, Cornwall R. 0., DDDG 41-43. 6 See Todd, A. c.: 1967, Beyond the Blaze, D. Bradford Barton, Truro, p. 29. 7 Medical and Physical Journal, Vol. 9 Jan.-June 1803, p. 263 ff. 8 Warter, J. W.: 1856, Letters of R. Southey. Southey, R. to Grosvenor C. Bedford, Nov. 10 1806, Vol. I, p. 396. 9 Papers ofT. G. G. Sotheron-Estcourt, Esq., of Tetbury, Gloucester R. O. 278 NOTES AND REFERENCES

10 Maby, M.: Life and Letters of Dr J. King. Unpublished typescript deposited Bristol Central Library (Reference). I am indebted to Miss Maby for permission to quote from her account and for helpful discussions about Dr King. 11 Anna Beddoes to Torn Wedgwood, n.d. Quoted by C. Collier Abbott, 1942, The Parents of Thomas Lovell Beddoes', Durham University Journal, Vol. XXXIV, No.3. 12 Beddoes, Anna to Davies Gilbert, Sept. 1808. Cornwall R. O. 13 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 19th Feb. 1805. Cornwall R. O. Beddoes devised, even if there is no evidence of its being made, an apparatus for measuring muscle tone. 14 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 19 May 1806. Cornwall R. O. 15 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 20 Aug. 1798. Cornwall R. O. 16 Stock,op. cit., p. 150 ff. 17 See Cooper, L.: 1957, Radical Jack. 18 Davy Notebook 136. Royal Institution Library. Quoted by T. E. Thorpe; 1896, Humphry Davy: Poet and Philosopher, p. 50. 19 Stock, J. E.: Memoir, p. 409. 20 Beddoes, T.: Hygeia, Essay X, p. 85. 21 Johann Peter Frank, 1745-1821: in 1795 moved from Pavia to Vienna when~ he became famous as a clinician. 1799-1819, publication of System einer vollstandigen Medizinschen Polizey. Frank considered that public health was at all times the respon• sibility of the state; was concerned with health in industry and schools; with education. C.f. Weber, C. A.: 1935, Bristols Bedeutung fUr die Englische Rornantik und die Deutsch• Englischen Beziehungen. Max Niemeyer, Halle (Saale). 22 Beddoes, T. to Mr Whitehall, 18 March 1806. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS. 23 Beddoes, Anna to Davies Giddy, Sept. 1808. Cornwall R. O. 24 Stock, J. E.: Memoir, p. 389 ff. 25 Edgeworth, Henry to J. King, 1 May 1806. Edgeworth Papers, Bodleian Libt:ary, Oxford. 26 See Cooper, L., op. cit. 27 Edgeworth, M. E. and R. L.: 1798, Practical Education: 'Toys'. 28 Stock, J. E., op. cit., p. 128, Appendix 8. Todd, A. C.: 1967. Beyond the Blaze, pp.16-17. 29 Stock,op. cit., p. 281 ff. 30 Hygeia, Essay III, pp. 50-51; with an interesting reference to Dr King's work. 31 Beddoes, T.: 1796, Letter to the Rt Hon. W. Pitt ... Scarcity, p. 21. 32 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, n.d. (Winter 1972-3). Cornwall R. O. DDG 41. 33 Correspondence of Rosamond Beddoes. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS C. 135. 34 Levere, T. H., private communication. 35 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, n.d. Cornwall R. 0., Beddoes was concerned that his successor shOUld be Stacey, who had a large family, and seems to have regretted the appointment of Dr Bourne. 36 Thelwall startled his audience by not wearing a wig when he lectured and simply having his long hair tied back. 37 Beddoes, Rosamond to T. Beddoes, 21 (August 1791). Cornwall R. O. 38 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, n.d. Cornwall R. O. 39 Beddoes, Rosamond to Mrs Whitehall, 8 May [?]. 40 Coleridge, S. T. to J. Thelwall, 30 Jan. 1798. E. L. Griggs: 1932, Unpublished Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. I, Letter 56. Constable, London. NOTES AND REFERENCES 279

41 Reynolds, Joshua to T. Beddoes, 26 Aug. 1791. Cornwall R. O. 42 Sadler, J. to Mr Stacey of Oxford, 10 Aug. 1792. Cornwall R. O. [Stacey was asked to infom! Beddoes.] Letters in Gilbert collection concerning engines. 43 Hodgson, J. E., 'James Sadler of Oxford'. Newcomen Society Transactions, Vol. VIII,1927-28. 44 See Maby, M., op. cit. 45 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 11 May, 1792, n.d. and 8 July, 1792. Cornwall R. O. 46 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 14 March 1795. Cornwall R. O. 47 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 23 Aug. 1805. Cornwall R. O. 48 See Todd, A. C.,op. cit., pp. 147-151; and Todd, A. C.: 1957, 'Anna Maria, Mother of T. L. Beddoes' in Studia Neophilologica, Vol. 29. 49 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 3 March 1803. Cornwall R. O. 50 Beddoes, Anna to Davies Giddy, August 1803. Cornwall R. O. DG 89(i). 51 Beddoes, T. to James Watt, Nov. 1808. In Muirhead, J. P.: 1884, Mechanical Inven• tions ofJames Watt, Vol. II, Letters. 52 Darwin, E.: 1791, The Botanic Garden, Part I, p. 26: "there seems no probable method of flying conveniently but by the power of steam, or some other explosive material". 53 Maria Edgeworth to Sneyd Edgeworth, 30 Dec., 1808. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Maria Edgeworth's letters, 1782-1849. S4 Beddoes, Anna to Davies Giddy, 24 Oct., 1808. Cornwall R. O. S5 Beddoes, Anna to Davies Giddy, 24 Dec., 1808. Cornwall R. O. S6 Davy, H. to S. T. Coleridge, 27 Dec., 1808. Quoted in John Davy: 1858, Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart, p. 106. 57 Coleridge, S. T. to H. Davy, 30 Jan., 1808. Papers of Sir Humphry Davy, Royal Institu tion Library. 58 Douce, F.: inscription on letter from Beddoes dId March 1808. Bodleian Library, Oxford. MS Douce d 21.d.29. 59 Gentleman's Magazine, 1809, Vol. 1, p. 157. 60 Beddoes, T. to Mr Estcourt. Papers of T. G. G. Sotheron Estcourt. Gloucester R. O. 61 Beddoes, T. to Davies Giddy, 10 Jan. 1793. Cornwall R. O.

Chapter 13. Family and Reputation

1 Letters of A. M. Beddoes to Mrs King (nee Emmeline Edgeworth), 1807-1824. Beddoes Papers Box 135 (3), Bodleian Library, Oxford. 2 Humphry Davy to Mrs. Apreece (his future wife), Nov. 1811. Quoted in Davy, J.: 1855, Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., p. 149. 3 Donner, H. W.: 1935, The Browning Box. Oxford University Press. Todd, A. C.: 1952, Thomas Beddoes and his Guardian. Times Literary Supplement, lOth OctobElr. 4 Donner, H. W.: 1935, Thomas Lovell Beddoes, Blackwell, Oxford. 5 Kelsall, T. F.: 1850-51, Poems, with a Memoir. 6 Higgens, J. (ed.): 1976, Thomas Lovell Beddoes, Selected Poems, Fyfield Books/ Carcanet Press, Manchester. 7 See Donner, op. cit., pp. 39-40. Donner's "intellectual exercise" seems to me too absolute a judgement. 280 NOTES AND REFERENCES

8 See 'The Oviparous Tailor', Poems of T. L. Beddoes, ed. Donner H. W. 1935, Oxford, pp.113-114. 9 Higgens, J., op. cit., p. 14. 10 Letters of Anna Beddoes to Mrs King. 11 I am indebted to Miss M. Maby for drawing attention to Dr King's letter to the BristolJournal, 30 Sept. 1836; see Maby, M.: Life and Letters of Dr John King, deposited in Bristol Central Library, Reference. 12 The frogs appear twice in Hygeia, once as subjects of experiments to test the effects of various substances including opium, laurel and tea and again when they are suggested as demonstration material in lessons. The use of frogs in experiments on galvan• ism was standard. 13 Rev. W. Buckland, 1784-1856, Prof. of Mineralogy, Oxford 1813, a pioneer of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, founded iIi 1831. Dr King suggested that the inaccuracies in the lecture and its tone may have arisen from its being an after• dinner speech at the end of an expedition on the River Frome. 14 Roget, P. M.: 1824, Supplement to the 4th, 5th and 6th editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 2. 15 Papers of Humphry Davy, Box 14 i, Royal Institution Library, London. 16 Southey, C. c.: 1850, Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey; Warter, J. W.: 1856, Selections from the Letters of Robert Southey; Griggs, E. L.: 1932, Unpublished Letters of S. T. Coleridge. 17 Kelsall, T. F., op. cit. 18 Robinson, E.: 1955, Thomas Beddoes, M.D. and the reform of science teaching in Oxford, Annals of Science 11; Cartwright, F. F.: 1952, The English Pioneers of Anaesthesia, Wright, Bristol; Ferguson, A. (ed.): 1948, Natural Philosophy through the Eighteenth Century, Supplement to The Philosophical Magazine. 19 Parker, G.: 1928, The Discovery of the Anaesthetic powers of nitrous oxide, The Lancet, Vol. 114,7 Jan. 1928, pp. 60-62. 20 Smith, W. D. A.: 1965, A History of Nitrous oxide and anaesthesia, Parts I, II and III, British Journal of Anaesthesia, Vol. 37, pp. 795-798; 871-882 and 958- 966. 1966, Part IV, ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 58-72. 1970, Part IVa, ibid., Vol. 42, pp. 347- 353; Part IVb, pp. 445-458. As Beddoes himself was treating a patient in Ludlow in 1794 it is possible that there may have been some memory of this in Hickman's lifetime. 21 Miller, A.: 1931, The of Thomas Beddoes at Bristol, Annals of Medical History, New York. Gottleib, L. S.: 1965, Thomas Beddoes, M.D. and the Pneumatic Institution at Clifton, 1798-1801, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 63, No.3, pp. 530-533. Keys, T. E.: 1969, The Early Pneumatic Chemists and Physicians, The Journal of Anaesthesiology (American Society of Anaesthesiologists), Vol. 30, No.4. 22 Priestley, Joseph, to Humphry Davy from Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 10 Oct. 1801, quoted in: Thorpe, T. E.: 1896, Humphry Davy - Poet and Philosopher, Cassell, p. 39. The younger Joseph Priestley's experience in breathing nitrous oxide was reported by Davy in his Researches, p. 535. The whole letter is of considerable interest and the full text as quoted by Thorpe (pp. 38-39) is given as an Appendix. 23 Weber, C. A.: 1935, Bristol's Bedeutung fUr die EngJische Romantik und die Deutsch• Englischen Beziehungen. Max Niemeyer, Halle (Saale). 24 Pre-eminently the work of Professor Kathleen Coburn and later Georges Lamoine, see NOTES AND REFERENCES 281 above, Chapter VIII; and more recently T. H. Levere, Poetry Realised in Nature - Samuel Taylor Coleridge and early nineteenth-century science, University Press, Cambridge, 1981. 25 See for example: Todd, A. C.: 1967, Beyond the Blaze; Emblen, D. L.: 1970, ; Hartley, Sir Harold: 1972, Humphry Davy; King-Hele, D.: 1981, Letters of Erasmus Darwin. 26 William Godwin, who could never rest content with the solution he proposed in Enquiry concerning Political Justice, 1793, has also a claim to be included. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Manuscript Sources

Correspondence o/Thomas Beddoes Edinburgh: University Record Office Correspondence of Joseph Black M.D. Gloucester: County Record Office Estcourt Archive and Letters of T. Beddoes Keele: University Library Wedgwood accumulation Oxford: Bodleian Library Papers of Thomas Beddoes Truro: Cornwall Record Office Gilbert papers

Related material Bristol City Record Office King family records Litchfield: Joint Record Office Will of Thomas Beddoes 1769 London: Friends House Library Papers relating to E. L. Fox Public Record Office Home Office Papers Royal Institution Library Papers of Humphry Davy Oxford: Bodleian Library Edgeworth Papers Shrewsbury: County Record Office Legal Documents K. Plymley: Diary

Lord Gibson-Watt: Private collection Papers of James Watt

A List of Doctor Beddoes's Publications

As given by J. E. Stock 1784 Translation of Spallanzani's Dissertations on Natural History. A second Edition in 1790. 1784 Notes to a translation of Bergman's Physical and Chemical Essays. 1785 Translation of Bergman's Essay on Elective Attractions. 1786 Translation of Scheele's Chemical Essays. Edited and corrected by Doctor Beddoes. 1787 An account of some new experiments on the production of artificial cold. Letter from Thomas Beddoes M.D. to Sir Joseph Banks P.R.S. 1790 Chemical Experiments and Opinions extracted from a Work published in the last Century. 1791* Observations on the Affinity between Basaltes and Granite. 282 BIBLIOGRAPHY 283

1791 * An account of some appearances attending the conversion of cast into malleable Iron. 1792* Second Part of ditto. * These three papers appeared in the Philosophical Transactions for 1791, and 1792. Uncertain: Memorial addressed to the Curators of the Bodleian Library. 1792 A Letter to a Lady on the subject of early Instruction, particularly that of the Poor; printed but not published. 1792 Alexander's Expedition to the Indian Ocean; printed but not published. 1792 Observations on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence, with Reflec• tions on Language. 1792 Observations on the Nature and Cure of Calculus, Sea-Scurvy, Catarrh and Fever. 1793 History of Isaac Jenkins. 1793 A Letter to Doctor Darwin, on a new mode of treating Pulmonary Consumption. 1794 Letters from Doctor Withering, Doctor Ewart, Doctor Thornton, etc. 1794 A Guide for Self-preservation and Parental Affection. 1794 A Proposal for the Improvement of Medicine. 1794 Considerations on the Medicinal Use and on the Production of Factitious Airs, Parts 1 and 2. 1795 Brown's Elements of Medicine, with a Preface and Notes. 1795 Translation, from the Spanish, of Gimbernat's new Method of operating in Femoral Hernia. 1795 Considerations &c. Part 3d. 1795 Outline of a Plan for determining the Medicinal Powers of Factitious Airs. 1795 A Word in Defence of the Bill of Rights against Gagging-bills. 1795 Where would be the harm of a Speedy Peace? 1796 An Essay on the Public Merits of Mr Pitt. 1796 A Letter to Mr Pitt on the Scarcity. 1796 Considerations, &c. Parts 4 and 5. 1797 Alternatives compared; or, What shall the Rich do to be safe? 1797 Suggestions towards setting on foot the projected Establishment for Pneumatic Medicine. 1797 Reports relating to Nitrous Acid. 1797 A Lecture introductory to a popular course of Anatomy. 1798 A suggestion towards an essential improvement in the Bristol In• firmary. 1799 Contributions to Medical and Physical Knowledge from the West of England. 1799 Popular Essay on Consumption. 1799 Notice of some observations made at the Pneumatic Institution. 1799 A second collection of Reports on Nitrous Acid. 1800 A Third ditto. 284 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1801 Essay on the medical and domestic management of the Consumptive, on Digitalis and on Scrophula. 1801-2 Hygeia; or Essays, Moral and Medical, on the causes affecting the personal state of the middling and affluent classes. 1803 Rules of the Institution for the sick and drooping poor. An edition on larger paper was entitled Instruction for People of all Capacities respecting their own Health and that of their Children. 1806 The Manual of Health, or the Invalid conducted safely through the Seasons. 1807 On Fever as connected with Inflammation, an Exercise. 1808 A Letter to Sir Joseph Banks on the prevailing Discontents, Abuses and Imperfections in Medicine. 1808 Good Advice for the Husbandman in Harvest and for all those who labour hard in hot berths as also for others who will take it in warm weather.

In this List are not included a variety of communications to the Medical Facts and Observations, the Monthly Magazine, the Medical and Physical Journal, Nicholson's Journal, &c.

Biography Stock, J. E.: 1811, Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes M.D.

Contemporary Works Correspondence etc. with references to Thomas Beddoes

Southey, C. C.: 1850, Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey. Muirhead, J. P.: 1854, Mechanical InventionsofJamesWatt, Vol. II, Letters. Warter, J. W.: 1956, Selections from the Letters of Robert Southey. Davy, J. (ed.): 1858, Fragmentary Remains of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., with a Sketch of his Life. Griggs, E. L.: 1932, Unpublished Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Con• stable. Patton, L. and P. Mann (eds.): 1971, Lectures 1795, Vol. 1 of the Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, General Editor K. Coburn, Bollingen Series 75,1969- , London and Princeton, N.J. Patton, L. (ed.): 1970, The Watchman, Vol. 2 of the Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (see above). Coburn, K. (ed.): 1957- , The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Bollingen Series 50 (5 vols.), New York, Princeton, N.J. and London. Dawson, W. R.: 1958, The Banks Letters, A Calendar of the Manuscript Correspondence, British Museum, Natural History. King-Hele, D.: 1981, The Letters of Erasmus Darwin, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. BIBLIOGRAPHY 285

General Newte, J. A.: 1791, A Tour in England and Scotland. Darwin, Erasmus: 1791, The Botanic Garden, The Poetical Works of E. Darwin, 1806. Club des Jacobins, 4, 5. Bibliotheque Historique de la Revolution Discours de MM. Cooper et Watt 1792. Paine, T.: 1792, Rights of Man, Pelican Books 1972, Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth. P1ym1ey, J.: 1803, A General View of the Agriculture of Shropshire. Davy, H.: 1800, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide, or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and its Respiration, J. Johnson. Huceks, J.: 1795, Pedestrian Tour Through North Wales. Sadler, T. (ed.): 1869, The Diary and Correspondence of H. C. Robinson (Crabbe Robinson), Macmillan. de Saint Fond, Faujas: 1797, Voyage en Ang1eterre, H. J. Jansen, Paris. Geikie, Sir Archibald: 1907, Journey through England; Annotated translation of Faujas de Saint Fond, Voyage en Angleterre.

Later Works with substantial reference to Thomas Beddoes Cottle, A.: 1847, Reminiscences of Coleridge and Southey. Thorpe, T. E.: 1896, Humphry Davy, Poet and Philosopher, Cassell. Litchfield, R. B.: 1903, Tom Wedgwood 1771-1805, Duckworth and Co. Hodgson, J. E.: James Sadler of Oxford, Aeronaut, Chemist, Engineer and Inventor, in Newcomen Society Transactions, Vol. VIII, 1927-8. Weber, C. A.: 1935, Bristols Bedeutung fUr die Englische Romantik und die Deutsch-Englischen Beziehungen, Max Niemeyer, Halle (Saa1e). Cartwright, F. F.: 1952, The English Pioneers of Anaesthesia. King-lfele, D.: 1963, Erasmus Darwin, Macmillan. Todd, A. C.: 1967, Beyond the Blaze, A Biography of Davies Gilbert [Giddy], D. Bradford Barton Ltd., Truro. Emb1en, D. L.: 1970, Peter Mark Roget, Longman Group Ltd. Hartley, Sir Harold: 1972, Humphry Davy, E. P. Publishing Ltd., Wakefield. Levere, T. H.: 1981, Poetry Realised in Nature, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and early nineteenth-century science, Cambridge University Press.

Additional Reading

Aspinall, A.: 1949, Politics and the Press 1780-1850, Harvester Press (1973). Grant, Sir Alexander: 1884, The Story of Edinburgh University. Watson, George: 1921, The Edgeworths and their Circle, in The Encyclopaedia and Dictionary of Education, I. Pitman. Gunther, R. T.: 1923, Early Science in Oxford, Vol. I, Oxford Historical Society. 286 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hodgson, J. E.: 1924, History of Aeronautics in Great BritaLTl, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Garrison, F. H. and W. B. Saunders: 1929, History of Medicine, Philadelphia and London. Partington, J. R.: 1930, A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, Macmillan and Co. Gunther, R. T.: 1933, The Old Ashmolean, Oxford Historical Society. LeFebvre, G. Trans. R. R. Palmer: 1947, The Coming of the French Revolu• tion, Princeton Paperback Edition 1967, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Ferguson, A. (ed.): 1972, Natural Philosophy Through the Eighteenth Cen• tury, First published 1948 as a Supplement to the Philosophical. Goodwin, A.: 1953, The French Revolution, Hutchinson and Co. Crosland, M. P.: 1962, Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Schofield, R. E.: 1963, The Lunar Society of Birmingham, Oxford. Green, V. H. H.: 1964, Religion at Oxford and Cambridge. Crane, V. W.: 1966, The Club of Honest Whigs, Friends of Science and Liberty, Vol. 23, Third Series, William and Mary Quarterly. Stewart, W. A. Campbell and W. P. McCann: 1967, The Educational In• novators, 1750-1880. Klingender, F. D. (ed. A. Elton): 1968, Art and the Industrial Revolution, Paladin, Granada Publishing Ltd., St. Albans. Cone, C. B.: 1968, The English J acobins, New York. Musson, A. E. and E. Robinson: 1969, Science and Technology in the Indus• trial Revolution. Ayling, S.: 1972, George the Third, Collins. Trinder, B.: 1973, The Industrial History of Shropshire, Phillimore and Co. Ltd., Chichester. Goodwin, A.: 1979, The Friends of Liberty, Hutchinson. Smith, S.: 1979, A View from the Iron Bridge, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust. Lawrence, c.: The Nervous System in the Scottish Enlightenment, Ch. I in Barnes, B. and S. Shapin (eds.): 1979, The Natural Order; Historical Studies of Scientific Culture. Trinder, B. and J. Cox: 1980, Yeomen and Colliers in Telford Phillimore and Co. Ltd., Chichester. Porter, R.: 1982, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, Pelican Books, Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth.

Journal Articles

Jones, T. W.: 1925, Thomas Beddoes M.D., 'A Neglected Chemist', Science Progress, Vol. 19, Jan.-April 1925, pp. 628-39. Parker, G.: 1928, 'The Discovery of the Anaesthetic Powers of Nitrous Oxide', The Lancet, 7 Jan. 1928, pp. 60-61. BIBLIOGRAPHY 287

Miller, A.: 1931, 'The Pneumatic Institution of Thomas Beddoes at Bristol', Annals of Medical History, New York. Collier Abbott, C.: 1924, 'The Parents ofT. L. Beddoes', Durham University Journal, June 1924, New series Vol. III, No.3. Todd, A. C.: 1952, 'T. L. Beddoes and his Guardian', Times Literary Supple- ment, Oct. 10,1952. . Robinson, E.: 1955, 'The Reform of Science Teaching in Oxford', AJ.l.nals of Science, II. Todd, A. C.: 1957, 'Anna Maria, Mother of Thomas Lovell Beddoes', Studia Neophilologica, Vol. 29. Anon. [Williams, T. 1.]: Endeavour, July 1960. Armytage, W. H. G.: 1960, 'Thomas Beddoes M.D. 1760-1808', British Medical Journal, 30 April 1960, pp. 1358-9. Gibbs, F. W. and Smeaton, W. A.: 1961, 'Thomas Beddoes at Oxford', Ambix, 9 Feb. 1961. Erdman, D. V.: 1965, 'Coleridge, Wordsworth and the Wedgwood Fund', Bulletin of the New York Public Library, Vol. 60, No.9. Gottleib, L. S.: 1965, 'Thomas Beddoes M.D. and the Pneumatic Institution at Clifton 1798-1801', Annals of Internal Medicine 63.5, pp. 530-33. Cartwright, F. F.: 1967, 'The Association of Thomas Beddoes, M.D. with James Watt, F.R.S.', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, VoL 22, Nos. 1 and 2. Smith, W. D. A.: 1965-70, 'A History of Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Anaes• thesia, Part I: Joseph Priestley to Humphry Davy', Brit. J. Anaesin., Vol. 37, 1965, pp. 790-798; 'Part II: Davy's researches in relation to inhalation anaesthesia', ibid., VoL 37, 1965, pp. 871-882; 'Part III: Parsons Shaw, Doctor Syntax and Nitrous Oxide', ibid., Vol 37, 1965, pp. 958-966; 'Part IV: Hickman and the "Introduction of certain gases into the lungs"', ibid., VoL 38, 1966, pp. 58-72. 'Part IVA: Further light on Hickman and his times', ibid., Vol. 42, 1970, pp. 347-353 and 445-458. Key, T. E.: 1969, 'The Early Pneumatic Chemists and Physicians', Journal of Anaesthesio1ogy - Journal of the American Society of American Society of Anaesthesiologists', Vol. 30, No.4. Levere, T. H.: 1977, 'Dr Thomas Beddoes and the establishment of his Pneumatic Institution', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, VoL 32,1977, pp. 41-49. Stansfield, D. A.: 1979, 'Thomas Beddoes and education', History of Educa• tion Society Bulletin, No. 23, Spring 1979, pp. 7-14. Levere, T. H.: 1981, 'Dr Thomas Beddoes at Oxford, Raidcal Politics in 1788-93, and the Fate of the Regius Chair in Chemistry', Ambix, Vol. 28, Part 2, July 1981. Levere, T. H.: 1982, 'Thomas Beddoes, The Interaction of Pneumatic and Preventive Medicine with Chemistry', Interdisciplinary Science Reivew, VoL 7, pp. 137-147. INDEX OF NAMES

Abernethy 107 14-16, 27, 28, 84, 87, Aikin, Dr 82, 104, 142 103,106-107, 121-123,143, Allen, Dr 218 145, 168-16~183,185-18~ Allen, Robert 124-5 200-201, 203,207,211,215, Amicus 239 223-225, 228, 234-235,249, Anstice, W. 65, 97 252,253 Austin, William 32 financial affairs 16, 97, 103, 156, "A. W." 130-1 169-170,216 lectures 38, 43,188-191 Baines, Miss 218 library and reading 48-50, 67-68, Bancroft, G. 105-6 70, 94, 115, 117, 138, 217, Banks, Sir Joseph 17, 19, 155, 157, 222-223 194-5 life Barbauld, Mrs L. 82, 95, 104, 167 Bristol life contrasted with Oxford Barton, B. S. 114 121 Bartram, W. 114 Chemical Reader at Oxford Uni• Bartram, W. P. C. 251 versity 32-33,34-37, 38, 41, Baxter, A. 138 50 Beddoes, Ann (nee Whitehall) 6, 227, children 220, 223-225 (see also 234 Anna; Charles Henry; Thomas Beddoes, Anna 2-3, 160-1, 164, 220- Lovell; Mary) 222,224,228,229,231,234- circumstances of leaving Oxford 57, 236, 237-8, 241-244, 51-52,77-79,228 249 (see also Edgeworth, A.) early years 9-13 Beddoes, Anna (b. 1801) 221, 223-4, engagement and marriage 103, 235,241, 244 121-123,160-161 Beddoes, Charles Henry (b. 1805) 221, home 99, 160-161, 165, 167, 224,229,235,241-2 221-223,226 Beddoes, Mary (b. 1808) 245 last years and ill-health 237 - 23 8, Beddoes, Richard 6, 9, 12, 16,122,234 240 Beddoes, Rosamond (nee Phillips) 6 student (see Edingburgh; London; Beddoes, Rosamond 6, 102, 227, 229- Oxford University) 30,234 medical survey methods 176-183, Beddoes, Thomas (grandfather) 6, 9, 12 192-193,196,201,217 Beddoes, Thomas Lovell (b. 1803) 3,12, medicine and the medical profession 224,226,229,235,241-4 154-155,179,194-196,197, Beddoes, T. H. Willoughby 241 209, 212 Beddoes, Dr Thomas (13 April 1760-24 parodies included in essays 142, 155, Dec. 1808) 223 character and appearance 4, 12-13, physician 20, 28, 120-121,138,140,

289 290 INDEX OF NAMES

143, 146,148-149,151,158, Good Advice for Husbandmen 216 163,184-188,200-202,208, Great Chain of Being, The 29 212,218-221,236 Guide to Self Preservation and Paren• Pneumatic Institute (see Subject In• tal Advice, A 92-3, 183 dex) Hygeia 109, 114, 115, 138, 140, 192, pneumatic medicine (see nitrous 197-215, 220,222,224,226, oxide) 227,243, 246 public affairs 72-75, 81, 85, 129, Introductory Lecture 189 213, 214, 233 (see also anti• Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, A 194, slavery; colonialism; govern• 195, 231 ment; French Revolution; so• Letter to Erasmus Darwin 148-149 cial conditions; war) Letter to the Rt Hon. William Pitt on scientific work 61, 147, 150, 154, the present scarcity 132, 134, 170-171,246,247-248,249, 141,187,227,228,253 252 (see also education) Letters dedicated to Joseph Black Beddoes' publications (for complete list 148, 150 see Appendix, p. 283) Manual of Health, A 192 Affinity between Basaltes and Gran• Mayow's Chemical Experiments and ite, The 41-43 opinions (edited) 40 Alexander's Expedition ... 65-72, Medical and Physical Journal, The 75, 80, 81, 87, 95, 97, 114, (contributions to) 184, 187, 136,243 193-4,218 An Account of the Conversion of Medical and Physical Journal, The Cast into Malleable Iron 61 (Letter in support of an award Brown's Elements of Medicine to Dr Jenner) 187, 193 (edited) 24-25, 27, 109, 172 Monthly Review (contributions) 106- Chemical Essays of C. W. Scheele 119,141-144 (trans.) 40 New Reports Concerning Nitrous Communications respecting the use Acid in the Venereal Disease of nitrous acid 178 178 Considerations on the medicinal uses Notes for Professor Cullen's Transla• of factitious airs 138, 152, tion of Bergman 24 154-7,159,175,177,223 Notice of Some Observations made at Contributions to Physical and Medical the Medical Pneumatic Institu• Knowledge principally from tion 162, 165, 167, 179, 180 the West of England 165,170- Observations on the Nature and Cure 171 of Calculus - Sea Scurvy, Con• Defence ofa Bill of Rights, A 128-9, sumption, Catarrh and Fever 133,134 95, 101, 109, 146, 147, 148, Domiciliary Verses 126, 135-6, 223 151,152, 156 Essay on the Causes [etc.] of Pulmo• Of the Nature of Demonstrative Evi• nary Consumption, An 180- dence 92, 93, 95, 101, 116 183 Of the Sexual System of Vegetables Essay on the Public Merits of Mr Pitt 29 132, 140-144, 213-214,236 Receipt for a Legendary Tale 137, Extract of a Letter to a Lady . .. 81, 223 87,95,100,128,201,204 Researches Concerning Fever 217 INDEX OF NAMES 291

Rules of the Medical Institution ... Coleridge, Hartley 13 8 184-187,197,230 Coleridge, S. T. 1-2, 5, 113, 144, 171, Story of Isaac Jenkins and Sarah his 173,238,240,249,252 Wife, The 87-92, 115, 122, breathes nitrous oxide 166-167 183,185,199,252-253 friendship with Davy 144, 162, 172- Translation of Spallanzani 19-20, 24, 174 26 friendship with Wordsworth 138, 173 Watchman, The (contributions) 132, in Bristol 133 arrival 124-127 Where would be the Harm of a attack on Pitt 135, 141 Speedy Peace? 116, 130 protest meetings 128-130 Bedford, Duke of 195 public lectures 127-128 Bedford, G. 219 The Watchman 117, 131-135, Bentham, J. 54 141 Bergman, T. 23, 24, 26,31,61 knowledge of Beddoes' writings, Black, J. 4, 23-4, 26, 29-30, 32, 34- library, etc. 87, 94,115,117- 35,36-37,39,41,45,60,61, 118,138-139,215,252 145-146, 148, 150, 232, 250 Notebooks 117, 138-139, 172 Blagden, Sir Charles 157 verse writings in 1790s 133-138 Blumenbach, J. F. 67, 112, 139, 243 visit to Germany 140, 144 Boerhaave 22 Wedgwood annuity 139-140 Bollingsby Mr 176 Coleridge, Sarah (nee Fricker) Borlase 159 ' Cook, Captain 47,147 Boulton, M. 62, 63,86,191 Cooper, Thomas 55 Boulton and Watt 73,156-157 Cottle, J. 126, 128, 136, 161, 169, 249 Bowles, Dr 188 Coutts, T. 188 Boyd, Mr 190, 228 Crane, Dr 239 Braxfield, Lord Chief Justice 3, 100 Crell, L. von 61, 112, 191 Brown, J. 24-25, 109, 138, 156, 172 Crump, Dr 149 Browne, Isaac Hawkins 78, 79, 87 "C.T.S." (Coleridge) 130 Buckland 247 Cullen 24, 25-6 Buonaparte, 220, 252 Currie, Dr 28, 158 Burke,E. 56-7,67, 142,189 Burnett, George 125 Dalton, J. 109-110 Byerley, Miss 241 Darby family 10-11 Byerley, T. 241 Darwin, Erasmus 4, 45, 55, 60, 62-63, 66, 112, 121, 123, 145,148- Carmichael, Dr 132 150,153,158,)90,195,206, Cartwright, Dr F. F. 175, 184, 251 210, 214, 218-219, 226, 242 Cavendish 14, 152 Davy, H, 1-2, 123,139,144-145,153, Chisholm, Colin 108 241 Chisholme, A, 105 and Pneumatic Institute 176 Clarkson, Mrs 220 as poet, friendship with Coleridge Clarkson, T. 72, 127 and Southey 172-173, 215 Clayfield, Dr 171, 244, 250 at Clifton Clegthorn 25 arrival 160-162, 228 Coleridge, G. 124 life 222-223, 226, 230 292 INDEX OF NAMES

breathing nitrous oxide 163-165, Edgeworth, R. L. and M. 225 227 Edgeworth, Sneyd 220,237 collaboration with Beddoes 170-171, Edmunds, J. 65, 68, 87 174-175 Edwald, J. L. 116 description of Beddoes 249 Edwards, Dr (,Phocion') 134 early life 159-160 Enfield, W. 116 observes analgesic effect of nitrous Erskine, T. 102 oxide 167 Estcourt, E. 220 publications Estcourt, J. 219-220, 237 Contributions . .. principally from Ewart, Dr (of Bath) 158 the West of England 165 Ewart (Ambassador at Berlin) 158 Researches Chemical and Philo• Eyre (Lord Chief Justice) 101 sophical concerning Nitrous Oxide, etc. 165 Faujas de Saint Fond 18 Royal Institution 168, 183,216 Ferriar, J. 248 scientific work at Clifton 165-167 Fielding, Henry 143 known in America 250, 251 Fletcher, Rev. J. 81 suggests use of nitrous oxide in sur- Foureroy, A. F. 33, 108 gery 167-168 Fox, Charles J. 129 Davy, Dr John 168, 249 Fox,E.L. 129-131, 192, 246 Davy, Mrs 159-160, 165 Frank, Dr 188, 223 Day,T. 63-5, 67, 82, 103 Frederick, Sir J. 106 Dennis, Thomasin 160 Frend, William (author of Peace and Desormes 113 Union, etc.) 124 Devonshire, Duchess of 155 Fricker, Edith (Mrs Southey) 124 Diaetophilus 114 (see also 208) Fricker, Sarah (see also Coleridge, Sarah) Donne, B. 225 124 Donner, H. W. 243-244 Fry, Elizabeth 81 Douce,F.217,220,238 Fulliame, Mrs 109-110 Dundas, Lord 78 (see also 228) Dupuis, F. R. 115 Gaitskill, W. 107 Dyas, E. 65,68 Garrick, Sir D. 222 Dyer, George 128 Genlis, Mme de 55, 83, 88 George III, King 53, 56, 72, 73, 76, 86, Edgeworth, Anna 120-121, 122-3 (see 127 also Anna Beddoes) Giddy, Davies (otherwise Gilbert, Davies) Edgeworth, Charlotte 161 and Anna Beddoes 234-235, 242 Edgeworth, Elizabeth 120 and H. Davy 159-160, 170 Edgeworth, Emmeline (Mrs King) 231, and Sadler's engines 230-231 237,244 and Sadler's compensation on leaving Edgeworth, Henry 193, 224, 237, 241 Portsmouth 231 Edgeworth, Honora 121 Beddoes' financial adviser 156, 221, Edgeworth, Lovell 120, 122 224-225,232-234,237-239 Edgeworth, Maria 103, 120, 121, 122, correspondence with Beddoes 163 224,225 engagement 121 Edgeworth, R. L. 64-5, 103, 123, 237 free press 131 (see also 224) geology 43-45, 191 INDEX OF NAMES 293

lectures 1798 190 Jacobi, G. A. 114 Oxford Chair of Chemistry 228- Jenner, Dr 187 229 Johnson, Dr S. 28, 83 political views 140, 214, 233, 240 Joseph, Emperor of Austria 53 strikers 227 Joyce, J. 101 guardian and trustee of Beddoes' children 238, 242 Kant, E. 30, 93-4, 116-117, 138, 143, medical 192, 218, 220 215 On Demonstrative Evidence (dedi• Keating, Rev. G. 122 cated to) 94 Keir, James 5, 6, 63-64, 103 Giddy, Phillip a 234, 241 Kelsall, T. F. 243, 249 Gilbert, Ann Mary 235, 237 (Davies King, E. (see Edgeworth, E.) Giddy's wife) King, Dr J. 171, 174, 183, 225, 231-2, Gilbert, Davies (see Giddy, Davies) 237,244-7 Girtanner, Christoph 27, 30,40,94,112, King, Zoe 244 116, 148 Kinglake, Dr 167, 171 Godwin, William 100, 102, 214 Kirwan, Dr R. 17,33,38,122,190 Goethe 115 Klaproth, M. H. 110-111 Goldwyer, H. 251 Goodwyn,E. 32, 148 Lafayette, Marquis de 6 Gregory, Dr 24 Lamark, J. 107 Gren, Prof. 112 Lambton children 161, 222, 224, 226 Grenville, Lord 127, 130 Lambton, W. H. 158, 221 Griffiths, R. 104-106,107, 116,118 'Langford, Mr' 88-90 Guillemard, J. 234 Lansdowne, Lord 54, 56, 101, 188-9, 248 Haller, A. 24, 48 Lavoisier, A. 5, 7, 30, 31-34, 36-37, Hammick Mr 177 40, 49, 110, 145, 149, 150, Hardy, T. 102-103, 130,230 152, 159 Hartley, D. 190 Leslie, J. 105 Hastings, Warren 71-72 Linnaeus, C. 29 Hazlitt, W. 139 Locke,J. 21,48,92,190,252 Hickman, Dr H. H. 168, 250-1 Louis XVI 52, 56 Higgins, Dr Bryan 17 Lovell, Robert 125, 129, 134 Higgins, William 17, 32, 110, 112 Lyson, D. 23 Hobhouse, B. 188 Holcroft, T. 102 M, Miss 169 Hope, T. C. 250-1 Mackin tosh, Sir J. 176, 190 Houlbrooke, M. 91 Margot, Maurice 3 Hucks, J. 124-5 Mayow 40-41, 145, 162-3 Hufeland, C. W. 108 Merum, van 149 Hume,D.21,25,80,92 Mirabeau 54 Hunter, Dr J. 19,27,107,141,195 Mitchell, 1. S. 159 Hunter, W. 17,23,206 Monro, Dr A. 23-24, 158 Hutton, J. 37,41,43 Morveau, G. de 17, 31, 33-35, 37-38, 154 Jackson, C. 45, 60 294 INDEX OF NAMES

Nepean, E. 78-9, 87 Sadler, James 18, 39, 61-2, 97, 113, Nitsch, F. A. 116, 138 121, 145, 152-3, 229, 230-1 North, Lord 142 Sadler, jnr 153, 225 Saunders, Dr 158 Orleans, Louis Philippe 55, 83 Savery, Mr 129 Scheele, C. W. 14,40,152 Paine, Thomas 6, 55, 57, 87, 143, 214, Schiller 188 240 Scott, Dr Helenus 177, 178, 179 Pallas, Dr P. S. 70, 114 Scott, Dr at Bristol 188 Parr, Dr S. 65-6, 73-4, 77, 102, 156 Scully, Dr 236 Peaal, T. 193 Shakespeare 115, 222, 226, 252 Pearne, T. 105 Sheldon 16, 18-19, 23 Petion 55 Sheridan, R. B. 105, 129 Petty, Sir W. 176 Sinclair, Sir John 177, 180, 182, 201 'Phocion' (Dr Edwards) 134 Skeete, of Dublin 25 Pitt, William 4, 105, 116, 130-2, 135, Small, Dr 29, 123 140,141-144,187,230,253 Smith, Adam 21, 106 Plymley, J. (Archdeacon) 60, 72-3, 74- Smith, Mr 37, 38 5 Smith, W. D. A. 251 Plymley, Katherine 72,74,76,91-2 Southey, R. 2, 5,66,124-6,127,133- Polwhele 232 4, 136, 166, 169-70, 172-4, Poole, T. 134,138,171,174,177,227, 216, 219, 220, 249 230 Southey, T. 166 Price, Dr R. 53, 56 Sowden, Rev. 116 Priestley, J. 5, 32, 54, 63, 73, 77, 125, Spallanzani, L. 19-20,24,26,203 145, 152, 155, 224,240,251, Stanhope, Lord 188-9 261 (Appendix II) Sterne, T. 222 Stock, J. E. 2-4, 7, 13-14, 16, 31, 33, Radical Jack (see J. G. Lambton) 75, 87, 126, 128, 135, 191, Raspe, R. E. 86 219, 224-6, 228, 229, 247, Reide, T. 107 251 Reil, J. C. 108-9,188 Siissmilch, J. P. 176 Reynolds family 10, 17,43 Swift, J. 48, 208, 222 Reynolds, J. 149,230 Sydenham 190 Reynolds, R. 11,60, 81 Reynolds, W. 60-62,67,74,77,79,81, Taylor, W. 105, 115, 116 87, 92, 97, 121, 145, 149, Thelwall, John 100, 102-3, 126, 139, 156, 191, 227, 229, 23~ 242 189,230,240 Richter of G6ttingen 27 Took, Horne 93,101-2 Rickman, J. 167, 170, 177 Townsend, Rev. J. 114 Roget, P. M.123, 171, 181,247-8 Townshend 68 Romilly, S. 248 Townson, R. 114, 118 Roschlaus, A. 109 Trimmer, Mrs 86, 91-2 Roscoe, W. 134 Trotter, D. 147 Rousseau, J. J. 64, 213, 252 Trye, Charles Brandon 23, 26, 27 Rumford, Count 168, 171 Rush, B. 109,251 Volta 112, 113, 171 INDEX OF NAMES 295

Voss, J. H. 115 Wedgwood, Thomas (1771-1805) 1, 94- 95, 123, 139-140, 157, 159, Watt, Gregory 159 167, 176,189,22~231-23~ Watt, James 5, 26, 35, 62, 73, 174, 250 242 and Pneumatic Institute 156-8 Wells, H. 250 breathing apparatus 152-4 Whitehall, Mr R. 9, 223 Watt, Jamesjnr 55,157,190-1,232 Whitehall, Mrs 103, 122 Watt, Jessie 153,156,218 Willick, A. F. M. 116 Watt, Robert (of Edinburgh) 3 Willoughby, Capt. and Miss 241 Weber, C. A. 252 Withering, Dr 28-9, 45, 73, 123, 150-1, Webster, Dr Charles 32 155-6, 226 Wedekind, G. 108 Woodhouse, Prof. 251 Wedgwood family 105 Wordsworth, D. 138, 140 Wedgwood, John (1766-1844) 176 Wordsworth, W. 80, 136, 138, 140, 144, Wedgwood, Josiah I (1730-1795) 77, 173,240,252 104, 155 Wedgwood, Josiah II (1769-1843) 94- Yonge, Dr 13, 79,97,121,145 95, 160, 167 Yonge, Miss 122 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Aberystwyth 220, 224 Anti-Slave Trade Petition from Shrop• additives to food 187 shire 74-75,128,229 affluence, ills of 189, 197-198,213- apparatus 214,227,228 for making, cooling and storing gas agents provocateurs 73-74, 85 149, 153-154, 156, 158, 162 "air apparatus" - first mention 121 for patients 149, 156-157 air (Le. gas) balloon at Oxford 39-40 laboratory 14-15, 39, 41, 61, 149, air pump 39, 152 152,170,191 alcohol 25, 212, 240 artificial cold 37, 38 drjnking of, temperance 88-91, 132, Association for the Preservation of 144, 183, 189, 197,203,204, Liberty and Property 58,87 209,212,216-217,240 association of ideas 9, 25,172,173,199, Alfoxden 138 202,208, 210, 211 alkaline earths 170, 235, 250, 256 Association of Tallow Chandlers and alkalis 146,170, 171,235,239 Soap Makers of New York America 108 data on consumption 181 atmosphere, composition of 40,49,147, emigration to 239-240 150, 152 American Plan (see Pantisocracy) atmospheric electricity 35 American Revolution 6, 52, 53, 64, 67, Avon, River 99 214 ammonium nitrate 153 balance, chemical 39, 152 anaesthesia 168, 170 ballooning 18, 34, 39,40 American accounts of 251 Barberini Vase (Wedgwood's Portland anaesthetic properties of nitrous Vase) 191 oxide (see nitrous oxide) barometer 39 later history of 250, 251 barracks near towns 85, 100 analysis of substances: Beddoes' pioneer• Bastille Day Anniversary Dinners 44, 55, ing work 35, 36-37, 170- 56,58,73,74,86 171 Bath 99,158,241,242 anatomy 16-17, 23, 24,48,190,194- beehive helmet for breathing gas 154 195,207,244 beet sugar 113 Anglo-German Romanticism 252 Bengal 181 animal electricity 111, 112, 171 Bhagavad Gita 68,70 animals, experiments on 148, 152, 164, Birmingham 8, 60,132,134,229 165, 168,203, 226, 246, 250 Birmingham riots 5, 62, 73, 85, 132, Annales de Chimie 112-113, 171 233,246 Annual Anthology 66, 136, 172, 222 birth control 141 Annual Register 68,76 Black Hole of Calcutta 152 Anti·Jacobin, The 169 Blair Athol 27

296 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 297 boarding schools 204-5, 212, 221,241, calculus (stone) 33, 95,107,146 246 Canada 244 Board of Naval Works 153, 231 8, 60, 79, 82 Bodleian Library (see Oxford University) (carbonic acid air) 146, Bodmin, Cornwall 231 250 Botanic Garden, The (E. Darwin) 66 in atmosphere 26, 158 botany (see also education) 14,48,194, used medically by Withering 151 202,226 case studies in medicine 208 Boulton and Watt, flrm of 153,156 cast into malleable iron 61,155 Bowood House 54, 248 caste system 70 breathing apparatus 4, 153, 154, 174, catarrh 147, 192 250 census of popUlation 170, 177 before establishment of Pneumatic Charterhouse (school) 242 Institute 149, 156-157 chemical analysis 35,111,113,207 for Royal Infrrmary 156 classiflcation, system of 170 for Philadelphia 156 nomenclature 31-32, 33, 37, 38, portable 153, 154 150,191 breathing chamber 164 other systems: in Edinburgh 32; Bride's Tragedy 3 in London - London Pharma• Bridgnorth 8,10 copeia 32 Grammar School 12 chemistry 26, 31, 34, 95,107,110-111, Bristol (see also Clifton; Dowry Square; 146,173,247,253 Hope Square; ; Quay, accurate measurement in The; Rodney Place) 64, 84, Beddoes39,150,152 96, 97, 98, 101, 103, 121, Davy 165 123-128,134,139,148,153, Klaproth 111 155,159,165,168-171,180, and medicine 51, 61, 62, 112-113, 181,231-232,244,245 171,191,194 Bristol Bridge Riots 99, 131,246 industrial 36, 51, 61, 62, 112-113, Bristol City Day Nursery, Clifton 184 171,191 Bristol Guildhall Meeting 128-130 Cheney Longville 9,15,242 Bristol Infrrmary 251 china clay as lute 154 Mathematical Academy 225 civil engineers: Smeaton's description 11 medical students 224 cleanliness for health 183,185,197,212 Bristol Journal 245 Clee Hills 89 Bristol Library 101, 118 Clifton (see also Dowry Square; Hope Bristol Philosophical Institute (proposed) Square; Hotwells; Quay, The; 191 Rodney Place) 99, 103, 123, British Association for the Advancement 164,169,171,184,220,244, of Science: meeting in Bristol, 245,247-249,252 (1836) 245-247 Clifton Dispensary 184 British Convention 3 Clifton Downs 161 broth ( cooker) 187 climate related to consumption 181-182 Brunonian System 23, 25, 109, 148, to influenza 192 171 clothing and health 182, 183, 188, 189, Bury St Edmunds 102, 220 197,204,231 butchers 181 Dutch women's 182 298 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

clothing trades 181 depression 148, 205 Club of Honest Whigs, The 53 Derby Philosophers 158 clubs in Revolutionary France 55 Devonshire 232 coal mines, mining 7-8, 10, 89, 97, 227, "Devoted Legions, The" CT. Day) 67 244 diet 138,147,149,158,162,181-183, Coalbrookdale 7,10,11,51,60,81,97, 187,197,202,204,205,217, 98,171,227 218,220,247 Sadler's engines 230 digitalis (see also foxglove) 28, 29, 162, cold water treatment of fever 28, 220 180,218 colonialism 71-72 Dijon 17, 33-35, 37, 38,40,52,154 colonisation, bad effects of 127 hospital 34, 183 combustion, 40 discipline in schools 200 theories of 31-32,33,63,109-110 dispensary movement 239, 248 composition of air (see atmosphere) Dispensary at Clifton 183 -185, 231, "conservatories of old age" 212 236 consumption (see pulmonary tuber- dissections 243 culosis) Dissenting Clubs 65 Copenhagen Fields meeting 126-127 Dissenting community 7, 10,53-55,57, Cornish mines 86 59, 73, 134 specimens from 191 "Divine Ordinance, The" 176 Cornwall 103, 130, 159, 192,222, 230, doctors' fees 219, 245 232,234,240 letters, reports 5,175-179,192-193 geological survey 43, 44, 62, 232 doctors, school 205 corruption 141 Dowry Square, Clifton, Bristol 98, 161- caused by wealth 71, 85 162,184 cough 181 Hospital, Medical Institution 184 country labourers (see also field workers) dreams 138, 210 9, 20, 89-90, 115, 135- Dublin 8, 122, 178, 209 137, 138, 142-143, 217, Dublin Lying-In Hospital 183 227 Durham 221, 244 cow house treatment 180, 218 dust and consumption 181 Crell's Chemische Annalen (Chemical dysentry 171 Journal) 61,112 Critical Review, The 105 East India Company 67,69,71-72, 177, Critique ofPure Reason (Kant) 30, 93 178 Crown and Anchor Tavern: 14 July Edgeworthstown 121,122,136,178, Dinner, (1790) 55 193,241,244,245 crystal growth 42, 63 Edinburgh 18, 27, 88, 148, 158, 250- "Cursory Strictures" in Morning Chroni• 251 cle 101-102 Edinburgh Trials, 1794 3, 100 life of the town 21,226 Davy safety lamp 244 Royal Infumary 16, 20, 22, 27 Dawley, Shropshire 19 Edinburgh University 21-29, 50, 60 "Death's Jest Book" 243 Edinburgh Royal Medical Society Declaration of the Rights of Man, The 26-27,29,158,239,251 56 medicine 16, 21-26, Deism 84 Natural History Society 26-27, 29 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 299

support for Pneumatic Institute 30, Egypt 181 158,239 electric 173 university societies 22, 26, 27,30 electricity: Beddoes' work 113, 235 Education: general views and activities decomposing compounds 113, 117, 12, 65, 80-81, 85-86, 92- 239 93, 95, 110, 139-140, 190, Encyclopaedia Britannica 247 - 24 8 200-201, 226, 252 epidemics 15, 107, 108, 192 at Clifton 225, 244 epilepsy 114, 197, 205-208, 211 at home 95,203-204 equity, spirit of 214 education Eton College 222, 225, 244 boarding schools - boys' and girls' Excise, The 62 204-205 excitability, Brown's doctrine of 25, 148 contemporary educationalists - Mrs. Exeter 74 Barbauld, Day, Edgeworths, manganese 154 Mme de Genlis, Wedgwoods 64, 83, 88, 94-95, 139-140, fashionable clothing 204, 227 160, 189, 204, 225 fevers 107-108, 143, 197, 217, 248 curriculum 82-85, 95, 103, 115, fifers 181 201-203, 205 fishwives 181 dissection in education 203 fixed air (see carbon dioxide) for health 114, 139, 180, 182, 183, Florence, Italy 241 188, 192,197-199,216,220, fly sheet on emigre clergy 76-77, 79, 231,251 80, 87, 92 founded on experience of the senses food shortages 126, 132, 187, 227-228 83, 92-93, 202 fossils 41,43 "furniture of science" 141 foxglove (see also digitalis) 28-29, 163, geometry teaching 93-94, 108 176 ladies' anatomical lectures 224 France 33, 75-77, 133, 233 mathematics a science of experiment French Assembly 132, 133 92-94,108 French emigre clergy 57, 75-77, 80, 87, means of humanising the people 69, 106,247 84,85,154,191,200,205 French Gazette 74 model making 94, 225 French Revolution 6-7, 44, 52-58, of doctors (see also medical educa• 72-74, 75, 118, 124, 134, tion) 17, 108 189,232,252,253 of sons of W. H. Lambton 161, 222, attitudes to sympathisers with 5, 56- 224-226, 244 58, 73-75, 77, 79,87, 128, power of abstraction 92, 93, 108 155 practical approach, educational toys influence on Beddoes 2-3, 54, 55, 83, 94, 139, 162, 225 58, 155, 214 sex education 203, 226 refugees from 57 teaches his servant Jack to read 123, French science 4,17,33,37 140 frogs 36, 203, 226, 245-246 to change society 69, 75, 80,85,94, 139 Gagging Acts (see Treasonable Practices women's education (see also women) Bill) 190,226 galvanism, galvanic pile 112, 171, 226 300 INDEX OF SUBJECTS gas holder 153, 171 health (see also education for health; "Gaseous Institution" (Pneumatic In- medical . observations) 182- stitu te) 126 183,185-188,189,197,245 gazometer 149 hell-fue preaching 186 Gentleman's Magazine 239 hemlock in whooping cough 220 geology 28, 34, 35, 42, 43, 70,95,232, Herefordshire 220 252 Hessian mercenary soldiers 100 lectures 34, 191, 245 -247 Hindu religion and culture 67, 69, 70, of British Isles, discussed with Keir 72,83, 114, 115 62,63 holly wood for veneering 89 of West of England 42-44 Home Office letter 77-78, 79, 87 specimens 41 -43, 191 Hope Square, Clifton, 98,123,155,161, German educational experiments 86 162 literature 48,49,87, 115, 173, 188, Hopesay Farm 9, 20,42, 88, 122, 229, 222,223,243 242 philosophy 93, 140, 162,223 hospital for testing use of gases 97, 150, science and medicine 139, 140 155 Germany 30, 86, 93, 113, 118, 137, hospitals 114, 183, 212 140, 157, 158, 172,188,242, Hotwells, Clifton 97-99,120,181 252 hydrochloric acid as disinfectant 34, 154, Gi1lray cartoons 169 192 Glasgow 26,159 hydrogen (inflammable air, light) 158, Royal Infirmary 157 162 Glorious Revolution of 1688: anniver• hydrogen (inflammable air, light): sary remembrance (1791) 53 in balloons 34, 39-40 (see also 18) Gloucester Royal Infirmary 23 in medicine 158, 162 Gottingen 140 hydrophobia 112,132 journals 68,94, 140 hyperoxygenation 148 University 27, 30, 50, 243 government 64,70-71, 130, 143 igneous meteor experiment 40 discussion of 54, 118, 233 imagination (see also science and poetry) function of 53,116,199-200,214 80-81, 83, 215 Government (English) 127-128, 133, India, theme of Alexander's Journey 67, 141, 233 69,70,71,72 false propaganda against France 76, industrial application of chemistry (see 131 chemistry) informers, spies 74, 78-79, 100,102, industrial conditions 212-213, 227 105-106 espionage 82, 86 Governor-General of Canada 244 infectious diseases, isolation of 212 Greek fire 69 Infumary in Cornwall 183 Guy's Hospital, London 158 inflammable air, heavy 39-40; light (see hydrogen) Habeas Corpus Act suspended 101 influenza 5,192-194 hair powder tax/bandeau 132, 230 inhalation medicine and anaesthesia 175 Hamburg 140 inoculation, 187, 189, 193 Hardisley, Shropshire 6 insanity, madness 197, 205-206, 207, Hatton, Derbyshire (Dr Parr) 65, 73 208 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 301 inspection of schools 205, 212 Ludlow 250 Ireland 142,181,224 Lunar Society 5, 17, 29,45,60,63-65, rebellion in 178 67, 86, 103, 123, 252 Iron Bridge, the 11 lungs, way of administering medicine iron, iron smelting 60,61, 112 149,158,175 in plants 171 luxury attacked 91,197,227 iron industry, iron workers 7, 8, 10,11, "Lyrical Ballads" 126, 136, 144, 173, 35,42,44,79,97 222 irritability, theories of 24, 25, 48, 148 Italy 181 Madeira 181 Madeley, Shropshire 7, 11, 65, 66, 81, Jackson's Oxford Journal 58, 76 87,88 Jacobins 75,105,134 Manchester 109, 151 Jamaica 231 Constitutional Society of 55 judges and magistrates, bias of 74, 132, Manchester Literary and Philosophi• 134 cal society 112, 248 Medical School, Public Infirmary 248 Ketley Bank, Shropshire 7, 60, 61, 79, manganese, manganese dioxide 154, 156, 81,145,229 178 in plants 36, 171 labourers, conditions of 142-143, 216- steel 61 217 mathematics, a science of experiment latent heat 24, 26, 35 93-94 learned societies, transactions of 112 measles 220 lectures in Bristol Medical and Physical Journal, The 184, by Coleridge, Southey 127 -128 187, 192, 193, 194, 218 1797 series 188-190 Medical Bibliography (1834) 88 "Lectures to a Female Audience" 226 Medical Boards 212 Leipzig Fair, books from 234 medical education 22, 26, 108, 160,190, lens, 16 inch diameter 39 192,194-195 "Letter to Edward Long Fox M.D." 130 reform of 194 Leyden tradition 22 Medical Institution for the Sick and liberal movement 18, 52-58, 72, 86 Drooping Poor 183-185, 188, Liverpool 134, 158, 234 194, 19~ 216, 227, 235-236 living conditions as cause of ill-health Anna Beddoes' description 236 90-91,141,143,185-188 as providing medical training 194 Loch Lomond 27-28 returnable deposit from patients 194 London 18, 89, 97, 101-102, 104, 138- medical observations and statistics 93, 139,141,157,158,168,217, 103,107-108,143,176-178, 234 179-182, 183, 192-19~, Beddoes' plan to move to London 195-196, 201, 212, 217, 236 221 Medical Preventive Institution (see Medi• scientific life 16, 17 cal Institution for the Sick and London Corresponding Society 126 Drooping Poor) London Friends of Liberty 58 medical profession 169, 177, 178-179, London Pharmacopeia 32 186, 187, 194, 231-232, 236 London Revolution Society 55, 56, 87 medical secrecy 146 302 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Medical Tour, Dr Frank trans. Dr King newspapers misrepresent events in France 188 58,74,131 medicine 107-108, 171,242 New York medical school 108 administered via lungs 149, 158, 175 nitric acid, nitrates 15, 17, 33,177, 178- Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes 179 (see J. E. Stock) nitrogen (azote) 26, 112, 149, 152 "Memorial concerning ... the Bodleian Davy's work on compounds of 165 Library" 45-46, 50-51 oxides of 165, 170 Memorial to the Secretary of State con• nitrous acid, nitrites cerning a Chemical Chair at in treatment of venereal disease 178- Oxford 51-52, 78-79, 169, 179 228-229, 252 nitrous oxide 153, 165, 170,239 men all one species 69,95 breathing of 98, 153, 159, 163-167, mental illness 108, 114, 197,205-210 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, mercury and health 179, 209 227,247,249,251 metaphysics 215 causes analgesia 167, 168, 236, 250; Methode de Nomenclature Chimique 31 elation 163, 164-165, 166- Midlands industrialists 60-63, 86 167,169,171,172,173,222, military hospitals 108, 179 223; unconsciousness 167, military, naval surgeons 108, 179, 193, 168,250 195, 216 dangers of 167, 169 mineralogical survey of Devon 232 possible use in surgical operations mineralogy, minerals 14, 16,34,41-43, 167, 168 110-111,191,203,232 Nottingham High Pavement Chapel 134 models, mathematical, and educational toys 94,225 obesity 147 Monmouthshire 220 obituary notices of Beddoes 239, 248- Monthly Magazine 160 250 Monthly Review, The 53,104-105,118, "Observations upon Bills of Mortality" 146, 157 176 advertisement of Pneumatic Institute occupational health 88-89, 108, 143, 157 181,188,211,212,217,237, Aiken on Beddoes' Essay on Pitt 142, 248 146 opium 25, 169, 187, 189,218,240 Beddoes' work for 106-117 organic matter, chemistry in relation Morning Chronicle, The 101-102 to 35, 36, 145, 147, 163, Musselburgh 181 171 Oxford 8, 18, 121, 125, 145, 155, 214, Nare's Principles of Government 105 234, 235, 242 National Convention 100, 126 circumstances of Beddoes leaving 51- natron (sodium sesquicarbonate) for pills 52, 78, 169, 228-229, 247, 146 253 . needle grinding 181 conservatism 13-14,45,51,63, 121, Naptunism 45 236 nervous disorders 197, 205-208, 210 mood of alarm and reaction 58, 76 nervous system 206, 210 Oxford Journal (see Jackson's Oxford Nether Stowey 98, 138, 171, 227 Journal) INDEX OF SUBJECTS 303

Oxford University 12, 13-14, 20, 29, Penzance 159 32,34,51,124,194,238 Peruvian bark 169 Ashmolean laboratory 14-15, 17, 32 Peterloo 130, 244 Ashmolean Museum: History of Sci• Philadelphia, Penn. 3, 240, 251 ence Museum 13-16 breathing apparatus sent to 157 Beddoes' teaching 12, 29, 34-39, Chemical Society 11 0 51,63, 171 Medical School 107, 109 Bodleian Library 32,45-51,70 phlogiston 32, 33, 38 chemistry 14-16, 32, 36, 52, 62, theories 14, 110, 111, 250 236,250 physical education (see also education Christ Church (college) 45 for health) 182, 197,203,231 curriculum criticised 51 physiology 16-17, 19, 48, 109, 202, numbers declining 51,236 23i,250 Pembroke College 13-14, 16, 121, experiments 246, 247 140,242 in London 19 St John's College 13 pills as substitute for soda water 146 oxygen 26, 32, 145, 151, 152, 158, 162, pleasure principle 199 168, 170, 231 Plymhill, Staffordshire 12 Beddoes breathing, as experiment 149 deficiency and excess in disease 26, Royal Naval Hospital 177 35,147,178,179 Pneumatic Establishment (see Pneumatic effects of breathing 40, 147,149,177 Institute) lack remedied by living in fresh air Pneumatic Institute 1,4, 13, 30, 97,108, 147 118, 126, 128, 145, 150-151, necessary for muscular exertion 152, 156-162,170-174,175-176, 162 179,183-184,188,216,223, the principle of irritability (Girtanner) 231-233,235-236,239,247, 148 248, 250-252 Davy's work at 164-169 palsy 163, 164 ending of 169-170, 176 pamphleteering in Bristol 130, 131, 189 hospital 150, 155 Pantisocracy 125-126, 136, 221 London scheme impracticable 97 Paris 18,33-34,52,57,131 outpatients at 162, 183 Jacobin Club 55 significance of 175 medical school 194 subscriptions to 103, 145, 155, 158- Paris Society of Medicine 33, 49, 150 159,222,232 parish clergy and ministers 114, 201,213 volunteers at 163-169 help in surveys 180, 201 Watt's apparatus 4, 153-154 Parliament (of Westminster) 71, 100, pneumatic medicine 4, 30, 103, 114, 101, 126, 127-129, 133, 233 145, 147, 150, 151,152,156, patients of Beddoes 176, 218-221 15~ 16~ 176, 178, 18~ 250 at a distance 220-221 Pneumatic Revelry 168-169, 173 at time of Pneumatic Institute 176 Political Justice (Godwin) 102 children 202 political prejudice 3, 5, 165, 169 peat 113 Poor Law, the 142 Pembroke College (see Oxford University) Portsmouth Pennsylvania 251 Barrack Master (Sadler) 153,231 304 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Portugal 181 "Reflections on the French Revolution" post-mortem examination 106-107, 187, (Burke) 56-57 195,206-207 reform, reform of society 95, 143, 146, poverty 20, 88-91, 95, 106, 134, 141, 154,171,189,199-200,211- 143,146, 184-186, 197-19~ 21~ 213, 214, 227, 252-253 228,237,248 Reform Act (1832) 244 Practical Education 225 Regius Professorship of Chemistry (see pregnancy, remission of tuberculosis dur- Memorial) ing 149 religion 69-70, 82, 83, 90, 115, 127, press censorship 58, 131 135, 201 pressure cooker 228, 237 in "Letter of Advice to a Lady": 95 Preventive Medical Institution (see Medi• praise of Hinduism for tolerance cal Institution for the Sick etc.) 83 preventive medicine 180, 184,190, 192, product of social environment 84 195,211,235-237,247,251 respiration 36, 48, 49, 145, 147,148,162 programme for 195, 211 Rhyader, Wales 181 psychological medicine 205, 210 Rights of Man, The (Paine) 57, 87, 143, psychology, individual 210-211 214 public health proposals 92-93, 154, Rodney Place, Clifton 99, 241, 244 186-187, 195, 197, 205, described by Davy 160 211-212 "Rosalind of Cornwall's Bowers" 85 public lectures 127, 128, 170 rotative couch 158 as popular entertainment with politi• Royal Institution, The, London 160, cal undertones 188-189 161, 165, 168, 169, 171, 198 Beddoes' introductory lecture 188- Davy's lectures at 173 189 Evening Discourses 212,251 chemistry 188, 190-191 Royal Proclamation Against Seditious geology (projected) 191 Writings 57, 78, 99 pulmonary tuberculosis 5, 26, 163, 176, Royal Society of London, The 45, 50, 177,180-182,186,189,197, 61, 111, 112, 146, 155,157, 214,247 232,238,247 chapter in "Hygeia" 214 classes at risk 182, 186 San Domingo: uprising 85 Edgeworth family suffering 103, 205 Sandford and Merton, TlJe History of 65, experimental plan 97 82 "map" 180-182 schools, day (see also boarding schools) patients at the Hotwells 120 81-86,95 theoretical background to Beddoes' science and poetry 172, 173, 211, 252 treatment 145-152 Scotland 27-28,180,181 variety of treatment 158 Scottish fishing communities 247 Watt's sympathy 153 scrofula 29, 185, 197,205 scurvy 146, 147, 179 quack 182, 189, 195 seamen and consumption 181 Quakers 10, 59,125,130 "sedan chair" (breathing chamber) 153, Quay, The, Clifton 183-184 164 Seditious Writings, Royal Proclamation "Rational Toys" 225 Against 57,78,99 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 305

Severn, River 8-9, 10, 11 Sadler's 62, 97, 230 Shakespeare 115, 173, 222, 226 steel 113 sheep in bedrooms 181 stone, the (see calculus) Shifnal, Shropshire 6-10, 28, 42, 75, sUlphuric acid (vitriol) in drink 178, 217 76, 79, 102, 121, 123, 128, superstitious beliefs in medicine 200 227,229,233,250 surgery described 186 tanyard 234 Susquehannah River, Pennsylvania 125, Shrewsbury, Shropshire 8, 12, 74,128 221 Poor House 86 syphilis 162, 176, 177-179, 182 reports on deaths 180 treatment 182 Shropshire 7-10, 20, 72, 79, 88, 103, with nitric, nitrous acids 177-179 181,240 with oxygen 178-179 reports on 60 silica 170 tanning, tanning industry 12, 113, 171 silver, fulminating 37 tanyard 6, 9, 234 slave ships, conditions on board 147, 229 tea-drinking 245, 246 slave trade 127-128, 132, 147-148, technological change 10, 11, 51, 217 154, 156, 233, 244 temperature 111, 182-183 in Bristol 97,127-128,240 Tetbury, Gloucestershire 220 slavery 64, 68, 82, 85, 134, 214 thermometer, clinical 221, 237 143, 187, 189, 195, 200 tin, reaction with nitric acid 33 soap industry, manufacture 62,181 Tipton (Keir's works) 62 workers 113 Titterstone, Shropshire 88 soap, used in pills 146 To Perpetual Peace (Zum ewigen Frie• social surveys 177, 182, 212, 252 den), Kant 116-117, 143 Society for Philosophical Experiments, tracts (improving) 88, 91 London 112 distribution and acceptability 91-92 Society for the Abolition of the Slave Treason Trial (1794) 101-102, 126,130, Trade 74, 229 230 soda water 146 Treasonable Practice Bill and Seditious "Soho faculty" 194 Meetings Bill (The Gagging Soho Works 62,73 Acts) 116,126,127,128-130, Solway Firth 43 132, 134, 140-141, 157, 189, 'spontaneous generation' 19-20 222 stabling with cows (see cow house treat- Tredrea, Cornwall 44, 235 ment) 180, 218 "Tribune", T. L. Beddoes' ship 241 Stamp Duty 131-132 tributes to Beddoes at time of death 238 standing army 85, 100 tuberculosis (see also scrofula) Star, The (Bristol newspaper) 129 imperfectly understood: two types State Trials 126 148 Statistical Survey of Scotland 177, 180, remission during pregnancy 149 182,201 treatment other than by gases 158, steam engines 11, 12, 26, 35, 61, 230- 162 231 turnpike roads 8, 79 and latent heat 26 "Two Acts" (see Treasonable Practice at Coalbrookdale 60, 61, 62, 230 Bill) drawings for W. Reynolds 62, 97 tyrants, tyranny 85, 146 306 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

ulcers 179 188,227,240,252 umbrellas ("screens") 27 washing machine 237 Unitarianism, Unitarians 3, 59, 105, 118, Watchman, The 117, 131-135, 140, 139 141,189 Ministry offered to Coleridge 118, "Letter to Pitt" 134 139 review of Essay on Pitt 141 Wedgwood annuity to Coleridge 139- vegetable food 36,187 140 venereal disease (see also syphilis) 5, West Indies 181, 240 178-179,189 West Indian plantations 127 ventilation 141, 183 Whigs 7, 189 Vienna 188, 223 whist 15-16, 28 Medical School 194 whooping cough 220 volcanoes, vulcanism 28,41,42,44,63 women in science (Mrs Fulhame) 110 women's education 190, 204, 223, 226, wages policy 106 252 Wales 8, 10, 42, 101, 124-125, 220, Worcester apothecary 23 230,240 war, removing causes of war 70-71,84, yellow fever 108 116-117,130,133,135 Yorkshire 220 War with America 64,67,105,130-131, 142 Zoonomia (E. Darwin) 4,112,206,210, Wars, peace with France 99, 116, 126, 214,233 130, 132-134, 141-142,178, Ziirich 243

Top View