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Death Penalty & Genocide SWRK4007
Death Penalty & Genocide SWRK4007 Dr. Anupam Kumar Verma Assistant Professor Dept. of Social Work MGCUB, Bihar DEATH PENALTY Capital punishment Death Penalty, also known as the Capital Punishment, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. Death penalty or Capital Punishment is a legal process wherein a person is put to death by a state in accordance to a crime committed. Crimes that are punishable by Death are known as capital crimes or capital offences, and commonly include offences such as Murder, Treason, War crimes, Crimes against humanity and Genocide. Capital punishment has been used over the years by almost every society in order to punish the guilty for some particular crimes such as punishment for premeditated murder, espionage (Secret) , treason etc. In some countries sexual crimes such as Rape, or related activities carry the death penalty, so does Religious Crimes such as Apostasy (the formal renunciation of the State religion). Worldwide only 58 nations (Iran, United States, Egypt, Nigeria including India) are actively practicing capital punishment, whereas 95 countries(France, South Korea, Alska, Ghana, Ireland) have abolished the use of capital punishment Types of Death Penalty: In Ancient History– Crushing by Elephant, Blood Eagle, Boiling to Death, Stoning, Garrote. - Crucifixion -Lethal injection (2001) - Hanging to till Death - Electric chair(1926) -Gas -Firing squad Cases & Statement: In the Judgment of ‘Bachan Singh v/s State of Punjab (1980)2SCJ475’, 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that death penalty should only be used in the ‘Rarest of Rare’ cases, but does not give a definition as to what ‘Rarest of Rare’ means. -
Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering -
3. the Movement South and South-T7est to 9542 the British Isles
Tbe Mopemcnt Soatb and Soath-Wett t0 954 zos which, helped by a civil war instigated by the priest-king of Mun- srer, he spread his elbows to good effect throughout Ulster. By the capture of Armagh, at once a chief town of the north, the most important ecclesiastical centre oflreland, and one ofthe holy places ofwestern Christendom, he acquired wealth, power, reputation, and his place in Irish tradition. To him and his kind is attributed the esta^blishment of harbour-strongholds at Anagassan, Dublin, Wex- ford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick, with important consequences 3. The Movement South and South-T7est for the subsequent history of both Norse and Irish Ireland. He is to 9542 the British Isles, the Frankish Empire, the Mediterranean .r Io ror,r-ow rN DETATL THE vrKrNG oNSLAUGHT oN Europe whether nation b1' nationr decade, ninth-century r -decade.by or under thl fou.^ generally accepted heads of individual raids for plunder, expeditlons ol political significance and intention, colonial venture; seeking new land for settlement, and enterprises whose main concern was mercantile and commercial, would be a bis task-and in terms of this book a distorting one' It must be en"ough to trace it in general though one hopes indicative outline' We biein with Ireland in the 83os. thJ Irish coast had suffered sporadically from Norwegian plunderers ever since the first raid on Lambeyin Tg5rand sometimes ihe raiders had penetrated far inland. These were painful depreda- tionsrl but bearable, and left the character of country.and-people unchaneed. But nothing could ever be the same again after the arrival6f the famous Tuigeis from Norway shortly before 84o' Our knowledge of him, unfortinately, is at once inflated and diminished bv the leEendary material associated wjth him several hundred years aiter his"death, when he had become a favourite receptacle for Christian.indignation and alarm. -
Norsemen and Vikings: the Culture That Inspired Decades of Fear
The 2014 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings New Orleans, USA NORSEMEN AND VIKINGS: THE CULTURE THAT INSPIRED DECADES OF FEAR Alexandra McKenna Introduction to Historiography and Method Dr. John Broom When one thinks of Vikings the mind’s eye often envisions muscular men covered in furs with large horned helmets. Thoughts of these monstrous men link themselves with words such as bloodlust, raids, and conqueror. Which leaves one to ponder why these men have come to be forever linked with such carnage, surely they must have had some redeeming qualities? Viking studies have increased in popularity during modern times. This has led many historians to pick up the sagas left behind by the Norse people, so that they may better understand the driving forces behind the decades of fear these Viking raiders inspired. What these historians have uncovered sheds new light on the Vikings, showcasing not only men of destruction, but also of enlightenment. It is widely believed that at the opening of the Viking age, Scandinavia housed a mere two million people.1 This time also saw an age of rapid population growth, which many historians and geologist alike, attribute to climate change. The warmer climate brought on during the early eighth century allowed for milder winters in the Norsemen’s cold climate.2 The warmer climate inspired the typical response of lower infant mortality rates, and a more protein rich diet that allowed for overall better health.3 It is thus feasible to believe that the overall population boom supplied the necessary push factor that inspired the Vikings to take to the sea in search of new lands. -
The Picture Stones of Gotland: Type C and D Stones As Death Memorials
THE PICTURE STONES OF GOTLAND: TYPE C AND D STONES AS DEATH MEMORIALS _______________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Comparative Cultural Studies University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _______________ By Kelsie H. Spears May, 2016 THE PICTURE STONES OF GOTLAND: TYPE C AND D STONES AS DEATH MEMORIALS _______________ An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Comparative Cultural Studies University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _______________ By Kelsie H. Spears May, 2016 ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the picture stones of Gotland, Sweden dating to the Viking Age. The Viking Age picture stones are made up of two groups, C and D, as delineated by Sune Lindqvist, dating to 700-1000 AD. Utilizing a basic hypothesis by Björn Varenius, which was applied to Early Iron Age picture stones, a research plan was created and applied to the stones of the Viking Age. An iconographic analysis was performed on six well-known stones found in the Gotland Museum and Swedish National Antiquity Museum. This iconographic analysis used the frequency of individual images and a correlation of images appearing together to interpret the basic thematic meaning of the iconography. A landscape discussion and context analysis was done on three sites, Buttle Änge, Fröjel Stenstugu, and Visne ängar, which had in situ picture stones. The landscape discussion sought to find significant features which could be connected to the stones and interpreted. -
I Am Eagle” – Depictions of Raptors and Their Meaning in the Art of Late Iron Age and Viking Age Scandinavia (C
“I am Eagle” – Depictions of raptors and their meaning in the art of Late Iron Age and Viking Age Scandinavia (c. AD 400–1100) By Sigmund Oehrl Keywords: Raptor and fish, picture stones, Old Norse Poetry, Vendel Period, Viking Period Abstract: This paper is restricted to some of the most frequent and most relevant raptor motifs in the iconography of Late Iron Age and Viking Scandinavia, focussing on some of the most prominent materials. Raptors are an important motif in Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon and Continental Germanic art, carrying very different meanings. In the Migration Period, the raptor-fish motif seems to be con- nected with ideas of regeneration – probably influenced by ancient and Christian traditions. It occurs on precious artefacts like the Golden Horns from Gallehus and a gold bracteate (pendant) from the British Museum. In the iconography of the gold bracteates, birds of prey are a common motif and are closely linked to the chief god, Odin. During the Vendel/Merovingian and Viking Periods, on decorated helmets and picture stones in particular, the eagle was associated with fighting, war and death, as in Old Norse skaldic poetry. In Late Viking art, especially on rune stones, the topic of falconry was gaining in importance. Hunting with raptors seems also to be reflected in the use of raptor motifs in Viking heraldry (Rurikid dynasty), which refer to falconry as a particularly noble form of hunting and an explicitly aristocratic pastime. IntroductIon Birds of prey have been omnipresent in the art of Late Iron Age and Viking Scandinavia since the Migration Period, when Germanic styles and iconography – mainly inspired by Late Roman art – became increasingly independent and started to establish themselves in large parts of central and northern Europe. -
The Credibility of Viking Saga's
The credibility of Viking Saga’s - Identifying unused potential on the example of Ragnar Lodbrok’s Sagas by David Weiss 1 Table of Contents I. Introduction II. The Sagas as historical sources III. Ragnar’s Sagas IV. The credibility of Viking Sagas – Scientific approximations V. Identifying unused potential VI. Conclusion 2 I. Introduction The TV show Vikings restored the popularity of a men, who may have never existedi: Ragnar Lodbrok. Since the middle ages the Danish king was incredibly famous. He and his sons defined the modern perception of Vikings.ii Ragnar was said to be “extremely heroic, utterly murderously and capable of extraordinary deeds.”iii Allegedly he was one of the first men to attack the British Isles.iv The show even portrayed him as the leader of the raid of Lindisfarne in 793. Actually, there is no known reference that Ragnar was involved.v It seems highly unlikely: If Ragnar existed, he led the attack on Paris in 845.vi After the successful raid Ragnar allegedly continued to be active.vii His career would have lasted for more than seventy years. Although this is not completely impossible, it seems improbable. We only know about Ragnar through his Sagas.viii There is no other source mentioning him directly by name. One question inevitably arises: How trustworthy are these Sagas? Waggoner, one of the most recent translators of Ragnar’s Sagas, pointed out multiple parts that are clearly fictional.ix He was not the only scholar to do that. To quote Anders Winroth: “Nothing about him [Ragnar] is ordinary, not even his death, a special kind of execution. -
Handbook for the Deceased: Re-Evaluating Literature and Folklore
HANDBOOK FOR THE DECEASED: RE-EVALUATING LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE IN ICELANDIC ARCHAEOLOGY by BRENDA PREHAL A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2021 © 2020 BRENDA PREHAL All rights reserved. ii Handbook for the Deceased: Re-evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology by Brenda Prehal This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Thomas McGovern Chair of Examining Committee Date Jeff Maskovsky Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Timothy Pugh Astrid Ogilvie Adolf Frðriksson THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Handbook for the Deceased: Re-Evaluating Literature and Folklore in Icelandic Archaeology by Brenda Prehal Advisor: Thomas McGovern The rich medieval Icelandic literary record, comprised of mythology, sagas, poetry, law codes and post-medieval folklore, has provided invaluable source material for previous generations of scholars attempting to reconstruct a pagan Scandinavian Viking Age worldview. In modern Icelandic archaeology, however, the Icelandic literary record, apart from official documents such as censuses, has not been considered a viable source for interpretation since the early 20th century. Although the Icelandic corpus is problematic in several ways, it is a source that should be used in Icelandic archaeological interpretation, if used properly with source criticism. This dissertation aims to advance Icelandic archaeological theory by reintegrating the medieval and post-medieval Icelandic literary corpus back into archaeological interpretation. The literature can help archaeologists working in Iceland to find pagan religious themes that span time and place. -
Shazbot! a Guide to the Four Great Tribes of Man
Shazbot! A Guide to the Four Great Tribes of Man EXPANDED TIMELINE ca. 2832 Starsiege ends. 2845 Beginning of The Chase. Caanon Weathers is the new Emperor. Humans pursue defeated Cybrids to other star systems using FTL technology derived from Tharsis cache discoveries. 3289 Discovery of first "meta-jumpgate," allowing for travel over galactic distances. 3291 Cyberstorm corporations battle for control of the meta-jumpgate. 3350 THE DIASPORA Explorers discover the meta-jumpgate is part of a colossal network of jumproutes. Consequently, humanity begins a rapid expansion into the galaxy. The first generation of people traveling through the jumpgate, later to become known as "the First Who Jumped," forsake the security of the Empire to journey into the unknown. These pioneers develop a nomadic culture and find new pride in their ability to survive away from the mainstream of Imperial civilization. The ever-shifting galactic frontier comes to be known as the wilderzone. The Diaspora continues to this day. 3400 Wilderzone settlers begin to refer to themselves as a "tribe," calling themselves the Children of Phoenix. They claim to follow the teachings of the renowned warrior Harabec Weathers, hero of the Cybrid Wars. These teachings eventually find their way into written form as the Tenets of Harabec. 3450 THE SPLINTERING A force of Imperial Knights called the Order of the Blood Eagle invades the wilderzone to "subdue" the frontier for the Empire. The conflict fractures the Children, and countless groups break away to form their own tribes. 3455 Starwolf tribe forms, supposedly founded by renegade Children of Phoenix and deserters from the Blood Eagle, although the tribe's true origin remains a mystery. -
I Am the Black Wizards: Multiplicity, Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture
I AM THE BLACK WIZARDS: MULTIPLICITY, MYSTICISM AND IDENTITY IN BLACK METAL MUSIC AND CULTURE Benjamin Hedge Olson A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2008 Committee: Esther Clinton, Advisor Jeremy Wallach Marilyn Motz ii ABSTRACT Esther Clinton, Advisor Black metal represents one of the most dramatic, violent and obscure representations of contemporary international popular culture; it is an extremist sect of an extremist sect. An understanding of popular culture’s most extreme polarities is imperative to an understanding of its range and general character. I will argue that black metal culture is radically different from all other forms of metal and must be understood as a unique form of cultural expression that signifies a dramatic break from both traditional metal and secular modernism. Although black metal has proliferated across the world, taking up certain indigenous variations in its various locations, it has retained three basic characteristics that make it exceptional and significant: 1.) Black Metal is characterized by a conflict between radical individualism and group identity and by an attempt to accept both polarities simultaneously. 2.) Black metal is centered on an extravagantly romantic view of nature and an idealized past, both of these concepts being very much intertwined. 3.) Black metal celebrates the irrational and primal; it is a critique of modern rationalism and secularism. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION. Enter the Moonlit Gate ................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. Cosmic Keys to My Creations and Times: the Birth, Definition and Contextualization of Black Metal Culture 7 ...........................................................................6 CHAPTER II. -
Wednesday, May 12, 2021
NO. 71 JOURNAL OF THE SENATE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA REGULAR SESSION BEGINNING TUESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2021 _________ WEDNESDAY, MAY 12, 2021 Wednesday, May 12, 2021 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: II Samuel 6:14a We remember that David, acting in his role as a priest, “… danced before the Lord with all his might. .” Let us pray: O God, we are quite aware that only a few days are remaining in this Regular Session for the Senate of South Carolina. With that reminder, how strong most likely is the temptation for each Senator and even for every staff aide to follow David’s example and to break into wild, frenetic dancing here on the floor of this Chamber. We would all understand if they were to do so. For after weeks of long hours spent tirelessly working on behalf of those they represent, the desire for a bit of celebration is understandable. But we’re not quite there yet, O Lord; we know that. A good bit of work remains to be done. So we ask that You keep these servants focused for a few more days, guiding them and blessing them as they try to wrap things up in meaningful fashion. And then, dear God, let the dancing begin! So we pray in Your loving name, Lord. -
The Thorwald Cross by Michael P. Combs According to Norse
The Thorwald Cross By Michael P. Combs According to Norse mythology, Odin was very wise god who possessed a rather cunning intellect. He was known by the Norse for his deception and many forms of trickery, including shape shifting, were not beyond this god. Odin also had very human flaws. For instance, his relationship with his wife, Frigg, was besmirched with infidelity. These qualities put the underhanded Odin in stark contrast with his son, Thor, an honest, reliable god. Yet Odin was the ruling figure in the Viking pantheon which tells us much about the Vikings. The raven depicted in the relief is most likely either Hugin or Munin, the ravens which were believed to have sat on Odin’s shoulders. These ravens served as Odin’s eyes and ears, gathering news of events and information amongst both the living as well as the dead (Baker 70-71). One may find that Odin is associated with another bird, the eagle, as well. In both histories and the sagas we find several instances of warriors dedicating the “Blood Eagle” to Odin; this practice involves cutting slits in a fallen enemy’s ribs and pulling his lungs out through these slits. In Orkneyinga Saga, we find an example of Earl Einar performing this very practice: And that’s where they found Halfdan Long-Leg. Einar had his ribs cut from the spine with a sword and the lungs pulled out through the slits in his back. He dedicated the victim to Odin as a victory offering (Chapter 8) Because of this association, it is also a possibility that the bird accompanying Odin on the cross is an eagle.