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Linguistics and Literature Studies 6(4): 169-182, 2018 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2018.060403 Kenya Sign Language (KSL) Phonology: Articulatory Properties and Phonological Processes Jefwa G. Mweri Department Of Kiswahili and Kenya Sign Language Research Project (KSLRP). Faculty of Arts, University of Nairobi, Kenya Copyright©2018 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The study of phonology is concerned with the Keywords KSL Phonology, Phonological Processes, contrastive units of language whether these contrastive KSL units are based on an audio language (like spoken languages) or a visual language (like signed languages). Spoken languages have as their smallest contrastive units’ Visually perceivable and movable parts of the body – contrastive sounds while visual languages have articulatory the hands, properties as their contrastive units. The term phonology as facial features, head, and upper body – are the a general scientific concept is used in sign language studies articulators of to refer to the study of those physical properties of signs sign language. It is through these articulators that whose contrasts lead to meaningful differences among words (sic) signs Okombo et al [2]. The major distinguishing physical are formed, constrained, and contrasted with one properties in KSL just like in other sign languages include: another and Hand shapes or hand forms (articulators), movement or that prosody is conveyed. Sandler. [1] motion (manner of articulation), location (place of articulation), and palm orientation (manner of articulation). These four articulatory properties of KSL together are 1 . Introduction referred to as manual signs where signs are physically Over the years phonology has been equated to sounds. It produced by the hands and other parts of the body. was not until the 1960’s that attempts were made by Stokoe However, often times manual signs have to combine with [4] to understand the place of phonology in a language non-manual signs to make meaning. We can also add two system that is not sound based. Thus Stokoe coined the more articulatory parameters to the ones above. That is, word cherology as synonym of phonology and cheremes, Non manual signs and the signing space. The above as the contrastive units of Sign Language. However, this parameters can be viewed as the articulatory properties of a coinage did not gain much currency in linguistics in sign. According to Okombo et al, the actual nature of the general and sign linguistics in particular. What is clear sign depends on what the hand which performs the role of though is that signs just like words have parts and these an active articulator does. It is also important to note that parts have a structure and organization. Phonology is during the production of signs, they may influence each primarily concerned with the structure and organization of other and therefore determine sign order variation. This the smallest contrastive units whether in spoken language influence and subsequent variation in sign order is as a or signed languages. These units act as the building blocks result of some phonological processes. A phonological that help to produce signs. According to Brentari [5] sign process changes the appearance of an utterance by language phonology – the concern of this paper – has a following well defined rules in phonology, but does not bearing on “the level of grammatical analysis where change the meaning of the utterance Vogler and Matexas primitive structural units “without meaning” are combined [3]. In this paper we examine the articulatory properties of to create an infinite number of meaningful utterances”. KSL or those physical properties of signs in KSL whose Thus sign language phonology revolves around those contrasts lead to meaningful differences among signs and physical properties of signs ( which on their own have no also examine how signs in KSL influence each other and meaning) but can be combined to make an infinite number how this influence and subsequent variation in sign order is of meaningful utterances in Sign language and whose as a result of some phonological processes. We shall contrasts then lead to meaningful differences among signs. examine such phonological processes in KSL. In this paper therefore the term phonology will be used 170 Kenya Sign Language (KSL) Phonology: Articulatory Properties and Phonological Processes as a general scientific principle to refer to the study of the signing space and minimal pairs. These KSL physical smallest contrastive units in KSL that can lead to a change properties will be discussed below. from one sign to another. In the articulation of a sign, if the articulatory properties (i.e. the hand shape, the movement, 1.1.1. Main Distinguishing Physical Properties in KSL the location, orientation or even the non-manual sign) is According to Sandler (2013), visually perceivable and altered, omitted or substituted with another, a different sign movable parts of the body – the hands, facial features, head, is formed. In this paper, we shall therefore examine the and upper body – are the articulators of sign language. It is phonology of KSL by interrogating the parts of a signs in through these articulators that words (sic) are formed, KSL, their occurrence and how these parts of signs constrained, and contrasted with one another, and that motivate their interaction or how the different orders they prosody is conveyed. This is in contrast to spoken language may occur in can influence how they interact with each where the tongue and other articulatory organs play a major other – this is as a result of different phonological part in articulation of speech sounds as Homer, in The Iliad processes. In this paper we shall also examine the asserts: “A persons tongue is a twisty thing, there are plenty following phonological processes in KSL: of words there of every kind, and the range of words is i. Movement epenthesis wide, and their variation.” This quotation illustrates the ii. Hold deletion place of the tongue in articulation of speech sounds. In sign iii. Metathesis language the counterpart of the tongue is the hand in iv. Assimilation conjunction with other parts of the body which are used in v. Coalescence the articulation of signs. These are the major parameters vi. Neutralization that are used in the articulation of signs. While we acknowledge “the first step in an analysis of the phonology 1.1. KSL Phonology of a language is to establish which sounds in that language Phonology studies the smallest contrastive units of are in contrast with each other.” O’Grady et.al [8], we are language their structure and organization, Valli and Lucas aware that this can be effectively done through the [6]. These contrastive units of language vary in terms of establishment of minimal pairs. However, before whether the language uses sound based or visual based discussing this very important first step in the analysis of symbols. In spoken language, which is audio based, the phonology, in this paper I will start by examining the major smallest contrastive units are contrastive sounds. Though distinguishing physical properties in the production of the term phonology has been used to mean the study of how signs in KSL just like in other sign languages. These speech sounds contrast with one another in the formation of articulatory properties are also known as sub lexical meaningful units in one particular language or in human features. language in general, as a general scientific concept it is also 1.1.2. Hand Shapes/Hand Forms/Hand Configuration used in sign language studies to refer to the study of those (Articulators) physical properties of signs whose contrasts lead to meaningful differences among signs (Okombo at al 2006, The hand is to the deaf what the tongue is to hearing p.86). There have been attempts to coin terminology that people in terms of articulation. Both are major articulators would fit into sign language linguistics in terms of in sign language and spoken language respectively. Thus the importance of hand forms in sign language. Hand forms phonology since phonology has over years been equated to or shapes are based on the shape that the (active) hand or sounds as Crystal [7] puts it: articulator takes when a manual sign is made. Thus for “An important stage in the history of sign language example a sign may have an index finger hand form or an S analysis took place in the 1960s, when the term cherology – hand form as illustrated below: was coined on analogy with phonology… to refer to the study of contrastive units (cheremes) that occur in sign language.” (p.223) This coinage by Stokoe was important, however, it did not gain much support and usage and linguists generally adopted the term phonology to refer to how signs are structured and organized. In this paper I use the term phonology as a general scientific concept that as Okombo et al (2006) puts it “…refers to the study of those physical properties of signs whose contrasts lead to meaningful differences among signs.” In sign language, there are certain physical properties that evidentially point to its phonology for example hand shapes (articulators), movement (manner of articulation), Location (place of articulation) and palm orientation (manner of articulation), Figure 1. Index Finger Hand form & S – Hand form respectively Linguistics and Literature Studies 6(4): 169-182, 2018 171 Most hand forms in KSL are made from the letters of the whole face or head one handed manual alphabet that is used by people who are upper face (forehead or brow) deaf in Kenya. However, there are a few hand forms like mid face (eyes or nose) the index finger hand form, the claw hand form etc.

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