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Termite Resistance of Klainedoxa Gabonensis Kruma a Tropical Lesser

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Termite Resistance of Klainedoxa Gabonensis Kruma a Tropical Lesser International Wood Products Journal ISSN: 2042-6445 (Print) 2042-6453 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ywpj20 Termite resistance of Klainedoxa gabonensis (kruma), a tropical lesser-utilised-species for commercial utilisation Charles Antwi-Boasiako, Kwadwo Boakye Boadu & Kwasi Frimpong-Mensah To cite this article: Charles Antwi-Boasiako, Kwadwo Boakye Boadu & Kwasi Frimpong- Mensah (2017) Termite resistance of Klainedoxagabonensis (kruma), a tropical lesser-utilised- species for commercial utilisation, International Wood Products Journal, 8:2, 120-126, DOI: 10.1080/20426445.2017.1317470 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2017.1317470 Published online: 25 Apr 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 58 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ywpj20 INTERNATIONAL WOOD PRODUCTS JOURNAL, 2017 VOL. 8, NO. 2, 120–126 https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2017.1317470 Termite resistance of Klainedoxa gabonensis (kruma), a tropical lesser-utilised-species for commercial utilisation Charles Antwi-Boasiako, Kwadwo Boakye Boadu and Kwasi Frimpong-Mensah Department of Wood Science & Technology, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The paper describes the testing for termite resistance of a lesser-utilised tropical species known Received 14 July 2015 as kruma (Klainedoxa gabonensis) in order to evaluate its potential for the building, construction Accepted 5 April 2017 and related wood-consuming industries. Results suggest that kruma heartwood can be rated as KEYWORDS very durable and the sapwood as durable. It is concluded that utilisation of this wood species Accelerated field test; bio- could reduce over dependence on traditional primary species. deterioration; kruma; mass loss; service-life; subterranean termite; wood utilisation Introduction Nigeria. Rahman and Chattopadhyay (2003) asserted Timber is a preferred choice for building and furniture that about AU$1500–2500 was incurred per pole as manufacturing (Pakarinen 1999). Wooden furniture is replacement cost for more than 5.3 million wooden sound and thermal-resistant, which makes homes poles used to supply power in the Queensland region cozier and more serene than their plastic and metallic of Australia due to bio-deterioration. Teles and Valle counterparts (Lihra et al. 2008). Natural grain of (2001) also estimated that about ₣300–400 million wood and texture combine beauty and robustness in could be spent yearly to repair or replace wood providing appealing products with elegance, charm destroyed through bio-deterioration alone in France. and sophistication to any room (Newport Furniture Thus, to ensure increased life in service of manufac- Parts 2009). It offers some therapeutic benefits such tured products, promotion of forest/timber conserva- as support and comfort to patients distressed from tion and protection of the environment from the spinal injuries or backache (Phadke 2012). Although harmful effects of preservative-chemicals against bio- wood is a desirable material for construction, as a natu- deterioration, naturally durable timbers (e.g. Quercus ral polymer, it is prone to bio-degradation caused by robur L., Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) bacteria, decay-fungi and insects. Termites, carpenter Sprague, Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg, Cedrus bees, ants and powder-post beetles are the major insect libani A. Rich, Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Tectona pests to wooden structures (Abood 2008). They pene- grandis L.f., Larix decidua var. polonica and Intsia trate wood and decompose its cellulose for biochemical palembanica Miq.) are highly preferred to their non- energy, which reduces the strength and structural rigid- durable and chemically treated counterparts (Humar ity of several manufactured products (Sonowal & et al. 2008). The chemical preservatives could be costly, Gogoi 2010). Thus, such wooden structures have lim- harmful to life and the environment and render wood ited service-lives (Stephan et al. 2006; Lionetto & Fri- unable to receive finishes (International Agency for gione 2009). Ministerial Conference on the Research on Cancer 1995; Nakayama et al. 2000). Protection of Forests in Europe (2007) reported that Increasing unavailability and cost of the ‘well- 80% of the French public surveyed agreed that wood known’, frequently used and naturally durable tra- products required greater maintenance efforts than ditional timbers (e.g. E. cylindricum and M. excelsa) plastics and metals. The report indicated that extremely require the promotion of the abundant secondary tim- low rankings (<2, i.e. poor) were obtained for wood bers or the lesser utilised species (LUS) to meet the useful-life and maintenance intervals in an Austrian incessant wood demand so as to sustain the timber Survey. Adéwolé and Olorunnisola (2010) and DFID industry (Barany et al. 2003). Timber Industry Re- Human Development Resource Centre (2012) structuring Working Group (2008) noted that between observed that wooden school chairs and desks deterio- 2000 and 2004, about 75% of wood exports from rated shortly after their manufacture in Ibadan, Ghana was from only 28 endangered timber species CONTACT Charles Antwi-Boasiako [email protected] © 2017 IWSc, The Wood Technology Society of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining INTERNATIONAL WOOD PRODUCTS JOURNAL 121 and 25% from the LUS. In 2007, 80% (by volume) of Materials and methods the exported timber was from just 20 wood species Sampling of wood material including T. grandis, Triplochiton scleroxylon Schu- mann, Aningeria robusta (A.Chev.) Aubrév. & Pellegr., Three (3) trees each of kruma and E. cylindricum (70– Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., Terminalia superba 90 cm wide, of 40–45 years) were randomly harvested A. Chev. and Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. However, (at 1.3 m above the ground) from the Bobiri Forest there are over 500 timber species, which grow to mer- Reserve in the Ashanti Province of Ghana [Latitudes ο chantable sizes but have never been commercially 6 39′S and 6o 44′N; Longitudes 1o 15′E and 1o exploited because their technical properties are 23′W] (Addae-Wireko 2008). Bolts (1 m long) were unknown. Thus, an intensive research into the proper- obtained from each butt. These were quarter-sawn, ties of LUS would be needed in order to increase the processed into boards and the desired sample taken. number of utilisable timber species for domestic supply Forty eight defect-free heartwood samples (within 8– and reduce the over-exploitation of traditional timbers 15 cm from the pith) as well as sapwood (within 40– that already have great export markets (Timber Indus- 50 cm from the pith) were randomly taken from each try Re-structuring Working Group 2008). In Uganda, bolt and their field performance (in terms of durability) several LUS (e.g. Podocarpous latifolius R.Br. ex tested against termites. Mirb., Funtumia elastica (P. Preuss) Stapf. and Trichi- lia dregeana E. Mey. Ex Harv. & Sond.) are being pro- gressively used to substitute many of the traditional Determination of termite resistance timbers (e.g. Milicia spp. and Khaya spp.) and for fur- The E. cylindricum and kruma stakes (400 × 40 × niture production (Zziwa et al. 2006). For building and 20 mm) were conditioned at 20°C and 65% rh until furniture-making, Ali et al. (2011) recommended the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was reached (BS use of the under-exploited tropical timbers (e.g. Acacia EN 252 2014). C. pentandra stakes served as the con- nigrescens Oliv., Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen trol. Each stake was weighed. The moisture content and Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia Pax) based on (mc) of 10 other stakes from C. pentandra and each their relative abundance, expected biomass per tree as stem position of kruma and E. cylindricum was well as other important properties (e.g. durability), measured at 103 ± 2°C and used to determine their cal- which are useful determinants of consumers’ choice culated oven-dry masses (CODMs) (Antwi-Boasiako & for wooden products. Thus, Arowosoge and Tee Pitman 2009) (Equation (1)): (2010) mentioned that detailed knowledge about the durability of LUS is needed in order to substitute effec- Calculated oven dry mass (CODM) tively the current highly marketed, primary timber 100 × fresh weight of sample species. = (1) 100 + moisture content of sample Kruma (Klainedoxa gabonensis) is a tropical LUS (Fam.: Irvingiaceae). It occurs extensively in Zambia, The replicates from each timber were randomly Uganda, Senegal and Ghana but it lacks information inserted into the soil to cover one third of their lengths in the Trade Statistics. It has great strength and at the test site (50 × 60 m) of the Demonstration Farm attractive grain pattern; it saws and glues well and of the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame dresses to a smooth finish. It is relatively abundant Nkrumah University of Science and Technology − with a mean basal area of 10.77 m2 km 2 in the Gha- (KNUST), Kumasi-Ghana (Plate 1). The stakes were naian forests (Ghana Forestry Commission 2012). It 50 cm apart from each other. The Demonstration site grows up to 120–150 cm in diameter and 45–50 m lies within the semi-deciduous vegetation zone [6° tall with a straight and cylindrical bole, which 40’N and 1° 33’W] with moderate temperature (25° could be branchless for up to 25 m from the ground. C) and high rh of 83%. It is dominated by Ochrosol Thus, it has much biomass and desirable character- soil (Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly 2006). It contains istics for several structural applications including many termite mounds (Plate 1) and has a high decay flooring and furniture production (Oteng-Amoako hazard index. Common insects at the test field include & Obeng 2012). However, dearth of knowledge on subterranean termites, Anobium spp., Ancistrotermes its durability could hinder its utilisation. This paper spp. and Nasutitermes latifrons (Usher 1975). Accord- sought to examine the durability of kruma, as a ing to Ravenshorst et al.
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