5/7/2014

Course Business • Today is the last lecture, an emotional day for us all • Final exam, next week; 6:30-9:00, same room

Lecture Lab Text Book Australopiths Australopith Ch. 11 Diet Early Homo & Oldowan Early Homo Ch. 12 H. erectus: & behavior; Out of Africa 1 Ch. 13

Archaic H. sapiens: anatomy & behavior Late Homo Ch. 14

Neanderthal: anatomy & behavior Ch. 15

Modern H. sapiens: anatomy & behavior; Out of Africa 2

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Origin of modern

• Anatomically modern Homo sapiens • Behaviorally modern Homo sapiens

• When, where, why?

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Hominin Date Ranges

• Early hominins: 7.0 – 4.4 Ma • Gracile australopiths: 4.2 – 2.0 Ma • Robust australopiths: 2.3 – 1.2 Ma • Early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolphensis): 2.0 – 1.6 Ma • Homo erectus: 1.8 mya – 50 ka • Archaic Homo sapiens (H. heidelbergensis): 600 – 125 ka • Homo neanderthalensis: 150 – 30 ka • : 90-11 ka • Anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMHs): 195 ka

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Modern It’s complete!! Homo neanderthalensis

Homo floresiensis Archaic Homo sapiens

Paranthropus boisei robustus Homo erectus

Homo rudolfensis Paranthropus aethiopicus

Australopithecus africanus afarensis

Australopithecus anamensis

Ardipithecus (?) 4

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Cranial features of Homo sapiens:

• Gracile (and postcranial anatomy) • Limited brow ridges, no superstructures • Rounded cranium with maximum breadth high on the vault • Orthognathic face • Small teeth and jaws • Obvious chin

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Figure 14.01

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Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa) ~ 60 ka engraved ostrich egg-shell containers

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Sufficient evidence to conclude that many elements of modern human behavior appear (gradually) in Africa by 75 ka

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Modern humans entered Europe around 35-40 ka…

What follows are dramatic changes in the fossil record and archaeological record of that region

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Neanderthals die out by 27-29 ka

The last are found in Spain (29 ka) and in Croatia (Vindija, 27 ka)

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Archaeological record in Europe

• Rapid changes occur with the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans • It is the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (35-10 ka) – Same hallmarks as LSA in Africa • Modern humans are associated with the Upper Paleolithic • Neanderthals are associated with the Middle Paleolithic – Same hallmarks as MSA in Africa

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Do Upper Paleolithic modern humans have these features?

Feature: Evidence: Result: Complex technologies Variety of artifacts, (innovations/versatility) technologies, and subsistence strategies Built structures/shelters Structures (e.g., post holes, hearths) Clothing Needles and awls Migration/travel Site locations

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Innovations/Versatility

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Blade Technology

• Blade technology is more efficient (produces more cutting edge per gram of raw material) • Blade technology helps standardize blanks for tools

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Were modern humans fundamentally different from Neanderthals in their ability to produce symbols?

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Does this mean they had language, and Neanderthals didn’t?

Or can we only infer that Neanderthals did not create symbols out of durable materials?

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Is language what enabled modern humans to be successful?

And eventually replace existing populations (Neanderthals, Homo erectus)?

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Why did the Neanderthals go extinct?

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Some hypotheses…

• They were outcompeted by smarter Upper Paleolithic modern humans • They were out-populated • They couldn’t cope with the dramatically fluctuating climate (time period between 60- 30 ka) and/or strong interglacial period • Maybe they didn’t go extinct! (maybe they interbred with incoming modern humans)

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