DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Sex-Ratios of Births in the Registration Districts of England and Wales, 1881-90 Author(S): H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Sex-Ratios of Births in the Registration Districts of England and Wales, 1881-90 Author(S): H On the Sex-Ratios of Births in the Registration Districts of England and Wales, 1881-90 Author(s): H. D. Vigor and G. Udny Yule Source: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Sep., 1906), pp. 576-582 Published by: Wiley for the Royal Statistical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2339346 . Accessed: 25/06/2014 02:16 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Statistical Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 62.122.77.48 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 02:16:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 576 Miscellanea. [Sept. Crime is also fomentedby the contestbetween capital and labour. The action of Socialists in Germany,and, in a more intenseform, that of the Nihilistsin Russia,and the Irishagrarian disturbance(1881, Cd-4439), are violent endeavoursto settle a difficultproblem. In Germanythe numberof Socialist trials amountedin one yearto 237. It is worthnoting that the greater numberof the accused were between20 and 30 years of age; 2 were under 15, and 32 between 16 and 18. Only 4 women figurein the return. One-fourthof the whole criminalityof the countrywas locatedin Berlin. III.-On theSex-Ratios of Bir ths in theRegistration ZDistr icts of England and WT'ales,1881-90. By H. D. VIGOR, BicardoScholar, and G. UDNY YULE, NewmarchLecturer in Statistics,University College, London. THE purposeof the presentnote is to exhibit,somewhat more fully than has yet been done, the amount and nature of the variationin the sex-ratiosof birthsin the differentregistration districtsof England and Wales on the basis of the data for the period 1881-90 given in the Decennial Supplementto the 55th Report of the Registrar-General.In this Supplementthe total numbersof births of each sex are given for each of the 632 registrationdistricts. The sex-ratiosare not stated,however, so the necessaryfirst step in the arithmeticwas carriedout by one of us, theproportions of males per i,ooo totalbirths being worked out withthe aid of a large slide-rule,to the nearestunit. Occasional errorsof a unit are possible,but are of no practicalconsequence whatever. From the values so obtained,a correlationtable (Table 1) was compiledbetween (1) the proportioinof males per i,ooo birthsin each district,(2) the totalnumber of birthson whichthe ratio was based. The sex-ratioswere grouped by intervalsof threeunits, the numbersof birthsby intervalsof 4,000, the range of the latter being,it may be noted,very large indeed,viz., from564 in the ScillyIslands and 1,000 or 2,000 in numeroussmall rural districts, to 105,000 in West Ham and over 148,0o0 in the West Derby divisionof Liverpool. The meanproportion of male birthsis 5092, witha standard deviationof 7 46. The meannumber of births in a districtduring the decadeis 14,500, witha standarddeviation of i8,Ioo. The coefficientof correlationis obviously,from the appearanceof the table,small, its actual value being - 014, with a probableerror of oo27. A carefulexamination shows, however, that the means of successiverows are hardlycollinear, the very small value of the This content downloaded from 62.122.77.48 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 02:16:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1906.] OnSex-Ratios of Birtlhs in Englandand Wales,1881-90. 577 correlationcoefficient arising partly from the fact that the mean sex-ratiofirst increases and then decreasesas we pass fromthe smallto the largerdistricts. In Table 2, column3, are given the meansof successiveindividual rows up to the fifth,and means of groupsof rows thereafter,with theirprobable errors. It will be seen that the increaseis uniformup to the fourthrow, the pro- portionof males risingfrom 5o8g2 to 51I-I, and this increaseis followedby an equally uniformdecrease-back to the original value-for the very large urban districtswhich constitutethe tail ofthe table. The generalrun of the pointsis well shownin the figure,the smallcircles indicating the above means,and RR the line thatis the " bestfit " theretoas givenby the theoryof correlation, the " line of regression" as it has been termed. The mean of the firstrow lies to theleft of this line, all the nextfive lie to the right, and thelast threeto theleft again. The generaltrend is so smooth that we are inclined to accept it as significant,though, perhaps, it maybe rashto do so until the data for the decade 1891-1900are available for comparison.The districtswhich exhibit the largest proportionsof malebirths are, according to thisresult, for the most part the provincialtown or semi-urbandistricts; the morepurely rural districts,and the purely urban districtsof large towns, both exhibiting a distinctly smaller proportion. Only two London districts,viz., Hampstead and St. Giles, fall into the fourth row, and amongst others we find such districts as Guildford,Farnham, Tunbridge, Maidstone,Thanet, Hastings, Wycombe,Wellingborough, Peterborough, Bedford, Yarmouth, Redruth, Penzance, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Kidderminster, Warwick,Runcorn, Fylde, Lancaster,Wharfedale, Scarborough, Guisborough,Morpeth, Kendal, Pontypool, Carnarvon, &c. In column4 of Table 2 is giventhe standarddeviation of each rowor group of rows; as is evidentfrom the appearanceof the table, the dispersionsof the rows decreasevery rapidly as the numberof birthsis increased. This is, of course,a very well knownand expectedresult, but so far as we are aware it has not hithertobeen exhibited in quiteso strikinga fashion. Further,the ninestandard deviations of Table 2 give a widebasis for comparing the actualdispersions with those given by the theoryof artificial chance. It willbe familiarto most statisticiansthat if p be, say, the chanceof throwing " heads" witha (possiblysomewhat biassed) coin,and q the chanceof throwing"tails," the standarddeviation of the proportionof "heads" obtainedin a series of throwsof n coins is ,/ , and it has been shownby Lexis, Edgeworth, and othersthat the standarddeviation of the proportionof male births(say in a given districtduring successive equal intervalsof time)is givenwith surprising accuracy by the same"combinatorial" rule,the fluctuationsthat usually occur from month to monthnot being significantof any definitecauses, but only the inevitable resultsof the complexcauses analogousto those that act in the tossingof a seriesof coins. The combinatorialstandard deviations VOL. LXIX. PART III. 2 P This content downloaded from 62.122.77.48 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 02:16:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 578 Mliscellanea. [Sept. are given in column 5 of the table, the values of p and q being taken throughoutas the mean values for England and Wales, viz., 0o5092 and o049o8. As regards the value of n, however,there is a certain difficulty. For the individual rows, it makes very little difference whetherwe take the mid-valueof the row (2,000, 6,ooo, 10,000, &C.), or use any moreelaborate process,but whereseveral rows are grouped togetherthe mid-valuecan hardly be used. Suppose then that we have to deal with a large numberof districts for which it may be assumed that p and q are constant,but in fi of which the births are ni, in f2 the birthsare n2,and so on. The firstgroup will contribute to the sum of the squares of deviations a total amount fpq; the nl second will contributef2Pq, and so on. The standard deviation for n2 the whole series of districtswill thereforebe- 3l2 + . *) = where N is the whole numberof districts,and H the harmonicmean of the numbers of births. The standard deviations for the groups of rows in Table 2 have been calculated by means of this formula from the data of Table 1. Now it will be seen that while the actual standard deviation a-, neveY differsfrom the combinatorial value ( by more than once or twice the probable error, in every case, except that of row 5, r is greater than (r2. If rows 5, 6, and 7 be all pooled together,the rule holds without exception,the actual standard deviation for these three rows being 3-97 ? *25 and the combinatorial 3-47. This result appears to indicate clearly that in every group of districts there is a certain small amount of physically significantvariation of the sex-ratio, on which that due to the mere "fluctuations of sampling" is superposed. The actual measure of significantfluctuation is easily obtained, as has been indicated by ProfessorEdgeworth. If any variable is subject to a standard deviationz due to definitecauses on whichthere is imposed a standard deviation ( due to errors of sampling (or indeed any other source), the total resultant standard deviation a-, will be ,/y2+ (T2 . But it is a1 and 2 which we know, and therefore we have the physically significantstandard deviation given by the relation z = x/'oi2 - 22 The value of this is given in column 6 of Table 2, and it ranges from I to 3 units. Possibly the value for the firstrow may be somewhat too large, as the harmonicmean of the birthsmay be less than 2,000. This does not seem very likely,however, seeing that there are many more districts near the upper limit of the class interval than the lower. Further,if the harmonicmean number of birthsbe reckoned for the whole of England and Wales from the grouped distributionof Table 1, as may be very readily done, the value is 5,071, correspondingto a combinatorial standard deviation of 7 02 in the sex-ratio as compared with the actual standard This content downloaded from 62.122.77.48 on Wed, 25 Jun 2014 02:16:22 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1906.] OnSex-Ratios of Births in Englandand WVales,1881-90.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE NAMES of OLD-ENGLISH MINT-TOWNS: THEIR ORIGINAL FORM and MEANING and THEIR EPIGRAPHICAL CORRUPTION—Continued
    THE NAMES OF OLD-ENGLISH MINT-TOWNS: THEIR ORIGINAL FORM AND MEANING AND THEIR EPIGRAPHICAL CORRUPTION—Continued. BY ALFRED ANSCOMBE, F.R.HIST.SOC. II. THE NAMES OF OLD-ENGLISH MINT-TOWNS WHICH OCCUR IN THE SAXON CHRONICLES. CHAPTER II (L—Z). 45. Leicester. of Ligera ceastre " 917, K. The peace is broken by Danes — -ere- D ; -ra- B ; -re- C. " set Ligra ceastre' 918, C. The Lady Ethelfleda gets peaceful possession of the burg Legra-, B ; Ligran-, D. " Ligora ceaster " 942, ft. One of the Five Burghs of the Danes. -era-, B, C ; -ere- D. " jet Legra ceastre 943, D. Siege laid by King Edmund. The syllables -ora, -era, are worn fragments of wara, the gen. pi. of warn. This word has been explained already; v. 26, Canterbury, Part II, vol. ix, pp. 107, 108. Ligora.-then equals Ligwara-ceaster, i.e., the city of the Lig-waru. For the falling out of w Worcester (<Wiog- ora-ceaster) Canterbury (< Cant wara burh) and Nidarium (gen. pi. ; < Niduarium) may be compared. The distinction between the Old-English forms of Leicester and Chester lies in the presence or absence of the letter r. The meaning of #Ligwaru, the Ligfolk, has not yet been deter- mined owing- to the fact that Old-English scholars have not consulted o o their Welsh fellow-workers. In old romance the name for the central Naes of Old-English Mint-towns in the Saxon Chronicles. parts of England south of the Humber and Mersey is " Logres." This is Logre with the addition of the Norman-French 5 of the nominative case.
    [Show full text]
  • Bristol: a City Divided? Ethnic Minority Disadvantage in Education and Employment
    Intelligence for a multi-ethnic Britain January 2017 Bristol: a city divided? Ethnic Minority disadvantage in Education and Employment Summary This Briefing draws on data from the 2001 and 2011 Figure 1. Population 2001 and 2011. Censuses and workshop discussions of academic researchers, community representatives and service providers, to identify 2011 patterns and drivers of ethnic inequalities in Bristol, and potential solutions. The main findings are: 2001 • Ethnic minorities in Bristol experience greater disadvantage than in England and Wales as a whole in 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% education and employment and this is particularly so for White British Indian Black African Black African people. White Irish Pakistani Black Caribbean Gypsy or Irish Traveller Bangladeshi Other Black • There was a decrease in the proportion of young people White other Chinese Arab with no educational qualifications in Bristol, for all ethnic Mixed Other Asian Any other groups, between 2001 and 2011. • Black African young people are persistently disadvantaged Source: Census 2001 & 2011 in education compared to their White peers. • Addressing educational inequalities requires attention Ethnic minorities in Bristol experience greater disadvantage to: the unrepresentativeness of the curriculum, lack of than the national average in education and employment, diversity in teaching staff and school leadership and poor as shown in Tables 1 and 2. In Education, ethnic minorities engagement with parents. in England and Wales on average have higher proportions • Bristol was ranked 55th for employment inequality with qualifications than White British people but this is between White British and ethnic minorities. not the case in Bristol, and inequality for the Black African • People from Black African (19%), Other (15%) and Black Caribbean (12.7%) groups had persistently high levels of Measuring Local Ethnic Inequalities unemployment.
    [Show full text]
  • Part II. the State of Epidemic, Epizootic, and Epiphytic Disease In
    REPOKT ON EPIDEMICS, 18G1-2. 393 Part II. The State of Epidemic, Epizootic, and Epiphytic Disease in Great Britain, in 1861-62. By J. N. RADCLIFFE, M.R.C.S. The following Report refers to the twelve months ending November the 31st, 1862. In respect of epidemics, this Report is necessarily based on the different returns of the Registrars-General of England and Scotland, published during the period to which it relates. The information contained in these returns on outbreaks of epidemic disease, at the time of, or soon after, their occurrence, is very imperfect. No other source of information, however, exists, or if existing, is accessible. I propose to bring the different facts on epi- demics together in one connected view. The history thus formed will fall far short of what a scientific annual record of epidemic diseases should be; but the first step towards a more perfect history must be the systematic collation of exist- ing materials. It is necessary to remark that, in the subsequent report, I have, as a rule, substituted the term continued fever for the word typhus, so commonly made use of in the reports of local registrars, unless there is other evidence that the dis- ease referred to was typhus properly so-called. In the old nosological arrangement of the Registrar-General of England (still in use in Scotland, although rejected in this country), " typhus" is used as a synonym of continued fever. In the new arrangement adopted here, consistently with nosological " " more recent researches, the terms typhus", typhoid", and " relapsing" are made use of in place of the common designa- tion of continued fever; but in the official instructions to medical men for the registration of deaths, typhus is still directed to be used as the generic term of continued fever.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of England A. F. Pollard
    The History of England A study in political evolution A. F. Pollard, M.A., Litt.D. CONTENTS Chapter. I. The Foundations of England, 55 B.C.–A.D. 1066 II. The Submergence of England, 1066–1272 III. Emergence of the English People, 1272–1485 IV. The Progress of Nationalism, 1485–1603 V. The Struggle for Self-government, 1603–1815 VI. The Expansion of England, 1603–1815 VII. The Industrial Revolution VIII. A Century of Empire, 1815–1911 IX. English Democracy Chronological Table Bibliography Chapter I The Foundations of England 55 B.C.–A.D. 1066 "Ah, well," an American visitor is said to have soliloquized on the site of the battle of Hastings, "it is but a little island, and it has often been conquered." We have in these few pages to trace the evolution of a great empire, which has often conquered others, out of the little island which was often conquered itself. The mere incidents of this growth, which satisfied the childlike curiosity of earlier generations, hardly appeal to a public which is learning to look upon historical narrative not as a simple story, but as an interpretation of human development, and upon historical fact as the complex resultant of character and conditions; and introspective readers will look less for a list of facts and dates marking the milestones on this national march than for suggestions to explain the formation of the army, the spirit of its leaders and its men, the progress made, and the obstacles overcome. No solution of the problems presented by history will be complete until the knowledge of man is perfect; but we cannot approach the threshold of understanding without realizing that our national achievement has been the outcome of singular powers of assimilation, of adaptation to changing circumstances, and of elasticity of system.
    [Show full text]
  • Housing Tenure Structure in England (2001)
    1 Census Briefing Paper One Housing Tenure Structure in England (2001) Summary The aim of this briefing paper is to provide an accessible summary of information from the 2001 census. The main objective is to help the Housing Association sector and other social sector participants understand tenure patterns at national, regional, and local levels. The main findings are: • Across England, the dominant tenure is owner occupation (68% of 20,500,000 dwellings). The social rented sector is the second largest tenure (19%). Within this sector, local authority (LA) housing accounts for 13% and Housing Association (HA) housing for 6%. Dwellings by tenure at regional and national level Percentages of total dwellings Owner Shared Private rented Social rented Social rented Region Total occupied ownership sector sector (LA) sector (HA) London 56 1 17 17 9 100 South East 73 1 12 7 7 100 South West 72 1 13 8 6 100 East Midlands 72 1 10 14 4 100 Eastern 72 1 11 12 5 100 West Midlands 69 1 10 14 6 100 Yorkshire and 67 0 11 17 4 100 Humberside North East 63 0 9 22 5 100 North West 69 1 11 14 7 100 England (average) 68 1 12 13 6 100 England (thousands) 13,921 134 2,456 2,703 1,238 20,452 Source: Tenure 2001 table, Census data 2001 from the National Statistics Web Site • The proportions of social housing vary by region, from 27% in the North East to 14% in the South West. • In regions where the proportions of social sector dwellings are high, LA dwellings account for a disproportionately greater share of the social stock.
    [Show full text]
  • Has Neighbourhoodethnic Segregation Decreased?
    FEBRUARY 2013 DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) Has neighbourhood ethnic segregation decreased? Summary • Neighbourhood residential integration is increasing: • Increasing residential mixing in inner and outer London segregation, the extent to which an ethnic group is evenly and major urban centres is the dominant pattern of spread across neighbourhoods, has decreased within change in segregation. In outer London, for example, most local authority districts of England and Wales, for all segregation decreased by 12% for the Bangladeshi ethnic ethnic minority groups group and 11% for the Chinese ethnic group. • In over two-thirds of districts, neighbourhood segregation • Large cities such as Leicester, Birmingham, Manchester decreased for the Caribbean, Indian, Mixed and African and Bradford have seen a decrease in segregation for ethnic groups. most ethnic groups. • There is increased residential mixing between the White • The most diverse local areas (electoral wards) are in British and ethnic minority groups and, while White districts which have seen a decrease in segregation for the British segregation has increased slightly in many districts, majority of ethnic minority groups. Dollis Hill in Brent and segregation remains low for this group. Plaistow North in Newham are the most diverse electoral • There are very few districts that have seen a large increase wards in England and Wales, and they are located in in segregation and this has occurred in areas where there districts which have seen a decrease in segregation for are small numbers of people in a particular ethnic group, nearly all ethnic groups. and not in the areas where ethnic minority groups are largest.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Census' of Male Occupations for England and Wales in 1817
    The creation of a ‘census’ of adult male employment for England and Wales for 1817∗ P. M. Kitson, L. Shaw-Taylor, E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, G. Newton, and M. Satchell† May 2010 ABSTRACT. This paper presents new estimates of the adult male occupational structure of England and Wales in 1817, over twenty years before the availability of the first reliable returns based upon the census of 1841. The system of baptismal registration introduced by parliament for the Church of England in 1813 required the occupation of the father to be recorded. By collecting this data from every parish register in England and Wales from this year until 1820, it is possible to generate estimates of occupational structure. Comparison of these estimates with other sources suggests that they are very reliable. Through the use of (1) a population weighting system using the returns from early nineteenth centuries censuses; (2) the PST system of occupational coding; and (3) a method for attributing the considerable numbers of men described as ‘labourer’ between the different sectors of employment, the total number of men engaged in each sector of the economy in 1817 can then be estimated. In 1812, parliament passed an act reforming the way in which the registers of baptisms and burials maintained by the Church of England were kept.1 More than 11,000 churches and chapelries, and other institutions with ties to the established church were expected to adopt the pro forma means of recording these events that were set out in the schedule to the act. Amongst other things, it required that those who were maintaining the parish register were to record the occupation of the father at the baptism of his child.
    [Show full text]
  • The Matter of Britain
    The Matter of Britain The Mythological and Philosophical Significance of the British Legends by John J. Davenport Department of Philosophy Fordham University [email protected] In honor of Stephen R. Donaldson Originally composed in 1997 for relatives and friends from the UK, this work has been shared with others since. I make it available to all for any pleasure and insight it may bring. last revised November, 2004 Contents Introduction : The Mystery Part I: The Cycle of Britain 1. Historical Context 2. Archetypal Background 3. Brutus and the Founding of Britain 4. The Paradigmatic Language of Myth and Legend 5. The Development of Arthurian Legend 6. The British Cycle Part II: Themes of the British Legend 7. Spenser's Paean to Arthur 8. The Arthurian Vision 9. The Island Kingdom 10. Impregnable Wierd and the Human Will 11. The Tragic Poignance of Humanity 12. Poignance and the Mark of Mortality 13. The Phenomenology of Poignance Conclusion: Resentiment or Eucatastrophe -- 1 -- The Matter of Britain Introduction Oh England my Lionheart I'm in your garden fading fast in your arms The soldiers soften, the war is over. The air raid shelters are blooming clover; Flapping umbrellas fill the lanes, My London Bridge in rain again... This first stanza of Kate Bush's song, “Lionheart,” evokes a legendary image of ‘Britain' only to relate it to modern imagery, specifically the legacy of World War II. The nostalgic mood, as we learn in the last stanza, reflects a dying soldier’s last vision of the spirit of his country—the desires and symbols native to this land for which he would give his life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Danes in Lancashire
    Th e D a n es i n La nc as hi re a nd Yorks hi re N GTO N S . W . PARTI n ILLUSTRATED SHERRATT HUGHES n n : Soh o u a Lo do 3 3 Sq re, W. M a n chester : 34 Cros s Street I 909 P R E FACE . ‘ ’ ' THE s tory of th e childhood of our race who inh a bited th e counties of L a nca shire a n d Yorkshire before th e a t a n a m a a to th e Norm n Conques , is l ost bl nk p ge a a to-da a a popul r re der of y . The l st inv ders of our a a s h e a a n d shores , whom we design te t D nes Norsemen , not a n were the le st importa t of our a ncestors . The t t a a a t a n d u t H is ory of heir d ring dventures , cr f s c s oms , s a n d a a t th e t a belief ch r cter , wi h surviving r ces in our a a a n d a th e t t . l ngu ge l ws , form subjec of his book the a nd e From evidence of relics , of xisting customs a n d t a t t ac a n d a s r di ions , we r e their thought ction , their t a n d a a t a n d th e m firs steps in speech h ndicr f , develop ent e at o a of their religious conc ptions .
    [Show full text]
  • I. Sanitary Movement Abroad
    REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS. The Commissioners, appointed on the third day of July last "to prepare and report, to the next General Court, a plan for a Sanitary Survey of the State, embracing a statement of such facts and suggestions as they may think proper to illustrate the subject," have considered the matters referred to them, as far as the limited time at their command, and other cir- cumstances, since their appointment, would permit, and sub- mit their REPORT. As the object of our commission is comparatively new, and may not be clearly understood by every persorr, we will state what we understand to be its intention. By a Sanitary Survey of the State is meant, an examination or survey of the different parts of the Commonwealth, its counties, its towns, and its localities,-to ascertain the causes which favorably or unfavor- ably affect the health of its inhabitants . The word sanitary means relating to health.' When we speak of the sanitary condition of a town, we include a description of those circum- stances which relate to, or have an effect upon, the health of its inhabitants. When applied to the inhabitants of a town or district, in their social capacity, it relates to public health ; when to individuals, it relates to personal or private health . The condition of perfect public health requires such laws and regulations, as will secure to man associated in society, the same sanitary enjoyments that he would have as an isolated individual ; and as will protect him from injury from any influ- t This word is derived from the Latin sanilas, meaning" soundness of body, health ." It is sometimes written, erroneously, as we think, sauatory, sanotary, and sanitory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Early Childhood Mortality in England and Wales, 1881‒1911
    DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 37, ARTICLE 58, PAGES 1861-1890 PUBLISHED 12 DECEMBER 2017 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol37/58/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.58 Research Article The geography of early childhood mortality in England and Wales, 1881‒1911 Hannaliis Jaadla Alice Reid © 2017 Hannaliis Jaadla & Alice Reid. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany (CC BY 3.0 DE), which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode. Contents 1 Introduction 1863 2 Data and methods 1864 3 Results 1869 3.1 Modelling of child mortality at RD level 1869 3.2 Predicting child mortality at RSD level 1873 4 Discussion 1878 5 Acknowledgements 1880 References 1881 Appendix 1887 Demographic Research: Volume 37, Article 58 Research Article The geography of early childhood mortality in England and Wales, 1881‒1911 Hannaliis Jaadla1 Alice Reid2 Abstract BACKGROUND Considerable regional variation existed in 19th-century infant mortality (IMR) in England and Wales. OBJECTIVE This study estimates early childhood mortality (ECMR) for over 2,000 registration subdistricts (RSDs) of England and Wales and analyses spatial and temporal variations in IMR and ECMR between 1881 and 1911. METHODS The combination of mortality statistics from the Registrar General and individual-level census data from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) project is used to estimate spatial models of the relationship between early childhood death rates and a range of district-specific contextual variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Trevelyan's English Social History and the Relationship Between 5 Man and Nature
    Contents Introduction 2 Chapter 1: Trevelyan's English Social History and the relationship between 5 man and nature. 1.1 The importance of rural landscape for the man’s spiritual 5 life in England between XVI and XVIII centuries. 1.2 English lifetimes 10 1.3 The attachment to the land 17 1.4 The Forest 22 1.5 Wilderness versus cultivation 26 1.6 The Landscape in an anthropological vision 28 1.7 The call and claims of natural beauty 32 Chapter 2: Trevelyan's idea of alliance between literature and history 39 2.1 History and truth 42 2.2 Romantic politics 46 2.3 Rhetoric and elocution in history and literature 48 2.4 Fate and History 52 2.5 Trevelyan’ s approach to history 55 2.6 History and the reader 60 2.7 The life of Trevelyan 66 2.8 Literary, historical and poetical influence in Trevelyan's works 74 Chapter 3: Shakespeare's poetical England 78 3.1 England at the time of Shakespeare 81 3.2 Elizabethans’ culture 85 3.3 The English Renaissance 88 3.4 Elizabethan England 91 3.5 The Elizabethan theatre and Shakespeare's female characters 95 3.6 Shakespeare and the natural world 104 Conclusions 113 Bibliography 115 1 Introduction All his life, Trevelyan remained convinced that it was in the countryside that Britain's history had been made and that it was nature which had provided the inspiration for its poetry and literature. He believed that walking was the best means whereby a man could have back his own soul in sacred union with nature.
    [Show full text]