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The Afghan National Police Turning a Counterinsurgency Problem Into a Solution Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2009-12 The Afghan National Police turning a counterinsurgency problem into a solution Haskell, David J. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4428 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE: TURNING A COUNTERINSURGENCY PROBLEM INTO A SOLUTION by David J. Haskell December 2009 Thesis Advisor: Anna Simons Second Reader: Thomas H. Johnson Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2009 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS The Afghan National Police: Turning a Counterinsurgency Problem into a Solution 6. AUTHOR(S) David J. Haskell 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The Taliban have managed to expand their political and military influence every year for the last five years, and if this trend is not stopped and ultimately reversed, the government of Afghanistan will likely collapse. While there is not one solution for victory in Afghanistan, some counterinsurgency precepts are more critical than others. This thesis examines and explains why legitimate police are vital to defeating the Taliban insurgency. Additionally, this thesis identifies and seeks to validate two key recommendations for improving the legitimacy and effectiveness of the Afghan National Police. First, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) need to make the Afghan National Police their number one priority for resources and manpower. Second, the Afghan National Police must be fundamentally restructured in accordance with traditional and cultural precepts to meet the needs of rural Afghan communities. Tailoring police reform to meet the needs of rural Afghans can reverse the Taliban’s influence and legitimacy in Afghanistan’s critical periphery. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Afghan National Police (ANP), Counterinsurgency (COIN), Culture, Government of the 119 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA), Taliban 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THE AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE: TURNING A COUNTERINSURGENCY PROBLEM INTO A SOLUTION David J. Haskell Major, United States Army B.S., University of Nebraska at Omaha, 1996 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEFENSE ANALYSIS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2009 Author: David J. Haskell Approved by: Anna Simons Thesis Advisor Thomas H. Johnson Second Reader Gordon McCormack Chairman, Department of Defense Analysis iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The Taliban have managed to expand their political and military influence every year for the last five years, and if this trend is not stopped and ultimately reversed, the government of Afghanistan will likely collapse. While there is not one solution for victory in Afghanistan, some counterinsurgency precepts are more critical than others. This thesis examines and explains why legitimate police are vital to defeating the Taliban insurgency. Additionally, this thesis identifies and seeks to validate two key recommendations for improving the legitimacy and effectiveness of the Afghan National Police. First, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) need to make the Afghan National Police their number one priority for resources and manpower. Second, the Afghan National Police must be fundamentally restructured in accordance with traditional and cultural precepts to meet the needs of rural Afghan communities. Tailoring police reform to meet the needs of rural Afghans can reverse the Taliban’s influence and legitimacy in Afghanistan’s critical periphery. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. FOR MOST AFGHANS, THE POLICE ARE THE GOVERNMENT .....1 II. METHODOLOGY AND PERSONAL BACKGROUND........................................9 A. CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING EQUALS FRONT LINE SUCCESS..........................................................................................................9 III. POLICE AND AFGHANISTAN’S COUNTERINSURGENCY (COIN) ............15 IV. OVERVIEW OF AFGHANISTAN’S NATIONAL POLICE ...............................23 A. ORIGINS OF THE AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE...............................23 B. THE RISE OF THE TALIBAN: THE PROMOTION OF VIRTUE AND PREVENTION OF VICE....................................................................24 C. THE REBIRTH OF SECULAR NATIONAL POLICE ............................26 D. GERMANY TAKES THE LEAD IN REBUILDING AFGHANISTAN’S NATIONAL POLICE..................................................27 E. THE UNITED STATES MAKES THE AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE A PRIORITY .................................................................................31 F. THE INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE....................................................................................36 G. THE COMBINED SECURITY TRANSITION COMMAND: AFGHANISTAN INITIATES A DISTRICT APPROACH TO POLICE REFORM .......................................................................................37 V. AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE COMPOSITION...............................................43 VI. CURRENT STATUS OF REFORM AND THE AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE ......................................................................................................................45 VII. THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY AND CULTURE IN THE AFGHAN POLICE ......................................................................................................................49 VIII. ISLAM, ETHNICITY, AND AFGHAN SOLIDARITY GROUPS.......................55 IX. UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN AFGHANS...................................................................................................63 X. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRIBAL POLICE, WARLORD MILITIAS, AND LOCAL MILITIAS.....................................................................67 XI. RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................................71 A. THE MAJORITY OF RURAL AFGHAN POLICE MUST BE LOCAL ...........................................................................................................72 B. ESTABLISHING A SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES .............73 C. REFORM THE RECRUITING PROCESS................................................74 D. THE IMPORTANCE OF ISLAM................................................................74 E. FOCUS ON QUALITY NOT QUANTITY .................................................75 vii F. RECRUIT, VET, AND DEVELOP LOCAL POLICE DURING THE HOLD AND BUILD PHASES......................................................................76 XII. CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................77 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................79 APPENDIX A. AFGHANISTAN POLICE TRAINING MISSION .................................89 APPENDIX B. AFGHAN NATIONAL POLICE VETTING AND RECRUITING PRESENTATION....................................................................................................101 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST .......................................................................................103 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Afghan’s Perception of Government Performance............................................3 Figure 2. Afghan’s Perception of Corruption among Government Officials and Police..................................................................................................................6
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