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Homo Sapiens Julie Arnaud [email protected] out of Africa 1 Homo Ergaster
Laurea Magistrale in Quaternario, Preistoria e Archeologia International Master in Quaternary and Prehistory Homo sapiens Julie Arnaud [email protected] Out of Africa 1 Homo ergaster (Cavalli Sforza & Pievani, 2012) Out of Africa 2 Core population? Homo heidelbergensis (Cavalli Sforza & Pievani, 2012) Out of Africa 3 Homo sapiens (Cavalli Sforza & Pievani, 2012) Homo sapiens morphological features Day & Stringer (1982) (paleontological definition of the specie) • Short and elevated cranial vault • Long and curved parietal bones in the sagittal plan • High and wide biparietal vault in the coronal plan • Long and narrow occipital bone, without projection • Elevated frontal bone • Non-continuous supra-orbital complex • Presence of a canine fossa Vandermeersch (1981, 2005) • rounded cranial shape • large cranial capacity • decreased robustness (reduction/disappearance of superstructures) • elevated cranial vault, with parallel or divergent (upward) lateral walls • regularly rounded occipital bone • short face • teeth-size reduction tendency Homo erectus Homo sapiens Sangiran 17 Pataud 1 Short and rounded vault Elevated frontal bone Rounded occipital bone Reduced face, placed under the braincase Global decrease of robustness Elevated and convex frontal bone Reduced supra- orbital relief (separated elements) Reduced relief of nuchal Canine fossa lines Individualized and Dental crowns well developped reduced in size mastoid process (particularly anterior teeth) Mental foramen Marked chin located under the (mental trigone) premolar G: Glabella -
5 Years on Ice Age Europe Network Celebrates – Page 5
network of heritage sites Magazine Issue 2 aPriL 2018 neanderthal rock art Latest research from spanish caves – page 6 Underground theatre British cave balances performances with conservation – page 16 Caves with ice age art get UnesCo Label germany’s swabian Jura awarded world heritage status – page 40 5 Years On ice age europe network celebrates – page 5 tewww.ice-age-europe.euLLING the STORY of iCe AGE PeoPLe in eUROPe anD eXPL ORING PLEISTOCene CULtURAL HERITAGE IntrOductIOn network of heritage sites welcome to the second edition of the ice age europe magazine! Ice Age europe Magazine – issue 2/2018 issn 25684353 after the successful launch last year we are happy to present editorial board the new issue, which is again brimming with exciting contri katrin hieke, gerdChristian weniger, nick Powe butions. the magazine showcases the many activities taking Publication editing place in research and conservation, exhibition, education and katrin hieke communication at each of the ice age europe member sites. Layout and design Brightsea Creative, exeter, Uk; in addition, we are pleased to present two special guest Beate tebartz grafik Design, Düsseldorf, germany contributions: the first by Paul Pettitt, University of Durham, cover photo gives a brief overview of a groundbreaking discovery, which fashionable little sapiens © fumane Cave proved in february 2018 that the neanderthals were the first Inside front cover photo cave artists before modern humans. the second by nuria sanz, water bird – hohle fels © urmu, director of UnesCo in Mexico and general coordi nator of the Photo: burkert ideenreich heaDs programme, reports on the new initiative for a serial transnational nomination of neanderthal sites as world heritage, for which this network laid the foundation. -
Bibliography
Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P. -
Course Business Origin of Modern Humans
5/7/2014 Course Business • Today is the last lecture, an emotional day for us all • Final exam, next week; 6:30-9:00, same room Lecture Lab Text Book Australopiths Australopith Ch. 11 Diet Early Homo & Oldowan Early Homo Ch. 12 H. erectus: anatomy & behavior; Out of Africa 1 Homo erectus Ch. 13 Archaic H. sapiens: anatomy & behavior Late Homo Ch. 14 Neanderthal: anatomy & behavior Ch. 15 Modern H. sapiens: anatomy & behavior; Out of Africa 2 1 Origin of modern humans • Anatomically modern Homo sapiens • Behaviorally modern Homo sapiens • When, where, why? 2 1 5/7/2014 Hominin Date Ranges • Early hominins: 7.0 – 4.4 Ma • Gracile australopiths: 4.2 – 2.0 Ma • Robust australopiths: 2.3 – 1.2 Ma • Early Homo (H. habilis and H. rudolphensis): 2.0 – 1.6 Ma • Homo erectus: 1.8 mya – 50 ka • Archaic Homo sapiens (H. heidelbergensis): 600 – 125 ka • Homo neanderthalensis: 150 – 30 ka • Homo floresiensis: 90-11 ka • Anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMHs): 195 ka 3 Modern human It’s complete!! Homo neanderthalensis Homo floresiensis Archaic Homo sapiens Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus Homo erectus Homo rudolfensis Homo habilis Paranthropus aethiopicus Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus (?) 4 2 5/7/2014 Cranial features of Homo sapiens: • Gracile skull (and postcranial anatomy) • Limited brow ridges, no superstructures • Rounded cranium with maximum breadth high on the vault • Orthognathic face • Small teeth and jaws • Obvious chin 5 Figure 14.01 6 3 5/7/2014 Diepkloof Rock Shelter -
Glaciation (Oakley, 1950). Variations in the Proposed Beginning Dates
EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN HAND AMD THE GREAT HAND-AXE TRADITION Grover S. Krantz The hand-axe is both the earliest and the longest persisting of standar- dized stone tools. They present a continuous history of one tool type from the first to the third interglacial periods, a span.of at least 200,000 years and perhaps as many as half a million. Equally remarkable is their geographical range which covers all of Africa, western Europe and southern Asia--fully half of-the then habitable Old Vorld. Aside from differences in the local stone that was utilized, hand-axes from this whole area are constructed on the same plan and show no clear regional typology. Other tool types occur with hand-axes: utilized flakes are found at all levels, and in the later half of the sequence there-are cleavers, ovates, trimmed flakes and spherical stone balls. Throughout the sequence, however, the basic design of the hand-axe continues with its intended formnapparently unchanged. We thus have a continuous record of man's attempts to produce a single type of 'implement over mst of his tool making history. (See Figure 1.) Recent discoveries of fossil man have made it increasingly evident that biological evolution of the human body was also in progress coincident with the development of ancient stone tool types. 'While the exact time of appearance of Homo siens is still in some dispute (see Stewart, 1950 and Oakley., 1957), it is no nowseriously maintained that the earliest tool makers necessarily approximated the modern or even the neanderthal morphologies. -
An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CLASSICS & EGYPTOLOGY An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Andrew Shuttleworth. April, 2013. TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..i LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………..vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………...vii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.2. Aims and Objectives................................................................................................2 1.3. Thesis Format...........................................................................................................3 2. THE NEANDERTHAL AND OXYEGN ISOTOPE STAGE-3.................................6 2.1. Discovery, Geographic Range & Origins..............................................................7 2.1.1. Discovery........................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Neanderthal Chronology................................................................................10 2.2. Morphology.............................................................................................................11 -
The History of Prehistoric Research in Indonesia to 1950
The History of Prehistoric Research in Indonesia to 1950 Received 16 January 1968 R. P. SOE]ONO INTRODUCTION HE oldest description of material valuable for prehistoric recording in future times was given by G. E. Rumphius at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Rum T phius mentioned the veneration of historical objects by local peoples, and even now survivals of the very remote past retain their respect. On several islands we also notice a continuation of prehistoric traditions and art. Specific prehistoric relics, like many other archaeological remains, are holy to most of the inhabitants because of their quaint, uncommon shapes. As a result, myths are frequently created around these objects. An investigator is not permitted to inspect the bronze kettle drum kept in a temple at Pedjeng (Bali) and he must respect the people's devout feelings when he attempts to observe megalithic relics in the Pasemah Plateau (South Sumatra); these facts accentuate the persistence oflocal veneration even today. In spite of the veneration of particular objects, which in turn favors their preservation, many other relics have been lost or destroyed through digging or looting by treasure hunters or other exploiters seeking economic gain. Moreover, unqualified excavators have com pounded the problem. P. V. van Stein Callenfels, originally a specialist in Hindu-Indonesian archaeology, be came strongly aware of neglect in the field of prehistoric archaeology, and he took steps to begin systematic research. During his visit to kitchen middens in East Sumatra during a tour of inspection in 1920 for the Archaeological Service, he met with the digging of shell heaps for shell for limekilns. -
Kents Cavern
This booklet tells you the history of Kents Cavern. Made by Visitors spend around 2 hours here. At Kents Cavern the reception is called the ticket desk. At the reception desk, you can 1. pay for things from the shop 2. buy your ticket 3. ask for help There is a café where you can buy food and drink. There is an accessible toilet. Kents Cavern is a cave. A cave is a hole in the ground that a person can fit inside. The staff at Kents Cavern will take you on a tour of the cave. At the start of the cave there is a light show. Kents Cavern is always the same temperature. It feels warm on cold days and cool on warm days. The stable temperature makes the cave a good place to live. Is the cave colder or hotter than the weather outside today? Stalactites The cave is made from Devonian Limestone rock, but the rocky formations are made from Calcite. The rocks hanging down from the ceiling are called stalactites. The rocks growing up from the floor are called stalagmites. Stalagmites They are formed by water dripping in the cave and crystals forming. The calcite makes strange shapes. Can you see the rock that looks like a face? A long time ago, people used to live in Kents Cavern. They were called Cave people. They would sleep, make tools and relax in the cave. When the cave people died here, they left their bones in the caves. Cave bears also lived in Kents Cavern. There is a skull in the waiting room that you can see. -
Conservation Analytical Laboratory Research Reports 1993
Conservation Analytical Laboratory Research Reports 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement by the Director Archaeometry New World Archaeology • The American Southwest • The Maya Region of Southern Mexico and Central America • Lower Central America Projects Old World Archaeology • Near Eastern Obsidian Exchange Program • Near Eastern Craft Production and Exchange Program • Archaeometric Characterization of Epigraphic and Iconographic Artifacts Materials Science and Ancient Technology Historical Archaeology Technical Studies in Art History Conservation Research The Biogeochemistry Program The Degradation Mechanisms of Traditional Artist's Materials Modern Polymeric Materials Natural History Specimen Preservation Photographic Science Program Analytical Services Group Staff Conservators Research Programs • Furniture • Paper • Paintings • Objects • Textiles CAL Interns and Fellows CAL Publications FY 1993 Statement by the Director Lambertus van Zelst, Director It is a pleasure to introduce this first issue of the CAL Annual Research Reports. This document is intended for the information of our colleagues in the fields of conservation, preservation, analytical and technological studies of cultural materials, as a reference to the research ongoing at CAL. By no means are these reports intended as an alternative to publication; they merely serve to record the nature of the various projects pursued by CAL researchers, together with an indication of actual progress in those projects. Research is major, but certainly not the only activity at CAL. Training and education, as well as various technical/analytical and information support activities, complement research, combining into an integrated environment where individual staff members contribute simultaneously in different functional areas. This report does not reflect these other activities, outside research. In the future, we expect to include those areas as well in what then will be an actual annual CAL report. -
What's in a Neanderthal
WHAT’S IN A NEANDERTHAL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Taylorlyn Stephan Oberlin College Dept. of Anthropology Advised by Prof. Amy Margaris TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Abstract – pg. 3 II. Introduction – pg. 3-4 III. Historical Background – pg. 4-5 a. Fig. 1 – pg. 5 IV. Methods – pg. 5-8 a. Figs. 2 and 3 – pg. 6 V. Genomic Definitions – pg. 8-9 VI. Site Introduction – pg. 9-10 a. Fig 4 – pg. 10 VII. El Sidron – pg. 10-14 a. Table – pg. 10-12 b. Figs. 5-7 – pg. 12 c. Figs. 8 and 9 – pg. 13 VIII. Mezmaiskaya – pg. 14-18 a. Table – pg. 14-16 b. Figs. 10 and 11 – pg. 16 IX. Shanidar – pg. 18-22 a. Table – pg. 19-20 b. Figs. 12 and 13 – pg.21 X. Vindija – pg. 22-28 a. Table – pg. 23-25 b. Fig. 14 – pg. 25 c. Figs. 15-18 – pg. 26 XI. The Neanderthal Genome Project – pg. 28-32 a. Table – pg. 29 b. Fig. 19 – pg. 29 c. Figs. 20 and 21 – pg. 30 XII. Discussion – pg. 32- 36 XIII. Conclusion – pg. 36-38 XIV. Bibliography – pg. 38-42 2 ABSTRACT In this analysis, I seek to understand how three separate lines of evidence – skeletal morphology, archaeology, and genomics – are used separately and in tandem to produce taxonomic classifications in Neanderthal and paleoanthropological research more generally. To do so, I have selected four sites as case studies: El Sidrón Cave, Mezmaiskaya Cave, Shanidar Cave, and Vindija Cave. El Sidrón, Mezmaiskaya, and Vindija all have detailed archaeological records and have yielded Neanderthal DNA. -
Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia
World Heritage papers41 HEADWORLD HERITAGES 4 Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia VOLUME I In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations [ Cultural Organization Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia Nuria Sanz, Editor General Coordinator of HEADS Programme on Human Evolution HEADS 4 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100107-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover Photos: Top: Hohle Fels excavation. © Harry Vetter bottom (from left to right): Petroglyphs from Sikachi-Alyan rock art site. -
Stone Age Essex a Teacher's Guide
Stone Age Essex A Teacher’s Guide Colchester and Ipswich Museums 1 Table of contents Overview of Stone Age Essex 3 Stone Age Timeline 7 Stone Age Glossary 8 Recommended Resources 9 Recommended Additional Learning 10 Stone Age Objects 11 Activity Examples 15 2 Overview of Stone Age Essex The Stone Age had three distinct periods: the Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age), the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and the Neolithic (New Stone Age). The people from each of these periods had different levels of technology and methods of survival. Palaeolithic The Palaeolithic began in Britain around 800,000 years ago when early humans, including Homo antecessor and Homo neanderthalensis, crossed the land bridge that connected Britain to mainland Europe. The cold temperatures of the last Ice Age had left most of Britain covered in ice and snow, rendering it uninhabitable. Interglacial periods, when the ice sheet retreated and the temperature warmed, allowed early humans to cross the land bridge and take advantage of the rich flora and fauna in Britain. Palaeolithic people who crossed the land bridge into Britain were hunter-gatherers. They developed tools made of stone to exploit the environment around them. Evidence of butchery on animal bones shows that they used these tools to hunt species including mammoth, red deer, hare and antelope. PALEOLITHIC SITES (Essex and Suffolk) Marks Tey Why is Marks Tey important? In the last Ice Age, most of Britain was covered by an ice sheet. The area that is now Marks Tey lay at the easternmost edge of the ice sheet. This was the edge of the habitable world for both humans and animals.