BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Below is a working bibliography of the most important books and articles that have informed our contributors in their reflections on genocide. Although not exhaustive, they constitute the most significant works in the field and have shaped our thinking on the problem. For general sources on theories and typologies of genocide, see: Antonov-Ovseyenko, Anton. The Time of Stalin. New York: Harper and Row, 1981. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966. Arens, Richard, ed. Genocide in Paraguay. Philadeiphia: Temple University Press, 1976. Aronson, Ronald. The Dialectics of Disaster. London: Verso, 1983. Becker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York: The Free Press, 1974. ---. Escape from Evil. New York: The Free Press, 1975. Chamy, Israel. How Can We Commit the Unthinkable? Genocide: The Human Cancer. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982. Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties. New York: Macmillan, 1968. ---. The Nation Killers. New York: Macmillan, 1970. Dadrian, Vahakn. "Factors of Anger and Aggression in Genocide." Journal, of Human Relations 19, no. 3 (1971), pp. 394-417. ---. "The Structural-Functional Components of Genocide." In Victim- ology: A New Focus. Ed. Israel Drapkin and Emilio Viano. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1974. Davies, Nigel. Human Sacrifice in History and Today. New York: William Morrow, 1981. 300 Bibliographical Essay Elliot, Gil. Twentieth Century Book of the Dead. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972. Ellul, Jacques. The Technological Society. New York: Vintage, 1964. Fromm, Erich. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publications, 1975. Harff, Barbara. Genocide and Human Rights: International Legal and Politi- cal Issues. Denver, Colo.: University of Denver, 1984. Horowitz, Irving Louis. Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1976. ---. Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1980. Kuper, Leo. Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982. ---. The Prevention of Genocide. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. Lang, Berel. "The Concept of Genocide." Philosophical Forum 16, nos. 1-2 (Spring 1984). Lasch, Christopher. The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984. Lemkin, Raphael. "Genocide." The American Scholar 15, no. 2 (Spring 1946), pp. 227-30. ---. "Genocide as a Crime under International Law." AmericanJournal ofInternational Law 41 (1947), pp. 145-71. Lenski, Gerhard E. Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966. Lifton, Robert Jay. Boundaries. New York: Random House, 1967. ---. Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima. New York: Random House, 1967. Lifton, Robert J., and Richard Falk. Indefensible Weapons. New York: Basic Books, 1982. Lorenz, Konrad. On Aggression. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1977. Ludwig, Gerhard. Massenmord im Weltgeschehen: Bilanz zweier Jahrtau- sende. Stuttgart: Friedrich Vorwerk Verlag, 1951. Manvell, Roger, and Heinrich Fraenkel. Incomparable Crime: Mass Exter- mination in the Twentieth Century. London: Heinemann, 1967. Milgram, Stanley. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper and Row, 1973. Mizruchi, Ephraim H. Regulating Society: Marginality and Social Control in Historical Perspective. New York: The Free Press, 1983. Moore, Barrington, Jr. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. New York: Harper and Row, 1975. Nekrich, Aleksandr. The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War. New York: Norton, 1978. Bibliographical Essay 301 Oldenbourg, Zoe. Massacre at Montsegur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade. New York: Pantheon Books, 1961. Porter, Jack Nusan, ed. Genocides and Human Rights. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982. Robinson, Nehemiah. The Genocide Convention. New York: Institute for Jewish Affairs, 1960. Rubenstein, Richard. The Age of Triage: Fear and Hope in an Overcrowded World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983. Sartre, Jean-Paul. On Genocide. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968. Saunders, J. J. The History of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971. Sennett, Richard. Authority. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. Sereny, Gitta. Into That Darkness. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. Smith, Roger W., ed. Guilt, Man and Society. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1971. Tucker, Robert W. The Just War. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1960. Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Weisbord, Robert. Genocide? Birth Control and the Black American. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975.

The relationship between racial myths, culture, and oppression is explored in Leon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth (New York: New American Library, 1971), and George Mosse, Toward the Final Solution (New York: Harper and Row, 1978). On the connection between religion and repression see Jules Isaac, The Teaching of Contempt (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964). The connection between culture and genocide or oppression is examined in some of the following: Ernest Becker, Escape from Evil (New York: Free Press, 1975); Nachman Blumenthal, "On the Nazi Vocabulary," Yad Vashem Studies 1 (Jerusalem, 1957); Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966); Marvin Harris, Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches (New York: Vintage Books, 1973); Jules Henry, Culture Against Man (New York: Vintage Books, 1965); Philip Rieff, "The Impossible Cul- ture," Salmagundi, nos. 58-59 (1982-1983); George Steiner, Language and Silence (New York: Atheneum, 1967); and George Steiner, In Bluebeard's Castle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971). For historical and theoretical works on the Nazi Holocaust, see: Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem. New York: Viking Press, 1965. Bauer, Yehuda. The Holocaust in Historical Perspective. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978. ---. The Jewish Emergence from Powerlessness. London: Macmillan, 1979. Bauer, Yehuda, and Nathan Rotenstreich, eds. The Holocaust as Historical Experience. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981. 302 Bibliographical Essay Baum, Rainer C. The Holocaust and the German Elite: Genocide and Na- tional Suicide in Germany. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1981. Cohn, Nonnan. Warrant for Genocide. New York: Harper and Row, 1967. Dawidowicz, Lucy. The Holocaust and the Historians. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982. ---. The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975. Des Pres, Terrence. .The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Dimsdale, Joel E., ed. Survivors, Victims and Perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1980. Dobkowski, Michael N., and Isidor Wallimann, eds. Towards the Holocaust: The Social and Economic Collapse of the Weimar Republic. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983. Fein, Helen. Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust. New York: The Free Press, 1979. Fest, Joachim C. The Face of the Third Reich. New York: Pantheon Books, 1970. Friedlander, Henry, and Sybil Milton. The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus, 1982. Gordon, Sarah. Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question." Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. Graber, G. S. History of the SS. New York: David McKay Co., 1978. Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1961. Katz, Jacob. From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980. Katz, Steven T. "The 'Unique' Intentionality of the Holocaust." Modern Judaism 1, no. 2 (September 1981), pp. 161-83. ---. Post-Holocaust Dialogues: Critical Studies in Modern Jewish Thought. New York: New York University Press, 1983. Kenrick, Donald, and Grattan Puxon. The Destiny of European Gypsies. New York: Basic Books, 1972. Kren, George M., and Leon Rappoport. The Holocaust and the Crisis of Human Behavior. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980. Lemkin, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington, D.C.: Car- negie Endowment for International Peace, 1944. Lifton, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Mendelsohn, John, ed. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. New York: Garland, 1982. Merkl, Peter H. The Making of a Stormtrooper. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980. Mosse, George. Toward the Final Solution. New York: Harper and Row, 1978. Bibliographical Essay 303 Poliakov, Leon. Harvest of Hate. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1971. Prager, Dennis, and Joseph Telushkin. Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983. Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. London: Valentine, Mitchell, 1961. Rubenstein, Richard. The Cunning of History. New York: Harper and Row, 1975. Sereny, Gitta. Into That Darkness. New York: Vintage Press, 1974. Sanford, Nevitt, and Craig Comstock, eds. Sanctions for Evil. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. Steiner, George. In Bluebeard's Castle. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971. ---. Language and Silence. New York: Atheneum, 1977. Stem, Fritz. The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of Germanic Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961. Tal, Uriel. "On the Study of the Holocaust and Genocide." Yad Vashem Studies IJ (Jerusalem, 1979), pp. 7-52. Waite, Robert G.L. The Psychopathic God: AdolfHitler. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Weingarten, Ralph. Die Hilfeleistung der westlichen Welt bei der Endlosung der deutschen Judenfrage: Das "Intergovernmental Committee on Political Refugees." Berne: Peter Lang, 1981.

For reflections on the Armenian genocide, see: Arlen, Michael J. Passage to Ararat. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1975. Boyajian, Dickran. Armenia: The Case of the Forgotten Genocide. West- wood, N.J.: Educational Book Crafters, 1972. Bryce, James. The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. London: Macmillan, 1916. Chaliand, Gerard, and Yves Temon. The Armenians: From Genocide to Re- sistance. London: Zed Press, 1983. Dadrian, Vahakn. "The Common Features of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide: A Comparative Victimological Perspective." In Victimology: A New Focus. Ed. Israel Drapkin and Emilio Viano. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975. ---. "A Theoretical Model of Genocide with Particular Reference to the Armenian Case." Sociologia Internationalis 14 (1976/1980), pp. 99-126. ---. "A Typology of Genocide." International Review of Modern So- ciology 5 (1975), pp. 204-7. Fein, Helen. "A Formula for Genocide: Comparison of the Turkish Geno- cide (1915) and the German Holocaust (1939-1945)." Comparative Studies in Sociology 1 (1978), pp. 271-93. Housepian, Marjorie. "The Unremembered Genocide." Commentary 42, no. 3 (September 1966). 304 Bibliographical Essay Hovannisian, Richard G., ed. The Armenian Genocide in Perspective. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1986. ---. The Armenian Holocaust: A Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass.: Armenian Heritage Press, 1978. ---. Armenia on the Road to Independence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. ---. The Republic ofArmenia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1961. Libaridian, Gerard, ed. A Crime of Silence. London: Zed Books, 1985. Melson, Robert. "A Theoretical Inquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896." Comparative Studies in Society and History 24, no. 3 (July 1982), pp. 481-509. Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Ter Minassian, Anaide. Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian Libera- tion Movement, 1887-1912. Cambridge, Mass.: The Zoryan Institute, 1984. Ternon, Yves. The Armenians: History of a Genocide. New York: Caravan Books, 1981. Werfel, Franz. The Forty Days of Musa Dagh. New York: The Viking Press, 1934.

For sources on the destruction of Aboriginal society, see: Blainey, Geoffrey. A Land Half Won. Melbourne: Macmillan, 1980. Broome, Richard. Aboriginal Australians. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1982. Butlin, Noel. Our Original Aggression. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1983. Evans, Raymond, Kay Saunders, and Kathryn Cronin. Exclusion, Exploita- tion and Extermination. Sydney: Australia and New Zealand Book Com- pany, 1975. Reece, R.H.W. Aborigines and Colonists. Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1974. Rowley, C. D. The Destruction ofAboriginal Society. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1970. Travers, Robert. The Tasmanians: The Story of a Doomed Race. Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1968. Wright, Judith. The Cry for the Dead. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1981.

For general works on genocides in Africa, Asia, and South America, see: Beshir, Mohammed Omer. The Southern Sudan: From Conflict to Peace. London: C. Hurst and Co., 1975. Bibliographical Essay 305 Bridgman, John. The Revolt of the Hereros. Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia Press, 1981. Chaudhuri, Kalyan. Genocide in Bangladesh. Bombay: Orient Longman, 1972. Davis, Shelton H. The Victims of the Miracle: Development and the Indians of Brazil. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977. De St. Jorre, John. The Nigerian Civil War. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1972. Drechsler, Horst. "Let Us Die Fighting": The Struggle of the Herero and Nama against German Imperialism (1884-1915). London: Zed Press, 1980. Emprile, Cecil. War and Peace in the Sudan 1955-1972. London: David and Charles, 1974. Helbig, Helga, and Ludwig Helbig. Mythos Deutsch-Sudwest: Namibia und die Deutschen. Weinheim: Beltz Verlag, 1983. Lemarchand, Rene. Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger, 1970. Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., 1980. May, Brian. The Indonesian Tragedy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. O'Ballance, Edgar. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955-1972. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1977. Ponchaud, François. Cambodia Year Zero. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978. Schwab, Peter, ed. Biafra. New York: Facts on File, 1971. Vickery, Michael. Cambodia 1975-1982. Boston: South End Press, 1984. Wallenkampf, Arnold. "The Herero Rebellion in South West Africa, 1903- 1907." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1969. Wingert, Norman. No Place to Stop Killing. Chicago: Moody Press, 1974. Wooding, Dan, and Ray Barnett. Uganda Holocaust. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1980.