DOCSLIB.ORG

3. the Movement South and South-T7est to 9542 the British Isles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
3. the Movement South and South-T7est to 9542 the British Isles Tbe Mopemcnt Soatb and Soath-Wett t0 954 zos which, helped by a civil war instigated by the priest-king of Mun- srer, he spread his elbows to good effect throughout Ulster. By the capture of Armagh, at once a chief town of the north, the most important ecclesiastical centre oflreland, and one ofthe holy places ofwestern Christendom, he acquired wealth, power, reputation, and his place in Irish tradition. To him and his kind is attributed the esta^blishment of harbour-strongholds at Anagassan, Dublin, Wex- ford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick, with important consequences 3. The Movement South and South-T7est for the subsequent history of both Norse and Irish Ireland. He is to 9542 the British Isles, the Frankish Empire, the Mediterranean .r Io ror,r-ow rN DETATL THE vrKrNG oNSLAUGHT oN Europe whether nation b1' nationr decade, ninth-century r -decade.by or under thl fou.^ generally accepted heads of individual raids for plunder, expeditlons ol political significance and intention, colonial venture; seeking new land for settlement, and enterprises whose main concern was mercantile and commercial, would be a bis task-and in terms of this book a distorting one' It must be en"ough to trace it in general though one hopes indicative outline' We biein with Ireland in the 83os. thJ Irish coast had suffered sporadically from Norwegian plunderers ever since the first raid on Lambeyin Tg5rand sometimes ihe raiders had penetrated far inland. These were painful depreda- tionsrl but bearable, and left the character of country.and-people unchaneed. But nothing could ever be the same again after the arrival6f the famous Tuigeis from Norway shortly before 84o' Our knowledge of him, unfortinately, is at once inflated and diminished bv the leEendary material associated wjth him several hundred years aiter his"death, when he had become a favourite receptacle for Christian.indignation and alarm. But we can accept that he held command of a"fleet, had ambitions and the energy to put them in irain, came to Ireland at the right moment' and intended a.pro- longed stay. We first hear of him in the north, where he is said to hav"e ass,rmed the overlordship of all the foreigners in Erin, after for 8zo: sea r And rhetorically recorded as such in the Annah of .ulsur 'The ro.*.J for,t, floohs offoreigners over Erin, so that nb haven, no landing-place, n'o stronqhold, no fort, no-crstle might be found, but it was submerged by waves ofvikings and pirates.' lrap 6. IRELAND AND THE rRrsH sEA zo1 A llistorl of tlte ltikitgt Thc Mopement South and Soutb-|,lett to 954 2oj reported to have intervened for gain in the civil war to the south of Unless Ireland was to be left to the Irish-an unthinkable pro- him; to have entered the Shannon and reached Lough Ree; the posidon for another thousand years-it was time for renewed sack of Clonmacnois and ClonGrt has been laid at his door, and the ioreign intervention. It was made by the Danes, and not out of love dispersal of their monks. Various of the Irish_are charged with for their brothers the Finngaill, to whom they immediately offered joining him, opportunists who reneged on_ Christi^anity and.as c. 85o their fleet put in to Carlingford Lough, on the ;Ihor'i war. In men trooped into heathen temples which belore Turgeis's southern edge of County Down; the following year they overran time had been monasteries, churches, and abbeys' Few things in the Norwegian base at Dublin, rnaking a big haul of treasure and viking history sound less likely. These were the Gall-Gaedhil, womenfolk. The Irish preferred the newcomers to the old, but with Forei[n Gaed or Foreign Irish, of whom the Irish complained that a plague on both their houses. In 852 the Norwegians mustered for wgie thoug:h the Foreigne.J*.re bad enough, the Foreign .Gae! revenge and attacked the Danish fleet in Carlingford. St. Patrick *o.ri.t Christian witness against Turgeis is unsparing for his favoured the Danes; a mere han1ful of Norwegians survived the desecration of holy places. Hlving .*p.ll".d the abbot ofArmagh, three-day slaughter. The Danes, prudently, rEwarded the saint he sat himself downln the abbey as its heathen high priest, and at with gold and silver; and the Irish, mistakenly, saw piery in the the altar of Clonmacnois his wiG Ota (Aud) chanted spells and Danes. Ifso, it aided them little and not long. In 853 the Norwegians oracles. Possibly this was the way Turgeis chose to Present himself made a re-entry into Ireland with a royal fleet under the command to his people as leader, sustainer ofsacrifices, andguarantor ofgood of Olaf (Amlaibh), son of the king of Norway (Lochlann), though ,.rroni, on the Norwegian model. More probably it is monkish which son of what king is hard to determine.'The Danes and Nor- invention. However, foith. comfort of the Christiin devout, there wegians, we are told, quickly recognized his authority and vari- had been an ancient prophecy that Gentiles, Foreigners, would come ous of the Irish paid him tribute, including wergeld for Turgeis. from across the sea io ionfound the Irishmen for a period ofseven Those Danes who had no stomach for a Norwegian master left years, and one of them would be abbot without Pater and credo, for England, whence they had probably come in 85o, and Olaf without lrish, too, but only a foreign tongue.z The seven years settled into Dublin. He then returned to Norwav for reasons which were evidently now up, forin 845 he was taken prisoner by Magl can only be guessed at, leaving his brother Ivar in charge in Ireland. Seachlainn, king ofMeith, arrd drowned in Lough Owel, Westmeath. ln 856-7 he returned to his Dublin kingdom and ruled it till 87r, A bad time iollowed for the Norwegians. By widespread raiding they still exacted a toll ofmisery and spoil, but a succession ofdeftats 1 He has often, indeed generally, been identified with Olaf the White of reputation. Icelandic sasa tradition. The identifcation is invitins but difficult, It rests in ihe field reduced their strength and smirched their "have mainly on tlie cir.umstance that each Ola[was said to conquered Dublin r The Gall-Gaedhil would grow to considerable importance by 85o, with tleir and its neighbouring territory at more or less the same time. Oiherwise their own social orsanization anl their own armies under their own leaders. They parentage is different, their wives are different, and their deaths are different. besan as a bo?v otlrishmen who renounced Christianity and thrcw in their By way of complication Olat-Amlaibh's brother Ivar-lmhar is sometimes been fostered lot"with the heathen Norse; but some are described as having equated with Ivar the Boneless (see p. zr9 below), no Norwegian but a no in Norse homes and so inducted into a Norse way of life. There can be prodigy among the Danes. It makes the best of a badjob to postulate con- doubt that a proportion ofthem were ofmixed Norse-Irish parentage, sharing fusion in the Icelandic Landndmab6k's account of Olaf the White, to hold the culture, and'blending (or muddling) the beliefs otViking and Celt. This tentatively to Olaf-Amlaibh, whether he was at some time nicknamed the them to mongreldom o[race, culture' religion, and political interest endeared White or not, and to recognize lvar-Imhar as his brother and a person dis- the Norwegians, against nobo?v. Durine the Ssos they lought battles against tinct from lvar the Boneles. lThe R"gtr"r-complex has now been ie-explored they the lrish, and igainst thc Norwe[ians and Iriih combined' Expectedly by A. P. Smyth, Scardinavian York and Dublin, l, rg71, II, rg78, and power declined after were earnest an? heartless mara,Iders' Their political Scandinauian Kings in the British lsles, 85o-80, rg77, who argues ingeniously for was a 86o. but thev continued to contribute to the miseries of Erin. There a military and dynastic presence and reality; and by R. McTurk, 'Ragnarr Scotland later, in prrrll.l gtoup of Gall-Gaedhil, Gall-Gael, Foreign Scots, in Lodbr6k in the British Isles', Proceedings of the Seuenth Viking Congress, Dublin, ballowa!, which received its name from them. t973, and reviews of Smyth, Saga-Book, t977 and r98o, who argues, as I 21. H. Tbdd, Tbe War of tbe Gaedbil oitb tbe Gael,t876,p. tr. think, convincingly against.) 2o8 A Historl of tbe Vikingt was again recalled to Norw-ay-1nd died in battle there' It when he "" VTKING RAIDS a restless"reign, marked by shifting P9t-t.Y was -alliances, -yltt' 2 ON t".*inst in Irela# which spared neitheithe homes of the living ENGLAND,793-860 ;;ii;?t;t; oith. d."d, in the period 865-7o by profitable \, "nd Welsh in Scotlancl' exoeditiJns against the Picts and Strathclyde I n-Gl i"It i"tJ i?*erick supported his brothet oltf in Ircland' and in "f Britannie' 8zr succeeded him as ,ri'Nord,on*rum Totiut Hibernie et to ;hi;h;;;;.tts that the Dublin kingdom had clairns -authority ';;;ffi;.gi.nt *ho had settled"in the north-west ofEngland' iit","riit-Uo#* .igh? ."pfd" Ivar's quarrels with^the Danes of neigh- n.irr1 *hi.h were offerei as the justification for the attack ii"Bfi-;"'Vl by Halfdan (we think) and the Danes of that ""ti"*a"*. riir.lifril.d and cbst Halfdan his life up in Strangford principal Norse actors norv offstage Ireland grew 1""?ft--w;,tt'.fr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
    Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Intercourse of the Franks and Danes. Part II Author(S): Henry H
    The Early Intercourse of the Franks and Danes. Part II Author(s): Henry H. Howorth Reviewed work(s): Source: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 7 (1878), pp. 1-29 Published by: Royal Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3677882 . Accessed: 30/12/2012 11:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Historical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 30 Dec 2012 11:59:53 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYALHISTORICAL SOCIETY. THE EARLY INTERCOURSE OF THE FRANKS AND DANES. PART II. BY HENRY H. HOWORTH, ESQ., F.S.A., Fellow of the Royal HistoricalSociety. THERE is a passage in one of the Frankish annals which has not received the attentionwhich it deserves,and which I believe throws a great deal of light on the historyof the Danish revolutionsof the early part of the ninth century. This chronicle was writtenin verse by a Low Saxon monk some time during the reign of Arnulph, who died in 899.
    [Show full text]
  • Viking Rules V44.Pdf
    1 English Housecarl 1. Choose a Faction 12 Blue Housecarl Faction Cards (01-12) GAME SETUP Each player chooses a Faction to play and 20 Blue Housecarl Units takes the corresponding Units (miniatures), 2 Blue Housecarl Battle Dice Battle Dice and Faction Cards of that Faction’s color. The English side’s Factions are the blue H H O H O U H O U S O U Housecarl and the green Thegn. The Viking S E U S E C S E C A E C A R C A R L A side’s Factions are the black and R Norsemen L R L the red Berserker. L When playing with fewer than four people, one or more players will control both Factions of one side. 2 All Factions must be played. H O U Kingdoms S E C A England is divided into four Kingdoms, R H L 5 O U each with its own color background. S E 2. Cards C A R L H O U Each of the four Factions prepares a Draw S E C A R Deck composed of Faction Cards 01-12. L (Cards numbered higher than 12 are used in the alternative ‘Advanced Setup’ described on the next page). Each Faction shuffles its Draw Deck and draws 3 cards, which it may look at. Each Faction’s Draw Deck consists of 12 customized cards: 6 Movement, 1 Treaty and 1 English Thegn 5 Event Cards. Each Faction must hold at 12 Green Thegn Faction Cards (01-12) least 1 Movement/Treaty Card in its hand.
    [Show full text]
  • How Uniform Was the Old Norse Religion?
    II. Old Norse Myth and Society HOW UNIFORM WAS THE OLD NORSE RELIGION? Stefan Brink ne often gets the impression from handbooks on Old Norse culture and religion that the pagan religion that was supposed to have been in Oexistence all over pre-Christian Scandinavia and Iceland was rather homogeneous. Due to the lack of written sources, it becomes difficult to say whether the ‘religion’ — or rather mythology, eschatology, and cult practice, which medieval sources refer to as forn siðr (‘ancient custom’) — changed over time. For obvious reasons, it is very difficult to identify a ‘pure’ Old Norse religion, uncorroded by Christianity since Scandinavia did not exist in a cultural vacuum.1 What we read in the handbooks is based almost entirely on Snorri Sturluson’s representation and interpretation in his Edda of the pre-Christian religion of Iceland, together with the ambiguous mythical and eschatological world we find represented in the Poetic Edda and in the filtered form Saxo Grammaticus presents in his Gesta Danorum. This stance is more or less presented without reflection in early scholarship, but the bias of the foundation is more readily acknowledged in more recent works.2 In the textual sources we find a considerable pantheon of gods and goddesses — Þórr, Óðinn, Freyr, Baldr, Loki, Njo3rðr, Týr, Heimdallr, Ullr, Bragi, Freyja, Frigg, Gefjon, Iðunn, et cetera — and euhemerized stories of how the gods acted and were characterized as individuals and as a collective. Since the sources are Old Icelandic (Saxo’s work appears to have been built on the same sources) one might assume that this religious world was purely Old 1 See the discussion in Gro Steinsland, Norrøn religion: Myter, riter, samfunn (Oslo: Pax, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • History Channel's Fact Or Fictionalized View of the Norse Expansion Gypsey Teague Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints Presentations University Libraries 10-31-2015 The iV kings: History Channel's Fact or Fictionalized View of the Norse Expansion Gypsey Teague Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/lib_pres Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Teague, Gypsey, "The iV kings: History Channel's Fact or Fictionalized View of the Norse Expansion" (2015). Presentations. 60. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/lib_pres/60 This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the University Libraries at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in Presentations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 The Vikings: History Channel’s Fact or Fictionalized View of The Norse Expansion Presented October 31, 2015 at the New England Popular Culture Association, Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH ABSTRACT: The History Channel’s The Vikings is a fictionalized history of Ragnar Lothbrok who during the 8th and 9th Century traveled and raided the British Isles and all the way to Paris. This paper will look at the factual Ragnar and the fictionalized character as presented to the general viewing public. Ragnar Lothbrok is getting a lot of air time recently. He and the other characters from the History Channel series The Vikings are on Tee shirts, posters, books, and websites. The jewelry from the series is selling quickly on the web and the actors that portray the characters are in high demand at conventions and other venues. The series is fun but as all historic series creates a history that is not necessarily accurate.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DETAILS Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mementomedievalia.com EDUCATION 2000 University of Dublin at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Degree M.Litt./D.Phil (Ph.D.), Medieval Literature (research degree) Dissertation Title: A Ryght Hooly Virgyne: An Edition of Harley MS 630, Lives of Female Saints and Saint Alban Director: Prof. V. John Scattergood Internal Examiner: Prof. Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin External Examiner: Karen Hodder (University of York) 1996 Florida State University Degree B.A., Literature – cum laude, minor in Women’s Studies ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE 2017–present Professor of Medieval Literature, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 2011–2017 Associate Professor of Medieval Literature, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 2005–2011 Assistant Professor of Medieval Literature, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 2003–2005 Visiting Assistant Professor of Medieval Literature, American University, Washington, D.C. 2000–2003 Adjunct Assistant Professor, English Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 2001–2003 Adjunct Assistant Professor, English Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 2000–2002 Adjunct Assistant Professor, English Department, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, VA 1998–2000 Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of English, University of Dublin at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1995–2000 Freelance reporter, production/design editor, copy-editor: Irish Independent; Ireland on Sunday; Education Matters; Medicine Weekly; Trinity News
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P
    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
    [Show full text]
  • Aethelflaed of Wessex Aethelstan
    amongst some of the normally more divisive Celts. Aethelflaed of The kingdom of Ulster, in particular, is friendly to Wessex (Ae-thel-flaad) her and regularly lauds her greatness. Famosissima Regina Saxonum, Her political maneuverings are coming near to a “The Great Lady of the Saxons” point where she may take up arms against King Aethelstan, in spite of their history. Tensions Mercia, Angeland in Britain between her and Aethelstan have been rising as he has sought further lands to control, while she Aethelflaed may be a queen but with her mousy supports the continued existence of many small- brown hair, pale skin, and plain-looking, er Kingdoms across the Isles. Many of the Cymry dull-coloured clothes, she does not look the part. kings and lords would happily pledge their lives to To look upon her it would not be surprising to her in exchange for a less strict overlordship. see her working the fields or tending to animals amongst her people. Despite appearances, she has a cunning eye and is adept at the political halls of (Ethel-stan) power. Under her humble clothes, she conceals a Aethelstan knife that can be planted in the back of her enemies King of Wessex should the need arise. All this is in spite of her rel- Winchester, Wessex, Angleland in Britain atively advanced age, having fostered Aethelstan and been an important figure throughout the isles. King Aethelstan rules from his seat of power in Renowned by the Cymry and those of Ulster as Winchester, Wessex. He is the head of the “White a powerful Saxon queen, many would prefer to God army” that has invaded the Isles.
    [Show full text]
  • Viking-Age Sailing Routes of the Western Baltic Sea – a Matter of Safety1 by Jens Ulriksen
    Viking-Age sailing routes of the western Baltic Sea – a matter of safety1 by Jens Ulriksen Included in the Old English Orosius, com- weather conditions, currents, shifting sand piled at the court of King Alfred the Great of bars on the sea fl oor and coastal morphol- Wessex around 890,2 are the descriptions of ogy. Being able to cope with the elements of two diff erent late 9th-century Scandinavian nature is important for a safe journey, but sailing routes. Th ese originate from Ohthere, equally important – not least when travelling who sailed from his home in Hålogaland in like Ohthere – is a guarantee of safety for northern Norway to Hedeby, and Wulfstan, ship and crew when coming ashore. Callmer probably an Englishman,3 who travelled suggests convoying as a form of self-protec- from Hedeby to Truso. Th e descriptions are tion, but at the end of the day it would be not detailed to any degree concerning way- vital to negotiate a safe passage with “supra- points or anchorages, and in spite of the fact regional or regional lords”.7 Th ey controlled that lands passed are mentioned in both ac- the landing sites that punctuate Callmer’s counts, the information provided is some- route as stepping-stones. times unclear or confusing. For example, In consequence of the latter, Callmer departing from Hålogaland, Ohthere refers focuses on settlement patterns in order to to both Ireland and England on his starboard identify political and military centres – cen- side even though he obviously has been un- tres with lords who controlled certain areas able to glimpse these lands when sailing of land (and sea) and were able to guaran- along the Norwegian coast.4 Th e same pecu- tee safety within their ‘jurisdiction’.
    [Show full text]
  • Death Penalty & Genocide SWRK4007
    Death Penalty & Genocide SWRK4007 Dr. Anupam Kumar Verma Assistant Professor Dept. of Social Work MGCUB, Bihar DEATH PENALTY Capital punishment Death Penalty, also known as the Capital Punishment, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. Death penalty or Capital Punishment is a legal process wherein a person is put to death by a state in accordance to a crime committed. Crimes that are punishable by Death are known as capital crimes or capital offences, and commonly include offences such as Murder, Treason, War crimes, Crimes against humanity and Genocide. Capital punishment has been used over the years by almost every society in order to punish the guilty for some particular crimes such as punishment for premeditated murder, espionage (Secret) , treason etc. In some countries sexual crimes such as Rape, or related activities carry the death penalty, so does Religious Crimes such as Apostasy (the formal renunciation of the State religion). Worldwide only 58 nations (Iran, United States, Egypt, Nigeria including India) are actively practicing capital punishment, whereas 95 countries(France, South Korea, Alska, Ghana, Ireland) have abolished the use of capital punishment Types of Death Penalty: In Ancient History– Crushing by Elephant, Blood Eagle, Boiling to Death, Stoning, Garrote. - Crucifixion -Lethal injection (2001) - Hanging to till Death - Electric chair(1926) -Gas -Firing squad Cases & Statement: In the Judgment of ‘Bachan Singh v/s State of Punjab (1980)2SCJ475’, 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that death penalty should only be used in the ‘Rarest of Rare’ cases, but does not give a definition as to what ‘Rarest of Rare’ means.
    [Show full text]
  • Aethelflaed: History and Legend
    Quidditas Volume 34 Article 2 2013 Aethelflaed: History and Legend Kim Klimek Metropolitan State University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Klimek, Kim (2013) "Aethelflaed: History and Legend," Quidditas: Vol. 34 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol34/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Quidditas 34 (2013) 11 Aethelflaed: History and Legend Kim Klimek Metropolitan State University of Denver This paper examines the place of Aethelflaed, Queen of the Mercians, in the written historical record. Looking at works like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Irish Annals, we find a woman whose rule acted as both a complement to and a corruption against the consolidations of Alfred the Great and Edward’s rule in Anglo-Saxon England. The alternative histories written by the Mercians and the Celtic areas of Ireland and Wales show us an alternative view to the colonization and solidification of West-Saxon rule. Introduction Aethelflaed, Queen and Lady of the Mercians, ruled the Anglo-Sax- on kingdom of Mercia from 911–918. Despite the deaths of both her husband and father and increasing Danish invasions into Anglo- Saxon territory, Aethelflaed not only held her territory but expanded it. She was a warrior queen whose Mercian army followed her west to fight the Welsh and north to attack the Danes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Early History of Britain
    Newbold Heritage Group Information Sheet EARLY HISTORY OF BRITAIN The Formation of England as a Single Nation Up to the 11th century, England, Wales and Scotland were populated by a number of different peoples. There was no unified country. Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Picts, Scots, and Danes were constantly warring with each other. The Vikings had begun settling in Scotland and England in the 800’s. By 877 the Vikings were well-established. The Viking Danelaw covered the area north and east of a line from the mouth of the Thames to Liverpool. Thus Leicestershire and Derbyshire was all Danish. To the northwest was the kingdom of York, another Viking stronghold, which included much of Northumbria. Below the Danelaw were the ancient Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Mercia and Wessex. Mercia stretched from the Severn to the Trent. Mercia covered the southern part of the country. The land was torn and ravaged with on-going wars. The Church continued to suffer from the Viking pagan rites and their atrocities. Many religious communities did not recover from the killings and the resulting dispersal of their communities. Therefore, many Episcopal sees fell into ruin after they were abandoned. It was the Anglo Saxon King Alfred, who began the process of regeneration, instituting a plan of reform continued by his children and grandchildren. This king, Alfred the Great (871-899), dreamed that St Cuthbert promised that his heirs would one day rule all England. His reforms had two main aims: to educate the general population in the practice of the Christian faith; and to restore the ideals of Benedictine monasticism.
    [Show full text]