DOCSLIB.ORG

Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas SLT 9 Edited by Olivier Le Guen, Josefi na Safar, and Marie Coppola na Safar, Edited by Olivier Le Guen, Josefi OF THE AMERICAS EMERGING SIGN LANGUAGES This volume is the fi rst to bring together researchers studying a range of EMERGING SIGN different types of emerging sign languages in the Americas, and their relati- onship to the gestures produced in the surrounding communities of hearing individuals. LANGUAGES OF THE AMERICAS THE SERIES: SIGN LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY The series is dedicated to the comparative study of sign languages around Edited by Olivier Le Guen, Josefi na Safar, the world. Individual or collective works that systematically explore typological variation across sign languages are the focus of this series, with and Marie Coppola particular emphasis on undocumented, underdescribed and endangered sign languages. The scope of the series primarily includes cross-linguistic studies of grammatical domains across a larger or smaller sample of sign languages, but also encompasses the study of individual sign languages from a typological perspective and comparison between signed and spoken languages in terms of language modality, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to sign language typology. SIGN LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-1-5015-1350-3 ISSN 2192-5186 Ishara Press Sign Language Typology Editors Marie Coppola, Onno Crasborn, Ulrike Zeshan Editorial board Sam Lutalo-Kiingi, Ronice Müller de Quadros, Nick Palfreyman, Roland Pfau, Adam Schembri, Gladys Tang, Erin Wilkinson, Jun Hui Yang Volume 9 Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas Edited by Olivier Le Guen, Josefina Safar and Marie Coppola ISBN 978-1-5015-1350-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0488-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0484-6 ISSN 2192-5186 e-ISSN 2192-5194 Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946596 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin and Ishara Press, Lancaster, UK Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Contents Acknowledgements VII Olivier Le Guen, Marie Coppola and Josefina Safar Introduction: How Emerging Sign Languages in the Americas contributes to the study of linguistics and (emerging) sign languages 1 Part I: Emerging sign languages of the Americas. Descriptions and analysis John Haviland Signs, interaction, coordination, and gaze: Interactive foundations of “Z”—an emerging (sign) language from Chiapas, Mexico 35 Laura Horton Representational strategies in shared homesign systems from Nebaj, Guatemala 97 Josefina Safar and Rodrigo Petatillo Chan Strategies of noun-verb distinction in Yucatec Maya Sign Languages 155 Emmanuella Martinod, Brigitte Garcia and Ivani Fusellier A typological perspective on the meaningful handshapes in the emerging sign languages on Marajó Island (Brazil) 203 Ben Braithwaite Emerging sign languages in the Caribbean 251 Olivier Le Guen, Rebeca Petatillo and Rita (Rossy) Kinil Canché Yucatec Maya multimodal interaction as the basis for Yucatec Maya Sign Language 287 Marie Coppola Gestures, homesign, sign language: Cultural and social factors driving lexical conventionalization 349 VI Contents Part II: Sociolinguistic sketches John B. Haviland Zinacantec family homesign (or “Z”) 393 Laura Horton A sociolinguistic sketch of deaf individuals and families from Nebaj, Guatemala 401 Josefina Safar and Olivier Le Guen Yucatec Maya Sign Language(s): A sociolinguistic overview 413 Emmanuella Martinod, Brigitte Garcia and Ivani Fusellier Sign Languages on Marajó Island (Brazil) 425 Ben Braithwaite Sociolinguistic sketch of Providence Island Sign Language 431 Kristian Ali and Ben Braithwaite Bay Islands Sign Language: A sociolinguistic sketch 435 Marie Coppola Sociolinguistic sketch: Nicaraguan Sign Language and homesign systems in Nicaragua 439 Language Index 451 Subject Index 453 Le Guen, O., M. Coppola and J. Safar (in press). How Emerging Sign Languages in the Americas contributes to the study of linguistics and (emerging) sign languages. In Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas, O. LeGuen, M. Coppola, & J. Safar (Eds.). Berlin: DeGruyter. Olivier Le Guen, Marie Coppola and Josefina Safar Introduction: How Emerging Sign Languages in the Americas contributes to the study of linguistics and (emerging) sign languages In recent years, awareness of and research attention to “emerging sign languages” around the world has increased dramatically (Meir et al. 2010). This volume brings together the first set of works treating these new languages, linguistic communities, and sign systems in the Americas, including North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. One aim of this book is to provide an areal comparison between different sign languages that emerged and evolved in the same region. Few studies have looked at areal comparisons of historically unrelated sign languages (Nyst 2013; Tano and Nyst 2018) and, before this volume, none in the Americas. While emerging sign languages have been considered comparatively on a worldwide scale (de Vos and Pfau 2015), the Americas provide an interesting field for comparison. We offer a few notes regarding the scope of this volume. First, we do not include institutionalized sign languages (such as Mexican Sign Language) in the category of ‘emerging sign languages’. Second, while there are numerous settings all over the Americas where sign languages are created and used, very few have been described. Thus, the sample presented in this volume is far from exhaustive. This volume is, in part, the result of a Colloquium on Emerging Sign Languages of the Americas, held in Mexico City on the 10th and 11th of September 2015. The main goal of the symposium was to bring together specialists (from Mexico, Sweden, the USA and France) who are investigating emerging sign languages of the Americas. We invited them to compare both the sociolinguistic situation of these emerging languages and their grammatical features. Another purpose of this meeting was to expose new audiences to this exciting field, including the local community of linguists and the Deaf signing community in Mexico. A large majority of the participants were indeed Deaf users of Mexican Sign Language, known locally as Lengua de Señas Mexicana (LSM). Many came from Mexico City, and some traveled all the way from Oaxaca (some 500 km away), to learn about signing systems that sometimes differ dramatically from their Deaf community sign language. All presentations were given in spoken Spanish, LSM, or American Sign Language (ASL), and interpreting was offered between these languages so that the presentations and discussions were accessible to all participants. The colloquium also featured two deaf presenters: Ernesto Escobedo from Mexico and Lynn Hou from the USA. A hearing bilingual-bimodal member of one of the https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501504884-001 2 Olivier Le Guen, Marie Coppola and Josefina Safar communities described in the conference, Rossy (Rita) Kinil Canché (at the time 16 years old), a user of the Yucatec Maya Sign Language from Nohkop, presented a paper on person reference in YMSL. Most of the contributors to this volume participated in the conference and we thank them for their trust and for publishing in this volume, as well as those who sent their contributions afterward. In this introduction, we discuss first the notion of emerging sign language, and provide a short proposal for classifying sign languages considering various dimensions, linguistic and sociological. We also discuss some issues regarding variation and comparison. Finally, we provide an overview of the various contributions of this volume. A typology of sign languages and the issues of variation and comparison Sign languages around the world are not all similar; and for the purpose of this volume, we will propose a typology based on sociolinguistic criteria. To orient readers who may be new to the sign language literature, we begin by framing the context of emerging languages in light of more established sign languages, and by a number of dimensions that are part of a traditional sociolinguistic perspective, such as a signer’s age, degree of institutionalization of the language, and geographic factors). Other factors that shape how languages emerge, and that are less rarely considered in traditional sociolinguistics of spoken languages or typology, are signers’ degree of access to a linguistic community, the length of the language’s history, the typical age of new signers entering the community, the ratio of deaf to hearing signers, and other factors influencing the rate of change in the language (Senghas, 2005; Nyst, 2012). Along these dimensions, most emerging languages have shorter histories, that is, they have existed for shorter periods of time than “established” or “institutionalized” sign languages. These younger languages are also generally closer to their roots in the surrounding co-speech gestures, and are generally changing more rapidly than older, more established sign languages. Rate of change is difficult to measure and may not be uniform across all of the language’s structures (e.g., lexicon, morphology, syntax, pragmatics). The main types of sign languages that have been discussed in the literature include: alternate sign languages, homesign systems, village sign languages, Deaf community and institutional sign languages. This typology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deaf Culture, History and Sign Language in France May-June, 2021 (Specific Dates TBA)
    Deaf Culture, History and Sign Language in France May-June, 2021 (specific dates TBA) ASL 113 - French Sign Language and Deaf Culture in France (4 Cr.) The ASL program at the University of Rochester, located in Rochester New York, is offering a unique study abroad experience in France in Summer 2021. It is open to Deaf and hearing college-level ASL students and professionals. This three-week program gives ASL users an opportunity to learn French Sign Language and French Deaf Culture in both formal and informal settings to further their understanding of the international Deaf World. It is available to anyone who meets the prerequisites (see below); it is not limited to University of Rochester students. A native Deaf French faculty member from UR is affiliated with several faculty members in the Deaf community and they jointly plan the program, schedule, and curriculum offered to ASL students and professionals. This 4-credit program will focus on basic and advanced learning of conversational LSF (French Sign Language) and on field trips fostering a broad understanding of French Deaf Culture and general French Culture in Paris (weeks 1 & 2) and in regions beyond the capital (week 3). Students will attend classes on LSF and French Deaf History and Culture in the first week. They will also attend guided tours of culturally significant sights such as renowned museums, Deaf theater, Lyon and other villages and Deaf schools. All classes and tours will be conducted in LSF and International Sign. Study will begin before going to France, as students will receive the course syllabus and materials for review and familiarization.
    [Show full text]
  • Sign Language Typology Series
    SIGN LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY SERIES The Sign Language Typology Series is dedicated to the comparative study of sign languages around the world. Individual or collective works that systematically explore typological variation across sign languages are the focus of this series, with particular emphasis on undocumented, underdescribed and endangered sign languages. The scope of the series primarily includes cross-linguistic studies of grammatical domains across a larger or smaller sample of sign languages, but also encompasses the study of individual sign languages from a typological perspective and comparison between signed and spoken languages in terms of language modality, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to sign language typology. Interrogative and Negative Constructions in Sign Languages Edited by Ulrike Zeshan Sign Language Typology Series No. 1 / Interrogative and negative constructions in sign languages / Ulrike Zeshan (ed.) / Nijmegen: Ishara Press 2006. ISBN-10: 90-8656-001-6 ISBN-13: 978-90-8656-001-1 © Ishara Press Stichting DEF Wundtlaan 1 6525XD Nijmegen The Netherlands Fax: +31-24-3521213 email: [email protected] http://ishara.def-intl.org Cover design: Sibaji Panda Printed in the Netherlands First published 2006 Catalogue copy of this book available at Depot van Nederlandse Publicaties, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag (www.kb.nl/depot) To the deaf pioneers in developing countries who have inspired all my work Contents Preface........................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • An Animated Avatar to Interpret Signwriting Transcription
    An Animated Avatar to Interpret SignWriting Transcription Yosra Bouzid Mohamed Jemni Research Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Research Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Communication & Electrical Engineering (LaTICE) Communication & Electrical Engineering (LaTICE) ESSTT, University of Tunis ESSTT, University of Tunis [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—People with hearing disability often face multiple To address this issue, different methods and technologies barriers when attempting to interact with hearing society. geared towards deaf communication have been suggested over The lower proficiency in reading, writing and understanding the the last decades. For instance, the use of sign language spoken language may be one of the most important reasons. interpreters is one of the most common ways to ensure a Certainly, if there were a commonly accepted notation system for successful communication between deaf and hearing persons in sign languages, signed information could be provided in written direct interaction. But according to a WFD survey in 2009, 13 form, but such a system does not exist yet. SignWriting seems at countries out of 93 do not have any sign language interpreters, present the best solution to the problem of SL representation as it and in many of those countries where there are interpreters, was intended as a practical writing system for everyday there are serious problems in finding qualified candidates. communication, but requires mastery of a set of conventions The digital technologies, particularly video and avatar-based different from those of the other transcriptions systems to become a proficient reader or writer. To provide additional systems, contribute, in turn, in bridging the communication support for deaf signers to learn and use such notation, we gap.
    [Show full text]
  • Sign Language Endangerment and Linguistic Diversity Ben Braithwaite
    RESEARCH REPORT Sign language endangerment and linguistic diversity Ben Braithwaite University of the West Indies at St. Augustine It has become increasingly clear that current threats to global linguistic diversity are not re - stricted to the loss of spoken languages. Signed languages are vulnerable to familiar patterns of language shift and the global spread of a few influential languages. But the ecologies of signed languages are also affected by genetics, social attitudes toward deafness, educational and public health policies, and a widespread modality chauvinism that views spoken languages as inherently superior or more desirable. This research report reviews what is known about sign language vi - tality and endangerment globally, and considers the responses from communities, governments, and linguists. It is striking how little attention has been paid to sign language vitality, endangerment, and re - vitalization, even as research on signed languages has occupied an increasingly prominent posi - tion in linguistic theory. It is time for linguists from a broader range of backgrounds to consider the causes, consequences, and appropriate responses to current threats to sign language diversity. In doing so, we must articulate more clearly the value of this diversity to the field of linguistics and the responsibilities the field has toward preserving it.* Keywords : language endangerment, language vitality, language documentation, signed languages 1. Introduction. Concerns about sign language endangerment are not new. Almost immediately after the invention of film, the US National Association of the Deaf began producing films to capture American Sign Language (ASL), motivated by a fear within the deaf community that their language was endangered (Schuchman 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Anastasia Bauer the Use of Signing Space in a Shared Signing Language of Australia Sign Language Typology 5
    Anastasia Bauer The Use of Signing Space in a Shared Signing Language of Australia Sign Language Typology 5 Editors Marie Coppola Onno Crasborn Ulrike Zeshan Editorial board Sam Lutalo-Kiingi Irit Meir Ronice Müller de Quadros Roland Pfau Adam Schembri Gladys Tang Erin Wilkinson Jun Hui Yang De Gruyter Mouton · Ishara Press The Use of Signing Space in a Shared Sign Language of Australia by Anastasia Bauer De Gruyter Mouton · Ishara Press ISBN 978-1-61451-733-7 e-ISBN 978-1-61451-547-0 ISSN 2192-5186 e-ISSN 2192-5194 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. ” 2014 Walter de Gruyter, Inc., Boston/Berlin and Ishara Press, Lancaster, United Kingdom Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements This book is the revised and edited version of my doctoral dissertation that I defended at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Cologne, Germany in January 2013. It is the result of many experiences I have encoun- tered from dozens of remarkable individuals who I wish to acknowledge. First of all, this study would have been simply impossible without its partici- pants. The data that form the basis of this book I owe entirely to my Yolngu family who taught me with patience and care about this wonderful Yolngu language.
    [Show full text]
  • The Guardian (UK)
    9/16/2016 The race to save a dying language | Ross Perlin | News | The Guardian T he race to save a dying language The discovery of Hawaii Sign Language in 2013 amazed linguists. But as the number of users dwindles, can it survive the twin threats of globalisation and a rift in the community? by Wednesday 10 August 2016 01.00 EDT 4726 Shares 52 Comments n 2013, at a conference on endangered languages, a retired teacher named Linda Lambrecht announced the extraordinary discovery of a previously unknown language. Lambrecht – who is Chinese-Hawaiian, 71 years old, warm but no- nonsense – called it Hawaii Sign Language, or HSL. In front of a room full of linguists, she demonstrated that its core vocabulary – words such as “mother”, “pig” and I “small” – was distinct from that of other sign languages. The linguists were immediately convinced. William O’Grady, the chair of the linguistics department at the University of Hawaii, called it “the first time in 80 years that a new language has been discovered in the United States — and maybe the last time.” But the new language found 80 years ago was in remote Alaska, whereas HSL was hiding in plain sight in Honolulu, a metropolitan area of nearly a million people. It was the kind of discovery that made the world seem larger. The last-minute arrival of recognition and support for HSL was a powerful, almost surreal vindication for Lambrecht, whose first language is HSL. For decades, it was stigmatised or ignored; now the language has acquired an agreed-upon name, an official “language code” from the International Organization for Standardization, the attention of linguists around the world, and a three-year grant from the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Bimodal Bilingual Language Skills of Young Deaf Children
    ANZCED/APCD Conference CHRISTCHURCH, NZ 7-10 July 2016 Assessing the bimodal bilingual language skills of young deaf children Elizabeth Levesque PhD What we’ll talk about today Bilingual First Language Acquisition Bimodal bilingualism Bimodal bilingual assessment Measuring parental input Assessment tools Bilingual First Language Acquisition Bilingual literature generally refers to children’s acquisition of two languages as simultaneous or sequential bilingualism (McLaughlin, 1978) Simultaneous: occurring when a child is exposed to both languages within the first three years of life (not be confused with simultaneous communication: speaking and signing at the same time) Sequential: occurs when the second language is acquired after the child’s first three years of life Routes to bilingualism for young children One parent-one language Mixed language use by each person One language used at home, the other at school Designated times, e.g. signing at bath and bed time Language mixing, blending (Lanza, 1992; Vihman & McLaughlin, 1982) Bimodal bilingualism Refers to the use of two language modalities: Vocal: speech Visual-gestural: sign, gesture, non-manual features (Emmorey, Borinstein, & Thompson, 2005) Equal proficiency in both languages across a range of contexts is uncommon Balanced bilingualism: attainment of reasonable competence in both languages to support effective communication with a range of interlocutors (Genesee & Nicoladis, 2006; Grosjean, 2008; Hakuta, 1990) Dispelling the myths….. Infants’ first signs are acquired earlier than first words No significant difference in the emergence of first signs and words - developmental milestones are met within similar timeframes (Johnston & Schembri, 2007) Slight sign language advantage at the one-word stage, perhaps due to features being more visible and contrastive than speech (Meier & Newport,1990) Another myth….
    [Show full text]
  • Alignment Mouth Demonstrations in Sign Languages Donna Jo Napoli
    Mouth corners in sign languages Alignment mouth demonstrations in sign languages Donna Jo Napoli, Swarthmore College, [email protected] Corresponding Author Ronice Quadros, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, [email protected] Christian Rathmann, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, [email protected] 1 Mouth corners in sign languages Alignment mouth demonstrations in sign languages Abstract: Non-manual articulations in sign languages range from being semantically impoverished to semantically rich, and from being independent of manual articulations to coordinated with them. But, while this range has been well noted, certain non-manuals remain understudied. Of particular interest to us are non-manual articulations coordinated with manual articulations, which, when considered in conjunction with those manual articulations, are semantically rich. In which ways can such different articulators coordinate and what is the linguistic effect or purpose of such coordination? Of the non-manual articulators, the mouth is articulatorily the most versatile. We therefore examined mouth articulations in a single narrative told in the sign languages of America, Brazil, and Germany. We observed optional articulations of the corners of the lips that align with manual articulations spatially and temporally in classifier constructions. The lips, thus, enhance the message by giving redundant information, which should be particularly useful in narratives for children. Examination of a single children’s narrative told in these same three sign languages plus six other sign languages yielded examples of one type of these optional alignment articulations, confirming our expectations. Our findings are coherent with linguistic findings regarding phonological enhancement and overspecification. Keywords: sign languages, non-manual articulation, mouth articulation, hand-mouth coordination 2 Mouth corners in sign languages Alignment mouth demonstration articulations in sign languages 1.
    [Show full text]
  • What Sign Language Creation Teaches Us About Language Diane Brentari1∗ and Marie Coppola2,3
    Focus Article What sign language creation teaches us about language Diane Brentari1∗ and Marie Coppola2,3 How do languages emerge? What are the necessary ingredients and circumstances that permit new languages to form? Various researchers within the disciplines of primatology, anthropology, psychology, and linguistics have offered different answers to this question depending on their perspective. Language acquisition, language evolution, primate communication, and the study of spoken varieties of pidgin and creoles address these issues, but in this article we describe a relatively new and important area that contributes to our understanding of language creation and emergence. Three types of communication systems that use the hands and body to communicate will be the focus of this article: gesture, homesign systems, and sign languages. The focus of this article is to explain why mapping the path from gesture to homesign to sign language has become an important research topic for understanding language emergence, not only for the field of sign languages, but also for language in general. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. How to cite this article: WIREs Cogn Sci 2012. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1212 INTRODUCTION linguistic community, a language model, and a 21st century mind/brain that well-equip the child for this esearchers in a variety of disciplines offer task. When the very first languages were created different, mostly partial, answers to the question, R the social and physiological conditions were very ‘What are the stages of language creation?’ Language different. Spoken language pidgin varieties can also creation can refer to any number of phylogenic and shed some light on the question of language creation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nthropology N Ew Sletter
    Special theme: Languages and Linguistics at an Ethnological Museum National Museum of Language is a window into the human mind and reflects human activities, Ethnology while linguistics is an academic field where languages are analyzed from a scientific view-point. As an ethnological museum, Minpaku has a strong focus Osaka on fieldwork, which is necessary for linguists and ethnologists to study languages and learn about human beings and their diversity. Essays in this Number 39 issue present glimpses of the thoughts of linguists at Minpaku who combine linguistic fieldwork and later analysis at their desks. What is unique to December 2014 researchers at Minpaku, however, is that we are also involved with exhibitions for the public and have everyday communication with Anthropology Newsletter anthropologists in other fields. Languages do not exist without humans and humans do not exist without language. We believe that linguistic research is a good starting point on the path to a better understanding of who we are. MINPAKU Yak and Pig, Glacier and Sea Noboru Yoshioka National Museum of Ethnology Why do many Japanese-language dictionaries contain the word yaku [jakɯ] ‘yak’? When I was in the field, this question all of a sudden struck me. To make sure that my facts were correct, I checked the desktop dictionaries that I was carrying — a pocket-size dictionary published in 1979, a student dictionary published in 1996, and one Contents published in 2008 — and confirmed that all of these actually contained Languages and Linguistics the word as I had thought. Living in at an Ethnological Museum Japan, it is hard to see real yaks.
    [Show full text]
  • Code-Blending with Depicting Signs
    Code-blending with Depicting Signs Code-blending with Depicting Signs Ronice Quadros1, Kathryn Davidson2, Diane Lillo-Martin3, and Karen Emmorey4 1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/2Harvard University/3University of Connecticut/4San Diego State University Abstract Bimodal bilinguals sometimes use code-blending, simultaneous production of (parts of) an utterance in both speech and sign. We ask what spoken language material is blended with entity and handling depicting signs (DS), representations of action that combine discrete components with iconic depictions of aspects of a referenced event in a gradient, analog manner. We test a semantic approach that DS may involve a demonstration, involving a predicate which selects for an iconic demonstrational argument, and adopt a syntactic analysis which crucially distinguishes between entity and handling DS. Given this analysis and our model of bilingualism, we expect DS to be blended with restricted structures: either iconic vocal gestures/demonstrations or with spoken language predicates. Further we predict that handling, but not entity, DS may occur in blends with subjects. Data from three hearing native bimodal bilinguals from the United States and one from Brazil support these predictions. Keywords: bimodal bilingualism; code-blending; depicting signs; demonstration; semantics 1 Code-blending with Depicting Signs Code-blending with Depicting Signs 1. Introduction In this squib, we analyze production data from hearing bimodal bilinguals – adults whose native languages include a sign language and a spoken language. Bimodal bilinguals engage in a bilingual phenomenon akin to code-switching, but unique to the bimodal situation: code-blending (Emmorey, Giezen, & Gollan, 2016). In code-blending, aspects of a spoken and signed utterance are produced simultaneously; this is possible since the articulators of speech and sign are largely separate.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Bimodal Bilingual Development of ASL Narrative Referent Cohesion: Using a Heritage Language Framework
    Early bimodal bilingual development of ASL narrative referent cohesion: Using a heritage language framework Wanette Reynolds A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of Gallaudet University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July, 2016 Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Deborah Chen Pichler for your on-going support, advising, teaching, mentorship, astute observations, guidance, patience, cheerleading, and friendship. This dissertation would have not been possible without you, Deb! Second, I sincerely thank my dissertation committee Dr. Gaurav Mathur, Dr. Lourdes Ortega, and Dr. Mary Thumann for all your time, and guidance. Also, thank you to my doctoral program cohort for being a part of this journey, Viola Kozak, Carla Morris, and Jeffrey Palmer. I also send my deepest gratitude to Dr. Diane Lillo-Martin, Dr. Deborah Chen Pichler, and Dr. Ronice Quadros for establishing the Development of Bimodal Bilingualism project and lab and your guidance, and to all the research assistants for making this much needed research happen. A big two-handed THANK- YOU to the bimodal bilingual and Deaf children and their families who participated in the Development of Bimodal Bilingualism project in their longitudinal and experimental studies. I am also grateful for financial support from the Gallaudet Research Institute; CNPQ (Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development) Grant #200031/2009-0 and #470111/2007-0; and award number R01DC009263 from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders). The content is solely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIDCD or the NIH.
    [Show full text]