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Noile Mişcări Religioase MASTER TEOLOGIE SISTEMATICĂ ÎN CONTEXT CONTEMPORAN ANUL I SEMESTRUL 1 DISCIPLINA: ISTORIA ŞI FILOSOFIA RELIGIILOR NOILE MIŞCĂRI RELIGIOASE - SUPORT DE CURS – Asist. dr. Constantin-Iulian Damian 2012 1. SECTĂ, CULT, NOUĂ MIŞCARE RELIGIOASĂ DELIMITĂRI CONCEPTUALE Explozia religioasă din anii ’60 şi ’70 ai secolului trecut a constituit o provocare atât pentru teologi, cât şi pentru istoricii şi sociologii religiilor. Noile doctrine, noile forme de manifestare şi organizare religioasă şi chiar modul original în care societatea s-a raportat la fenomen în ansamblul său ori la anumite grupări în particular au sfidat teoriile anterioare, au depăşit tipologiile ideale unanim acceptate şi au făcut impropriu limbajul de cercetare consacrat. În consecinţă, concomitent cu studiul fenomenului neoreligios, cercetătorii din diferite domenii umaniste şi sociale s-au văzut nevoiţi să elaboreze noi cadre teoretice şi metodologice care să permită dezvoltarea obiectivă, ştiinţifică şi coerentă a studiului grupărilor nou apărute pe scena religioasă a Occidentului. În aceste circumstanţe, una dintre cele mai dificile întreprinderi s-a dovedit a fi elaborarea unei terminologii adecvate noilor realităţi, demers ce a presupus inclusiv identificarea unui termen generic care să denumească noile grupări religioase. Spre deosebire de terminologia anterioară, acesta trebuia să fie destul de cuprinzător încât să poată circumscrie diversitatea acestor grupări, suficient de neutru încât să nu implice nici un fel de evaluare calitativă şi totodată destul de precis pentru a fi utilizabil în cercetarea ştiinţifică. După cum subliniază Nicolae Achimescu, „[d]iscuţiile contradictorii din lumea specialiştilor privind denumirea generală a tuturor acestor mişcări apărute pe scena religioasă începând cu anii ’60 nu reprezintă nici pe departe doar o simplă dispută în jurul unor noţiuni, ci în primul rând o dialectică privind evaluarea lor şi atitudinea corespunzătoare pe care trebuie s-o adopte Biserica şi societatea faţă de ele”, un motiv suficient pentru a suscita numeroase polemici şi controverse care în prezent sunt departe de a se fi încheiat. În cele ce urmează nu ne-am propus să insistăm exhaustiv asupra acestor dispute de ordin terminologic, ci urmărim să realizăm o distincţie clară între trei concepte vehiculate în contextul cercetării fenomenului neoreligios, respectiv sectă, cult şi nouă mişcare religioasă, aducând o serie de precizări utile în primul rând delimitării ariei prezentei cercetări. 1.1. SECTA – SENSUL TEOLOGIC ŞI SOCIOLOGIC AL TERMENULUI Etimologic, termenul de sectă provine de la latinescul sequi, însemnând, printre altele, „a urma un model, o persoană, o idee, un partid etc.” Cea de a doua etimologie, incorectă, însă mai populară, porneşte de la termenul latin secare, adică rupere, segregare de Biserică. Din perspectivă teologică, dincolo de sensul etimologic al termenului, secta rezultă din separarea dintr-o religie mamă sau de o comunitate mai mare, separare motivată de o concepţie divergentă asupra adevărului de credinţă sau a unei practici religioase, interpretarea diferită a Scripturii, raţiuni naţionaliste, rasiale, socio-revoluţionare, resentimente tradiţionaliste şi influenţe necreştine. În viziunea comunităţii-mamă, această schismă se prezintă ca o apostazie, iar în viziunea comunităţii disidente, dimpotrivă, se consideră ca o întoarcere sau un progres spre o credinţă mai bună sau mai pură. Astfel, secta implică fie şi erezia şi schisma, fie numai schisma, motiv pentru care aceasta se va situa permanent sub semnul opoziţiei faţă de comunitatea-mamă din care s-a rupt. Însă, în ciuda acestei opoziţii, antiteza sectei rămâne intim legată de teza Bisericii-mamă, fie că este aceasta Ortodoxă, Romano-Catolică sau Protestantă. Din punct de vedere sociologic, secta, ca şi formă de organizare religioasă, este definită, începând cu Max Weber şi Ernst Troeltsch, prin raportare şi în comparaţie cu Biserica. În timp ce 2 aceasta din urmă este o organizaţie religioasă bine integrată în societate, de mari dimensiuni, impersonală şi birocratizată, majoritatea membrilor Bisericii fiind născuţi în interiorul său, secta este o asociaţie voluntară, care nu pretinde autoritate asupra vieţii religioase şi comportamentului celor care nu-i sunt membri şi care se află într-un raport de tensiune cu societatea în ansamblul său. Desigur, teoria celor doi a cunoscut numeroase critici şi dezvoltări ulterioare, asupra cărora nu vom insista aici, ci vom reţine opinia lui Benton Johnson şi cea a sociologilor Rodney Stark şi William Sims Bainbridge privind relaţia Bisericii şi a sectei cu mediul în care se află. Considerând că tipologiile lui Max Weber şi Ernst Troeltsch se refereau preponderent la spaţiul creştin european, Benton Johnson încearcă o definire mai largă a Bisericii şi sectei. Astfel, „[o] Biserică este o grupare religioasă care acceptă mediul social în care se află. O sectă este o grupare religioasă care respinge mediul social în care se află.” Aceeaşi idee este preluată şi de Rodney Stark şi William Sims Bainbridge, potrivit cărora Biserica este „o organizaţie religioasă convenţională” care acceptă şi cooperează cu mediul social dominant, în timp ce secta este „o organizaţie religioasă deviantă în raport cu credinţele şi practicile tradiţionale” şi care se află într-un raport de tensiune sau ostilitate faţă de mediul social. În definitiv, secta este un protest îndreptat nu către celelalte organizaţii religioase, ci împotriva întregii societăţi seculare. Mai ales în ultima jumătate de veac, secta, ca şi tip ideal în sociologia religiilor, a fost mai pe larg analizată, fiind identificate principalele sale caracteristici (voluntarismul, caracterul exclusivist, pretenţia deţinerii monopolului asupra adevărului, tendinţa spre secularizare ş.a.) şi tipologii sectare (conversionist, revoluţionar/transformator, introversionist, manipulaţionist, taumaturgic, reformist, utopic). Având în vedere această raportare permanentă la (o) Biserică, putem afirma că secta, ca şi categorie sociologică şi aşa cum a fost aceasta descrisă, este specifică şi operabilă doar în mediul creştin. În hinduism, de pildă, care este difuz, necentralizat şi pluralist, fenomenul sectar are alt specific. După cum menţionează Bryan Wilson, aici au coexistat diverse moduri particulare de venerare sau şcoli filosofice divergente, însă adepţii lor nu au simţit nevoia de a se separa de restul comunităţii. Prin urmare, deşi termenul de sectă există şi este aplicat şi în mediul hindus, acesta denumeşte mai curând moduri originale de devoţiune. În consecinţă, acelaşi autor ajunge la concluzia că „conotaţiile specifice ale termenului, când se referă la mişcările creştine, nu sunt toate relevante pentru cele din afara tradiţiei creştine.” Observăm de aici că nici din perspectivă sociologică şi nici din cea teologică termenul de sectă nu este potrivit pentru a denumi în ansamblu grupările apărute pe scena religioasă în ultima jumătate de veac. Majoritatea acestora nu au apărut în urma scindării din organisme religioase mai mari, ci fie prin import, transplantând în Occident o cale spirituală alogenă, fie prin inovaţie, atunci când doctrina nu reprezintă o simplă reinterpretare a tradiţiei religioase dominante, precum în cazul Scientologiei, grupărilor religioase ufolatre ş.a., fiind rezultatul creativităţii şi capacităţii umane de expresie religioasă. Unele dintre acestea se încadrează în tipologia generală, altele doar parţial, pe când altele deloc. Desigur, tipologia academică este orientativă şi-şi are propriile limite, după cum subliniază şi sociologul Bryan Wilson, însă considerăm mai utilă crearea unei noi categorii, distinctă de cea de sectă, care să corespundă noilor realităţi, decât lărgirea până la abuz a categoriei „sectă”. O altă dificultate prezentată de termenul sectă este dată de faptul că acesta are nuanţe diferite, în funcţie de care parte a Atlanticului te afli. Astfel, în Statele Unite este înţeles strict ca noţiune sociologică, aşa cum a fost folosit de Max Weber şi Ernst Troeltsch. Însă în Europa secta a devenit în limbajul colocvial o judecată de valoare. Fiind utilizat de către Bisericile creştine în sens apologetic şi polemic, pentru a descrie grupări eretice care s-au separat de creştinismul oficial, în ultimul secol a dobândit în vocabularul cotidian o conotaţie negativă şi descriptivă defăimătoare, pierzându-şi sensul iniţial. Un dicţionar de sociologie elaborat în spaţiul francez defineşte secta în felul următor: „termen folosit în mod tradiţional într-o manieră peiorativă pentru a desemna grupurile de 3 indivizi care profesează o doctrină născută la marginea sau ca reacţie la o Biserică sau o tradiţie religioasă dominantă.”, menţionând, pe de o parte, atât sensul sociologic al termenului, cât şi încărcătura sa negativă. Totuşi, în limbajul colocvial, este mult mai pregnant sensul negativ al termenului, fiind total neglijat cel sociologic. În acest context găsim ca foarte interesantă observaţia lui Bryan Wilson privind această mutaţie. Sociologul britanic constată că dacă în trecut termenul a fost folosit pentru a desemna o grupare aflată explicit în opoziţie cu Biserica, în prezent, în societatea secularizată, secta este văzută mai curând ca o provocare pentru societate în ansamblul său. Aceasta este percepută ca o ameninţare la adresa practicilor seculare convenţionale, nonreligioase, devenind mai curând o provocare de ordin social decât religios. Această perspectivă asupra sectei este cât se poate de evidentă în modul cum este definită secta în Raportul Gest-Guyard,
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