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Evaluación De Persuasión Coercitiva En Contextos Grupales”

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Evaluación De Persuasión Coercitiva En Contextos Grupales” TESIS DOCTORAL “EVALUACIÓN DE PERSUASIÓN COERCITIVA EN CONTEXTOS GRUPALES” José Miguel Cuevas Barranquero Enero de 2016 AUTOR: José Miguel Cuevas Barranquero http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4585-585X EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es 2 TESIS DOCTORAL “EVALUACIÓN DE PERSUASIÓN COERCITIVA EN CONTEXTOS GRUPALES” FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA DEPARTAMENTO DE PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL, TRABAJO SOCIAL, ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL Y ESTUDIOS DE ASIA ORIENTAL José Miguel Cuevas Barranquero Director: Dr. D. Jesús María Canto Ortiz 3 Tesis presentada a la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Málaga para la obtención del Título de Doctor en Psicología Social del programa Nuevas Perspectivas en Psicología Social: Investigación e Intervención Enero de 2016 Director: Doctor D. Jesús María Canto Ortiz. 4 Jesús María Canto Ortiz, INFORMA QUE, Don José Miguel Cuevas Barranquero ha realizado bajo mi supervisión la tesis doctoral titulada ―Evaluación persuasiva en contextos grupales‖. Revisado el presente trabajo AUTORIZO su presentación en la Universidad de Málaga por estimar que reúne todos los requisitos formales y científicos para la obtención del título de doctor conforme a la legislación vigente. Y para que así conste, firmo el presente informe y presto conformidad a la presentación de dicha tesis, en Málaga, a 2 de noviembre de 2015, Jesús María Canto Ortiz 5 6 Quiero dedicarle este trabajo a mi hija Natalia, con el deseo de que cada día de su vida esté repleto de amor y libertad y que como yo, algún día también pueda materializar todos sus sueños. AGRADECIMIENTOS Trece años de trabajo y dedicación a este fenómeno de las sectas, dan para muchos agradecimientos, más aún si sumamos otros pocos más años de formación y apasionamiento en este gusanillo que sembró unas clases inspiradoras, en la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Málaga. Ese profesor, Jesús María Canto Ortiz, inconsciente del impacto y la influencia que iba generar en algunos alumnos, también se dejó convencer y persuadir en aceptar dirigir esta tesis de tan difícil temática, no sin antes vislumbrar la quimera que podía suponer cuando entonces, recién licenciado, no tenía ningún contacto ni experiencia que pudiera facilitar el desarrollo de mi proyecto, más allá de mis sueños y el deseo de poder profundizar y aportar mi grano de arena a esta terrible problemática. La redacción de la tesis quedaría relegada y aplazada por unos años, pero no su germen y, en el camino, me fui especializando esta compleja materia, comenzando a dar pasos, en la dirección de mis sueños. En aquellos años, jamás habría pensado que mi pasión por este tema fuera tan amplia y tan contagiosa, puesto que conseguí convencer a mi ex jefe, Don José Manuel Ramírez Navarro, entonces responsable del Plan Municipal de Adicciones, para que aceptara hacer un hueco a un novedoso y pionero programa municipal, público,de atención a la ―dependencia grupal‖ (según parece, el primer programa público y municipal en España), único recurso atencional en la comunidad andaluza. Allí empezarían mis primeras atenciones profesionales en esta materia, allá por el año 2003. De esta experiencia, nacería mi primer libro, coescrito con Jesús Canto, en el año 2006. Justo en ese año nació la persona que más amo, mi hija Natalia, que durante el último año raro era el dia que no me preguntaba ―¿papá cuándo vas a acabar la síntesis (tesis)‖?. Ya en aquellos años mi familia sufría el ―estrés sectario‖, especialmente mi esposa, Chari Castillo, que hasta ahora, ha tenido que aguantar muchas ausencias y encierros, entre tanto trabajo, tanto en el terreno 7 profesional, como en el ámbito académico. Espero poder compensarle todo este tiempo invertido. También mis padres y mis hermanos han soportado mis ausencias y aislamiento y agradezco que me hayan educado en libertad, respeto y amor. Os quiero mucho: Pepe y Carmen. Mi pasión por este tema ha conducido a que más de una vez pusiera voz a las víctimas que atendía y denunciara públicamente las actividades coercitivas de algunos de estos grupos, ganando, posiblemente, algún que otro enemigo. Pero este mismo trayecto me ha permitido sumar tantas grandes amistades, que el agradecimiento podría convertirse en un capítulo más: profesionales, abogados, miembros de las fuerzas de seguridad, familiares, ex miembros, etc. Algunos de los que siguen ahí, con los que he colaborado de una u otra manera, a los que quiero sumar mi agradecimiento: Carmen Almendros (profesora de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, gran especialista en esta materia), Miguel Perlado, colega y presidente de nuestra Asociación Iberoamericana de Investigación del Abuso Psicológico (AIIAP), Juantxo Domínguez (presidente de la asociación Redune, luchador como el que nadie en tratar de frenar los abusos de las sectas), Luis Santamaría (corresponsal de ICSA y de RIES). Álvaro Rodríguez-Carballeira (Catedrático de Psicología Social y Jurídica en la Universidad de Barcelona) cuyo trabajo ha sido una base esencial para mi trabajo en este ámbito. Algunos de los colaboradores y amigos, que también aportaron su empuje a este proyecto, difundiendo y aportando muestra para la investigación, con los que también he tenido el placer de poder colaborar: Pablo Gaston, Sergio Ibáñez y Héctor Walter Navarro, así como algunos miembros de ex grupos coercitivos. Todos ellos luchadores activos que tratan de hacer llegar a la sociedad la voz de las víctimas y la necesidad de atención o de leyes que las protejan. También el mundo anglosajón se sumó al proyecto y trató de difundirlo dentro de su círculo hispanoparlante: Steven Hassan, Michael Langone y Paul Lennon, Thanks so much for your support!. Quiero agradecer a cada una de las personas que participó en el estudio y también a cada asociación y foro de víctimas que colaboró y difundió el proyecto de 8 investigación. Tengo constancia de que muchos lo hicieron suyo y por supuesto, les devolveremos la información de los resultados obtenidos. También seguiremos trabajando activamente para tratar que estas herramientas tengan la utilidad para la cual se diseñaron. Extender mi agradecimiento a mis pacientes y a las víctimas a las que en algún momento he atendido. Ellos saben lo importante que es avanzar en esta problemática y han sido los primeros en colaborar en él. Sin ellos, esta tesis no tendría sentido. Especial atención quiero dedicar a mi amiga Carmen Almendros, que fue como el ―quinto Beatle‖: ayudando de forma totalmente altruista desde la sombra; aportándome grandes ideas y conocimientos, atendiéndome domingos y festivos y dándome un gran soporte para la elaboración del apartado empírico. También me ayudó mucho Omar Saldaña, que resultó muy importante para el empuje final de este trabajo. No quiero olvidarme de mis amigos/as periodistas, que siempre han estado cuando les he necesitado y que incluso algunos, hicieron eco de la investigación en sus medios para así poder llegar a un mayor número de participantes. Otros amigos, tan importantes en esta lucha como activos, profesionales y sensibles con ella a los que quiero reconocer son Luis Benavides y Rafael Ostos, inspectores de la Policía Nacional. Jesús Canto, además de su experiencia supo aportarme algo más importante, la fuerza motivacional suficiente para continuarlo. Hubo momentos difíciles en los que pensaba que no sería posible y su confianza y empuje resultaron fundamentales para que llegara este momento. 9 10 Razonar y convencer, ¡qué difícil, largo y trabajoso! ¿Sugestionar? ¡Qué fácil, rápido y barato! Santiago Ramón y Cajal Sé todos los cuentos Yo no sé muchas cosas, es verdad, digo tan sólo lo que he visto. Y he visto: Que la cuna del hombre la mecen con sueños, que los gritos de angustia del hombre los ahogan con cuentos, que el llanto del hombre lo taponan con cuentos, que los huesos del hombre los entierran con cuentos, y que el miedo del hombre… ha inventado todos los cuentos. Yo sé muy pocas cosas, es verdad, pero me han dormido con todos los cuentos… Y sé todos los cuentos. León Felipe 11 Evaluación de Persuasión Coercitiva en Contextos Grupales Índice 12 ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO 1:SECTAS COERCITIVAS, EL LADO OSCURO DE LOS GRUPOS ........................................................................................................................................ 24 1. LA IMPORTANCIA DE LOS GRUPOS ........................................................... 26 2. MOTIVOS SOCIALES DE AFILIACIÓN GRUPAL ....................................... 28 3. MOTIVOS GRUPALES ..................................................................................... 36 4. DIFERENTES ENFOQUES PARA DISTINTOS PROCESOS PSICOSOCIALES ................................................................................................... 38 5. LA NATURALEZA DUAL DE LAS TENDENCIAS HUMANAS ................. 41 6. SECTAS COERCITIVAS: DEFINICIONES Y CARACTERÍSTICAS ............ 43 6.1. El origen del sectarismo .......................................................................... 43 6.2. Definición de sectas y conceptos
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