Emigrating Or Remaining in England

and companionsfromthe ThreeCountieswhohademigrated acquainted with.” than outofthesamenumberfromanypartworld thatIam less apostasyoutofthatbranchtheChurchandkingdom ofGod described theconvertsfromThreeCounties:“There hasbeen bases concerningapostasyamongthem. chose tostay,alongwithinformationfromjournals andthedata verts who stayed in England, including possible reasons why they to the western United States. The second part will look at con- well aswhethertheyfollowedthebodyofLatter-day Saints database findingsabouttheconverts’emigrationtoAmerica,as Three Counties.Thefirstpartofthechapterwilldescribe supply additionaldataregardingtherateofemigrationfrom has beentheconferencereportsfrom information aboutthegroupasawhole.Anotherusefulsource tors, butourjournaldatabaseandbranchprovidemore the ThreeCountieshaveanecdotaldataabouttheirownances their livescontinued.Manydescendantsoftheseconvertsfrom lives oreventuallybecamelessactive,inactive,evenhostileas whether theyremainedfaithfultotheChurchthroughouttheir whether theyemigratedtoAmericaorremainedinEngland,and chapter focusesonwhattheydidafterjoinedtheChurch: At thefuneralforWilliamPittin1873,Wilford Woodruff CHAPTER 5 DESCRIBED THE CONVERTS’ STORIES Church began its development in the Three Counties. This Remaining inEngland 1 Asexamples,hementioned someofhisfriends Emigrating or MillennialStar, asthe which - -

137 Chapter 6

138 The Field Is White by WilfordWoodruff. their strengthandfaithfulnesstotherestoredgospelaspraised with otherrecordsandjournals,providegreaterinsightabout grated orstayedinEngland.Thesedatabases,consideredalong ments oftheconvertstogetageneralsensehowmanyemi The journalandbranchdatabasesdoallowustotracethemove- sufficiently tomakeajudgmentontheirfaithfulnessasgroup. all theconvertswere,letalonetoidentifytheminotherrecords lives ofalltheconverts.However,thereisnowaytoknowwho Church, hisstatementcannotbeverifiedwithoutcomparingthe he rememberedfromtheThreeCountiesremainedfaithfulto While WilfordWoodruffmayhaveseenthatmostofthepeople early 1840s,andfollowedthepathofSaintstoUtahIdaho. Phillips, andRobertHarris,alsoleftEnglandforNauvoointhe including Edward Ockey, John Spiers, James Palmer, Edward plains tosettleinUtah.OtherformerUnitedBrethrenmembers, tually becomingpartoftheexodusfromNauvooandcrossing year ofhearingthegospelandmadetheirwaytoNauvoo,even ton, JohnBenbow,andWilliamPittleftEnglandwithinthefirst to Nauvoo and later traveled and settled in Utah. Thomas King- flowing scourgepassesover thenations.” going outfromtheirmidst untoalandofrefuge,whilsttheover the time will soon arrive when we will teach themby example, by unto Zion, and ifwe cannot get thepeople to believe by precept, had arrivedwhentheSaintswerecalleduponto gatherhome stated thathewashappytostatethelong-wished fortime March 1848WorcesterConference:“ElderButlerthen aroseand and notbyothers.Somewerefullofzeal,asevident atthe12 demonstrate that the call to gather to Zion was heeded by some for thisstudyandtheemigrationreportsin of the Churchin England. However, the databasesdeveloped may thinkthatemigrationwasthenormforearly members and then traveledto join the Saints in Zion, Latter-daySaints Because ofthestoriesmanypioneerswhojoinedChurch and TrekkedWest Following ThoseWhoEmigratedtoAmerica 2 Fromtheperspective

Millennial Star - - -

bers’ faithfulness. Zion appearstohavebeenapartofthemeasureChurchmem of Churchleadersinthemid-1800s,choicetoemigrate for 30 June 1853 shows that during the first six months of 1853, would beasmallpercentageofthewhole.Theconferencereport 1849. Astherewere606membersintheconference,25emigrants emigrants fromthisconferenceforasix-monthperiodwas25in ence werenotemigratinginlargenumbers;thelargestnumberof from 1848 onward,themembersfrom Cheltenham Confer than foreachindividualconference.Thetabledemonstratesthat the emigrationstatisticswereforBritishIslesoverall,rather ham Conferencelistedinthereportsfrom1848to1854.After1854, 1848. Table6.1showsthenumberofemigrantsfromChelten- Table 6.1CheltenhamConferenceEmigrationStatistics,1840–1854 The 25 Feb1849 4 Jun1849 18 Dec1849 1 Jun1850 1 Jun1851 1 Dec1851 1 Jun1852 31 Dec1852 30 Jun1853 31 Dec1853 30 Jun1854 31 Dec1854 Date Millennial Starbeganrecordingemigrationstatisticsin Number of branches 20 19 19 20 20 19 20 22 23 21 21 21 Number of members 545 564 606 731 861 902 902 842 809 739 765 786 Number who emigrated 23 25 10 22 19 23 18 8 0 8 0 0 - -

139 Emigrating or Remaining in England

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The Field Is White all threecountieswholeftduringthatsix-monthperiodwas181. from Herefordshireand48Worcestershire.Thetotal only 19 members emigrated from Cheltenham, but 114 emigrated Saints. (PhotobyCynthiaDoxey Green.) Statue onaLiverpooldockcommemorating theemigrationofLatter people, increasingthenumberfromThreeCountiesonthat senger listincludesmanychildrenandotherrelativesofthose28 dren youngerthaneightarenotlistedinourdatabases,thepas with 28passengerslistedinourjournaldatabase.Althoughchil- first shipsofMormonemigrants,leftLiverpoolinSeptember1840 friends fromtheThreeCounties.The grants weretravelingonthesameshipwithfamilymembersand lists foundontheMormonMigrationwebsite.Often,emi positively identified,34percentwerelistedonships’passenger Millennial Starbeganreportingitin1848. along with some details of emigration that occurred before the more accurateperspectiveofemigrationintheThreeCounties, ties. Addinginformationfromthedatabasesenabledustogaina standing theemigrationrateorsituationofThreeCoun Obviously, theMillennialStarreportsareinadequateforunder The journaldatabaserevealsthatofthe577peoplewhowere North America,oneofthe - day - - - - 3

the surroundingarealeftBristolatthattime. the of the tioned himselfandthegroupleaderbyname. eling fromBristoltoQuebecinAugust1841,Phillipsonlymen there wereonehundredintheircompanyonthe Maughan. Similarly, while Edward Phillips’s history stated that diaries oftwopassengers,JamesBarnesandMaryAnnWeston twenty-nine individualswhohappenedtobementionedinthe nately, the only passengers’ names listed for the the passengersprobablycamefromThreeCounties.Unfortu Bristol, Gloucestershire,whichwouldhavemeantthatmostof the able. Forexample,therewerethreetripsin1841—onevoyageof board wasbecauseofthediariesorautobiographiesthatareavail the onlywayweknowtherewasagroupofChurchmemberson passenger list.Thetotalpercentage ofemigrantsforthejournal their laterlifeevents,although theirnamesdidnotappearona nal databaseforwhomthereisevidenceofemigration basedon mon Migration,wefoundanother81individualsfrom thejour place inbetween.Inadditiontothoseindividualslisted onMor ried ordiedinNauvoo,Illinois,theintermountain west,orany were particularly helpful for identifying the converts who mar- als, theymusthaveemigratedtoAmerica.These other records mon Pioneer Overland Travel website included these individu- or deathinAmerica,iftheUnitedStatescensus ortheMor had toassumethatifFamilySearchshowedplaces ofmarriage plete passengerlists.Becauseofthelackofficiallistings,we emigrate toAmerica. Benbow generouslypaidtheexpensesfor40oflocalSaintsto ship. Infact,WilfordWoodruffrecordedinhisjournalthatJohn did nothavecompletepassengerlists. paid theirownway. 43 totalemigrantsfromtheThreeCounties,somewhoprobably those inthedatabasewhoarealsoonpassengerlist,wefound Millennial StarreportedthatagroupfromHerefordshireand Several othershipsintheearly1840slikewisehadnocom Mormon Migration listsseveralshipsintheearly1840sthat Harmony andtwovoyagesoftheCaroline—embarking from Caroline in January1841recordednopassengernames,but 4 Whenweaddedinthefamilymembersof 5 Forsomeoftheseships, 7 6 Theothervoyage Harmony are the Caroline trav------

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The Field Is White Eldersfield, Worcestershire, andsailedtoNewYorkCityin1856 later recounted the family’s experience as they left their home in Frogmarsh Branch.Their daughter,SarahAnnOakeyLudlum, database cameto49percent,oralmosthalfofallthoseindividu Pastoral sceneinNewent,Gloucestershire.(PhotobyCynthiaDoxeyGreen.) from thebranchleft1855to1880s. Boulter family,wholeftin1849,whiletherestof the emigrants grants listedinthebranchrecordswereThomas andComfort they couldnotleavehomeforotherreasons.The earliestemi them from emigrating in the early 1840s, they may have decided time theywereabletodealwiththedifficultiesthat prevented other issuesthatwerekeepingtheminEngland.Perhaps bythe poor toleaveearlier,ortheymayhavehadfamily concernsor 1840s, theseindividualsmayhavebeentooold,infirm,or England bythetimebranchrecordswerewritteninmid- in thebranchrecordsemigrated.Ifindividualswerestill percent. Severalpossibilitiesmayexplainwhyfewerpeoplelisted and Bran GreenBranchesshowedan emigration rate of only 30 als notedinthejournals. The ThomasandAnnCollettOakeyfamilyleft from the Unlike thejournaldatabase,databaseforFrogmarsh 8 - - traveling withoutherfamily: described herexperience whenshewasseventeenyearsoldand also had a sense of happyanticipation. Jane Ann Fowler Sparks ated with leaving England and undertaking a hard journey, they their familiesandfriends.However,despiteallthe trialsassoci was sometimes difficult because a large number had to leave Zion, firstinNauvooandlaterUtah.Carrying out thisdesire the ThreeCountiesshowthatmanyofthemdesired togather Rhoda perishedastheywereabouttoentertheSalt LakeValley. survived theordealoftrek,buthereleven-year-old sister handcart grants toIowaCitywheretheybecamepartoftheill-fatedWillie aboard theThornton. Thefamilytraveledwiththeirfellowemi Doxey Green.) Dovecote, PigeonHouseFarm,Eldersfield,Worcestershire.(PhotobyCynthia Family Trials. Company. Sarahandmostofherfamilymiraculously Personal histories of the Latter-day Saints from - - 9

Emigrating or Remaining in England

144

The Field Is White Emily recountstheeventsthattranspired: illness, tostayathometellthefatherabouttheir emigration. for afewdays,leavingWilliamBen,whowasrecovering froman ters totravelLiverpoolwhiletheirfatherwasaway fromhome her husband’sknowledge.Theplanwasforthewife anddaugh 1856, theirmotherthoughtitbestforthemtoemigratewithout whom, with the exception of her father, joined the Church. In that sheexperiencedatpartingwithherfamily. She recordedthatshecould“neverforget”thegriefandsorrow “clung aroundmyneck,saying‘Weshallneverseeyouagain.’” farewell, hermotherwasbrokenhearted,andtwolittlesisters with a group of Saints bound for Nauvoo. As she bade her family after, MaryAnnsettledherbusiness,andinMay1841,sheleft by amobsoonaftertheirmarriage.Afterhisdeaththere Weston Maughan,whosefirsthusbandhadbeenbrutallybeaten undetected. black clothing for more cheerful attire, and in so doing she went previously thatthelawyerswerecoming,shelaidasideher the ship topersuadeher come home. Havingbeen warned sent lawyerstofindthe“youngwidowdressedinblack”onboard her partywerepreparingtosailfromBristol,MaryAnn’sfather reached ourjourneys[sic]end. not realizethetrialsweweregoingtopassthroughbefore us inthiscountry[America],butwewerefulloffaithanddid my onlysister...Wewerefourgreenhorns,astheywouldcall at thetime.Mysaddestgriefwasinleavingmydearmotherand for afriend,butIneverfelthappierinallofmylifethandid To traveltoUtahwithnomeansandonlymyheavenlyfather self up.HedidnotforceMother togobackbut,throughkind hid. Histimewasaboutexpired whenMotherfinallygaveher sel onehundredsovereigns to castanchorforonehour.Weall and notyetontheopensea.Fatherpaidcaptainof ves officers. Hefollowedus,aswewerestillintheIrish Channel When FatherreceivedthenewshehastenedtoLiverpool with Emily HodgettsLowdercamefromawealthyfamily,allof The previouschaptersharedthesadstoryofMaryAnn 12 10 11 Whilesheand - - - -

left home. a greatdealofcashandportablepropertywithher whenshe recollection, however,indicatingthatMrs.Hodgettshadtaken newspaper accountwassomewhatdifferentfromthedaughter’s sational enoughthatitwasdescribedinthenewspapers.The Albert DockintheportofLiverpool.(PhotobyCynthiaDoxeyGreen.) fast steamer.Emilycontinued: brother WilliamBenarrivedinBostonaheadofthem by takinga tion toyoursister,tenderly watch herfootsteps.”Mariastayed in thehouseofLord.William Ben,beaguideandprotec loved one,gotoUtahwithyour brotherandkeepfaithful,work your motherinthehouroftrial,mydaysareshort.Emmie, my ing. .Inthelettershesaid,“Maria,comehomeandtake care of This letterIkeptuntilitfelltopieces,readingoftenand cry William BenbroughtaletterfromMothertellinguswhat todo. Apparently, theemigrationofHodgettsfamilywassen seventeen. WecameonalonetoBoston. she wenthomewithhim.Iwasfifteenandmysister, persuasion, tellingherthathewouldselloutandcometoUtah, 14 Afterrecoveringfromhisillness,EmilyandMaria’s 13 Maria, was - - -

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The Field Is White firmed thathelaterbecame adrunkardanddiedingutter. ior thatshepredicted hewould“dieinaditch.”Sarahcon to speakhim.Sarah’sgrandmotherwassoupset athisbehav them walkontheothersideofroadandinstructed themnot grant home.Notwishingtobeassociatedwiththem, hemade smallpox butwereleftwithuglyscarsontheirbodies toanemi of the Church escorted those Saints who had recovered from the the trainofficialsrefusedtogivethemanycompensation. the loss,butwhenSaintstriedtogetmoneyfortheirlosses, received fivethousanddollarsfromtherailroadcompanytocover fire, burningmuchofthepassengers’luggage.Thetrainofficials a trainfromNewYorktoMissouri,oneofthecarscaught with hisparentsandtwosistersin1863.Whilethefamilywason ney toNauvooorUtah.FrancisGeorgeWallarrivedinNewYork vation, anddeathonthevoyageacrossoceanjour they werenotfreefromdifficulty,oftensufferingsickness,depri brother Williamdied. when she wasonlynineteenyears old, Emily married, and her in 1856,sufferingmuchfromtheharshwinterweather.In1860, wagon train following the Willieand Martin handcartcompanies those shark-infestedwaters.” those twodarlings,withweightsattachedtotheirfeet, slideinto and wereburiedinthesea.Italmostkilledmymother tosee brothers, RhubenandLevi,bothdiedfromthisdreadfuldisease the oceanonshipWindermere, smallpoxbrokeout.Mytwo on board the ship. Sarah Davis Carter recalled: “While crossing travelers becausetheylivedclosetogetherincrampedquarters ship wasdrivenoffcourse. voyage acrosstheAtlantic,whichtooksevenweeksbecause return home. I cameontoUtah.MotheronlylivedafewmonthsafterMaria’s in BostontwoweeksthenreturnedtoEngland.Mybrotherand Sarah saidthatwhentheyarrivedinNewOrleans, anelder Travel Trials. Emily andWilliamBenmadetheirway to SaltLakeCityin a Mary FieldGarnertellsofbeingseasickduringthewhole 15 Even when people were on their way to Zion, 16 18 Illnesswasoftenaproblemforthe 19 17

20 - - - - - dollar adayundersuperintendent FrankPullenfromLedbury, Job Smith secured jobs working at the Nauvoo brickyard for a this networkoffriendstoobtainemployment.George Bundyand Deerhurst, Gloucestershire.SomeoftheEnglish converts used preacher, andthenwithJohnNewman,whowasoriginally from voo. Then they lived withCharlesPrice, a formerUnitedBrethren Leigh, Gloucestershire,forthefirstsixweeksthey wereinNau Redmarley, Worcestershire,livedwithDanielBrowett fromthe in 1842. in thepresenceofBenjaminandMaryHillbyHeber C.Kimball Eldersfield, Worcestershire.HannahandEdwardweremarried shire, whowaslivingwithBenjaminandMaryHill,formerlyfrom he methisfuturewife,HannahSimmonds,alsofromGloucester that he“boardedwithanoldfriendbythenameofJenkins.”There acquaintances fromEngland.Forexample,EdwardPhillipssaid Counties arrivedinNauvoo,manyofthemsettledneartotheir Similarly, GeorgeBundyandhisnephewJobSmith from Home Connections. 21 As theEnglishSaintsfromThree Library.) (Church History uncle andaunt. Bundy, JobSmith’s George andMary - -

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148

The Field Is White shire, England. Adelaide FowlesinBedford- mission, hemethisfuturewife Worcestershire. Whileonthis in HawcrossandRedmarley, relatives whowerestillliving England, hevisitedmanyofhis Norwich Conference.Whilein called toreturnEnglandonamissionwherehelaboredinthe Latter-day SaintstoSaltLakeCity.Soonafterarriving,hewas arrived andwereavailabletogreethim.Herecalled hisarrival: ing in Nauvoo on 13 April 1844. Some of his relatives had already ish churchbeforehewasbap Gloucestershire, Anglicanpar- a musicianintheDymock, beauty forChurchmeetingsandotherevents. way toenliventhespiritsofwearypioneersand toprovide the band,underdirectionofWilliamPitt,was animportant west anduponarrivalintheGreatSaltLakeValley, musicfrom vide moneyandprovisionsforthepioneertrek.Along theway band oftenplayedconcertsinsmallsettlements Iowatopro As WilliamPitttraveledwestwiththeSaints,heandhisbrass Smith andHyrumarrivedinNauvoofromCarthageJail. sions inNauvoo,includingtheprocessionasbodiesofJoseph Brass Band.TheNauvooBandplayedatsignificantocca the goodofcommunityashebecameleaderNauvoo to usehismusicalabilitiesfor 1840. InNauvoo,Pittwasable Thomas Kington, on13June tized byhisbrother-in-law, where severalfamiliesoftheirEnglishacquaintancesalsolived. Gloucestershire. Theyfinallysettledonaquartersectionofland Job SmitheventuallyleftNauvooandtraveledwestwiththe tell itwashim,byhisnoble expression.Hecameonboardto The prophetJosephSmithwas atthepier.AtfirstglanceIcould As ayoungman,ThomasSteedemigratedtoAmerica, arriv William Pitt had been 23 - Library.) William Pitt.(ChurchHistory 24 22 - - - handcart companyandsurvivedtheordeal. panies in1856.Histwenty-year-oldnieceSarahSteedwasthe went outtohelpthestrugglingWillieandMartinhandcartcom- voo, leavinghermotherwith sixchildrentorear.Theywerevery faced the sadnessof having her father andtwo sistersdie in Nau Nauvoo, sotheyrentedone fromafellowLatter-daySaint.Mary did nothaveenoughmoneytobuyahomewhenthey arrivedin to theirconvictions.MaryFieldGarnerrecordedthat herfather were thenforcedtoleavefortheWestinorderremain faithful fering theearlySaintsfacedaftertheyarrivedin Nauvooand from StanleyHill,Herefordshire,reflectsthetragedies andsuf the Three Counties. to the companycaptained by John Cheese,who was alsofrom disembarking inBoston. ocean voyagewastoomuchforher,andshediedanhourafter traveling withhermarrieddaughters,RebeccaandAnn.The mother beganherjourneytoUtahin1857afterhusbanddied, died inthefaithMalvern,Worcestershire,1855.Thomas’s never emigratedtoAmerica,possiblyduehisillhealth,buthe in Farmington. with someofhisrelatives,finallyarrivingin1850andsettling Saints’ expulsionfromNauvoo,ThomasmadehiswaytoUtah did buthadstayedinMalvern,Worcestershire. family members,manyofwhomhadjoinedtheChurch whenhe on amissionandexperiencedjoyfulreunionwith severalofhis coming uponthem.) away andthewheatremain.”(ThetroublesinNauvoowerejust to gothroughthefanningmill,wherechaffwillbeblown and afteryouhavebeenthrashedpoundedwill you, [Elder Smith said] you have come to the thrashing floor, be instructedinthewaysofLord,”answeredsomeone.“Itell preach onboard.“Whatdidyoucomeherefor?”askedhe.“To he couldnotstaywithus,sentApostleGeorgeA.Smithto and expresshisthankfulnessthatwehadarrivedinsafety.As shake handsandwelcomeusbymanyencouragingwords, Faithfulness AmidstSuffering. Thomas immediatelyjoinedtheNauvoolegion,belonging 27 Thomasservedaspartoftherescuepartythat 26 After Joseph Smith’s martyrdom and the 25 29 In1875,ThomaswentbacktoEngland The storyoftheFieldfamily 28 Thomas’sfather 30 - -

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150 The Field Is White to thepumpgetwater. 1848, Mary’smotherwitnessedaheartbreakingevent asshewent live inthisquiet,desertedtownfortwomoreyears. Onenightin their homessothattheyhaddecentshelter.They continuedto ter, themobsentwordthatstrandedpeoplecould returnto on NickersonIslandinthemiddleofriver.During thatwin several other families who were in a similar desperate situation were too destitute to travelwest with the Saints, so theylived with River astheSaintswereforcedoutofNauvoobymob.They Joseph.” so muchlikeJosephthatforjustaminutewethoughtitwas Joseph standingbeforeus.BrotherBrighamlookedandtalked of Joseph.LookingupquicklywesawtheformProphet stooped overtopickitup.Wewerestartledbyhearingthevoice on thefloorjustafter[BrighamYoung]arosetospeak.Mother had ababyonmykneewhowasplayingwithtincupwhichfell the mantleofJosephSmithhadfallenonhim.Sherecounts,“I appearance and voice of Joseph Smith, showing the people that was presentatthemeetingwhereBrighamYoungtookon spiritual blessings.AfterthedeathofJosephSmithin1844,Mary best theycould.” children. TheSaintswereverykindtousandtriedhelpthe us thebreadorgetenoughfoodtosatisfyhungrycriesofher mother, ofttimes,wouldcrywithus,asshewasunabletogive else toeat.Thechildrencriedforapieceofwhitebread,and of them.Shelamented,“OH!Howhungrywewereforsomething poor andsurvivedononepintofcornmealperdayfortheseven we knewhewasinhisgrave.” own eyes.WeallthoughtJosephhadcomebacktousalthough this experience:“I.heardwithmyownearsandsaw It is impossible to describe our feelings to see our sacred tem stayed] andseveralneighbors towatchitburntheground. waking us children and also the Lee family [with whom they beautiful NauvooTempleinflames.Sheranbackintothe house, She heardaterriblecracklingoftimber.Lookingupshesaw the In September1846,theFieldfamilycrossedMississippi The sadnessofdestitutionwassometimesaccompaniedby 32 EdwardPhillipsfromGloucestershire,corroborated 31 33 - - Zion.” glad myparentsembracedtheGospelinEnglandandcameto her trials, at the end of her life Mary Field Garnerstated,“Iam rebuffed andfinallyleftforgoodafterthreedays. the chiefmanagedtofindhertheresometimelater.Hewasagain came. Maryandherfamilyarrivedinthe Salt Lakevalley,and staying alldaytoseeifshecameback,hefinallyleftwhennight find her and even felt the mattress but failed to detect her. After the chiefthatMarywaslost.Hehuntedthroughwagonsto chief followedthecampforseveraldays.Themotherinformed mother refusedandlaterhidherunderafeathermattressas the ringlets down herback.Heofferedmanyponiesforher, but her chief wasattractedtoMary,whohadred,curlyhairhangingin seasons atCouncilBluffs,Iowa.Astheyjourneyedwest,anIndian her funeral,previously-writtentestimonywasread: have thisbeautifulstructureinthecommunity. anti-Mormons werealsoangryaboutit,astheyproudto so muchhardworkandmoneytobuild,beingdestroyed.The ple, whichweweresoproudofandhadcosttheSaints view thebodiesbeforetheywere buried. bodies returnedtoNauvoobepreparedforburial,that Idid was inNauvooatthetimeofmartyrdomandIdidsee their his people,thathedidsealtestimonywithblood, thatI rect beyondadoubt,thathelivedtheGospelastaught itto Saints andthattheprinciplesheadvocatedweretrue cor last dispensation,thathewasatrueandfaithfulleader ofthe called ofGodtoestablishHistrueGospelonthisearth in this Smith wasatrueandlivingprophetofGod,thathedivinely Joseph, thatJesusChrististheSaviorofmankind, Joseph the truthfulnessofthisGospelasrevealedthroughProphet mony totheworldandespeciallyeveryLatter-daySaint known the Prophet Joseph Smith and I want to bear my testi- It is said I am the only living witness to have actually seen and The nextspring,theFieldfamilystartedwest,stayingtwo 36 Marydiedattheageof107in1943,truetoherbeliefs.At 37

35 Inspiteofall -

151 Emigrating or Remaining in England

152 The Field Is White after arrivinginNewYork, theemigrantshadtotraveloverland Counties. Hisdescription ofthejourneytoNauvoorelatedthat America in1840withthefirstgroup ofconvertsfromtheThree with thetrialsofjourney.WilliamClaytonwas onthe needed toworkorbecausetheygaveuptheirquest whenfaced or later.Someemigrantsmayhavestoppedeither becausethey were oncensusesorotherrecordsintheMidwest inthe1860s the journeytoNauvooorSaltLakeValley. Theirnames database crossedtheoceantojoinSaintsbut did notfinish way toNauvooorlaterUtah. of thosewhoarrivedontheAmericancontinentmade itallthe England remained fully involved in the Church. However, not all support WilfordWoodruff’sstatementthatthosehetaughtin the westernUnitedStates.TheseSaintscontributeevidenceto ing truetotheirconvictionsastheyemigratedNauvooand strated their faithfulness by following the prophets and stay- intended destination. were followingtheSaints,eventhoughtheydidnotreachtheir assume theseindividualsweretruetothegospelbecausethey (3) somewhereontheplainsastheytraveledwithSaints.We (2) ineitherNauvooorMissouribeforetheirtrekwestbegan, because theyhaddied(1)whilewereenrouteontheship, the EnglishemigrantsfromdatabasedidnotarriveinUtah corded pioneercompanyoronthetrainafter1869.Sixty-threeof with evidenceofanother40whotraveledwesteitherinanunre ple inthedatabaselistedonMormonPioneerOverlandTravel, their laterlifeeventsinUtahorIdaho.Wefound137ofthepeo having traveledwestbefore1869,orinreportsnarrativesof listed either in the Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel website, majority (61percent)ofalltheemigrantsfromEnglandwere base were part of the Mormon pioneer migrationtoUtah.The to movewest.Therestoftheemigrantsrepresentedindata 1846, at which time the body of the Saints left Nauvoo and began that 65percentofthe282emigrantsarrivedinAmericapriorto ties lived in the Nauvoo area at first. The journal database affirms Different Destinations. Nearly halfoftheconvertsfromThreeCountiesdemon- Many Latter-daySaintswhoemigratedfromtheThreeCoun Twenty-five of theindividuals in our North - - - - her. two ofherchildren,bothwhomhadcomefromEnglandwith ried and was recorded as living in Nauvoo in the 1850 census with for him,hemostlikelydiedinNauvoo.MaryCheesehadremar Church inHerefordshire,andalthoughthereisnodeathrecord the widowofJohnCheese.wasonefirsttojoin but neverleftIllinoistogowestwiththeSaints.Oneofthesewas the Saints. group ortheystayedinOhioanotherareaanddidnotrejoin the Latter-daySaints.Eithertheybothdiedsoonafterleaving journal, they cannot be found on other records associated with in England,butasidefrombeingmentionedWilliamClayton’s and his wife, Hannah, were both baptized by Wilford Woodruff Herefordshire, “whose conduct hasbeen very bad.” ommendation togoKirtland,exceptforThomasHooperfrom that allofthemdroppedoutthegroupreceivingaletterrec prospect ofsoonhavingaplacetorest.”WilliamClaytonwrote stay inKirtland,Ohio,foraseason,“cheerfulandrejoicedthe not left England.” Severalfamiliesdecidedtoleave the groupand but othersbecamedisgruntled,“inclinedalmosttowishtheyhad the trip.Claytonstatedthatsomeinhisgroupweretiredandsick, communities, sometoworkmakeenoughmoneycontinue and Illinois.Severalfamiliesdecidedtostayforatimeinother and byboatonlakes,rivers,canalsthroughNewYork,Ohio, journal mentionedtheWilliam andSusannaMargrettsfamilyas situations thatwouldhave affectedtheirchoice.JohnSpiers’s ment andapostasyfromthe Churchorduetofamilyeconomic tion todiscernwhethertheirreturnwasaresult of disillusion records citedinourdatabasedonotprovideenough informa database wholivedinNauvooreturnedtoEngland. Thepublic the bodyofChurchwest. stories, there is no way of knowing their reasons for not following to movewest.Withoutdetailsfromtheirownlivesor theirfamily the Churchortheymayhavebeenmerelytootired ortoopoor who stayedinthemidwesternstatesmayhaveapostatized from children marriedandstayedinHancockCounty,Illinois.Those Some peoplelistedinthejournaldatabaselivedNauvoo We weresurprisedtofindthatsixoftheSaints fromour 39 Marycouldnotbefoundonlatercensusrecords,buther 38 Thomas - - - -

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The Field Is White in Ohio. England. Theobituarystates,“Hediedinfullfaith of thegospel,” in life,heenjoyedtraveling,perhapsaccountingforthereturnto in 1881mentionsthatbecauseJohnhadbeentheNavyearlier 1880s. TheobituaryforJohnFidoeinthe the 1851and1861censuses,buteventuallydiedinOhio England in1841,wereback in BishopsFrome,Herefordshire, trast, JohnandLydiaPullenFidoelivedinNauvooaftertheyleft being apostateswhoreturnedtoEnglandfromNauvoo. circumstances. Church, butthathewasoverseventyyearsoldand inverypoor liam Smith,wasstilllivinginDeerhurstandan elderinthe Counties to visit relatives. He recorded that his grandfather, Wil- his missiontoEnglandin1851,JobSmithtraveledtheThree ful totheirbaptismalcovenantsthanthosewhoemigrated.On day cannotsaywhetherthosewhostayedbehindwerelessfaith fulness ofthoseindividualswhostayedinEngland. committed totheChurch,butoneshouldnotdiscountfaith the questionofwhetherthosewhostayedinEnglandwerestill may nothaveemigrated.Thedatabasebyitselfcannotanswer prophets togatherinZionwasnottheonlyreasonindividuals strength oftestimony,andlackingdesiretofollowthecall strates thatemigrationmaynotbetheonlyproofofaconvert’s faithful tothegospelthanthosewhodidnot.Evidencedemon Many peoplemayassumethatconvertswhoemigratedweremore Those WhoRemainedinEngland gospel throughouttheirlives, eveniftheydidnotjointheSaints situations exceptapostasy mighthaveremainedfaithfultothe sibility ofindividualapostasy. Convertsdealingwithanyofthese someone whowasnotamemberoftheChurch,as wellthepos included caringforasickfamilymemberorbeing marriedto covenants remainedinEngland.Additionalreasons mighthave reasons thatatleastsomeofthosewhowerefaithful totheir to poverty,age,orhealthconcerns.Thisexample demonstrates the ChurchbuthadnotbeenabletojoinSaints, likelydue Without knowingtheirheartsandminds,thoseinthepresent 41 42 WilliamSmithhadobviouslyremainedactivein Deseret News inUtah 40 Incon- - - - - arrival. across theplainstoUtah in1868.Hediedtwomonthsafterhis die in America. He was finally able totraveloverthe sea and letter tohischildreninAmerica,Samuelexpressed hisdesireto John stayedbehindinEnglandforovertwenty-five years.Ina 4 of[his]ChildrentoAmerica.” had “soldall[he]anddevided[ to emigrateuntiltheendofhislife.Manyyearsearlier Samuel Samuel EamesofGarwayHill,Herefordshire,who wasnotable save enoughmoneytoemigratein1854. could.” our hearts,wewouldhavetosaveeverypennythatpossibly We knewifweemigratedtoUtah,whichwasthegreatdesireof Library.) Samuel Eames.(ChurchHistory Another stalwart member who had towait and work was 43 Theyworkedformanyyearsandwerefinallyable to 44 Samuel,hiswife,andtheirson and .hisfamilywaslarge. “My father’swagesweresmall daughter Sarahrecollected, ford Woodruffin1840.Their ren, werebaptizedbyWil members oftheUnitedBreth- Bishop Davis,whohadbeen in Utah.WilliamandElizabeth had a chance tojointhe Saints to waitmanyyearsbeforethey verts fromtheearlyyearshad because ofpoverty.Somecon- as theydesired or not at all not abletoemigrateassoon Church earlyinthe1840swere Some familieswhojoinedthe in England. all ofthesereasonsforstaying members provide examples of raphies of missionaries and from journalsandautobiog and anecdotalinformation in America.Thepublicrecords sic] themoneyand.sent Reasons for Not Emigrating. - -

155 Emigrating or Remaining in England Home of Samuel Eames in Garway, Herefordshire. (Photo by Carol Wilkinson.)

Being poor and unable to emigrate did not prevent converts from continuing active membership in the Church. William G. Davis was a missionary in the Three Counties in the 1880s, some forty years after Wilford Woodruff had first preached the gospel there. He met several people who had been baptized in 1840, including some who are listed in our journal database.45 His journal details his experiences with the Saints, confirming some of the assumptions we had made about those who remained in England after being converted. For example, he described some of the Church members he visited as being “in a very poor condi- tion,” but generous to the missionaries.46 Some members who might have had finances sufficient to emigrate did not do so because of family problems and responsibilities. The Pritchard family had responsibilities that kept them from emigrating. They had been members of the Church for several years when Davis arrived. Davis wrote that they desired to emigrate, but their elderly father lived with them: “The family will not emigrate while he lives. Although they could raise the means. They think he will not live to get through.”47 very much.” two daughters“bothmarriedoutofthechurchwhichtheyregret shared theirfaith.WilliamDavisstatedthatBrotherRoberts’s young peoplehadahardtimefindingsomeonetomarrywho not alargeconcentrationofChurchmembersinanarea,many spouse whowasnotamemberoftheChurch.Whenthere sibility thatkeptsomeoftheearlymembersfromemigrating:a voo, buthisgrandmother stayedinEnglandbecauseshedidnot father, LindseyTringham, leftthefamilyin1841togoNau and hewasbaptizedinAugust 1840.Hewrotethathisgrand his grandfatherandgrandmotherjoinedtheChurch inearly1840 grandson, CharlesSmith,leftadiaryinwhichhestated thatboth ing example.WilfordWoodruffbaptizedElizabeth in1840.Her those whoremainedinEngland. emigrant familymembersperhapsreflectedthe faithfulness of twelve people remained active inthe Church until they died, their or Idaho.Althoughtheserecordsalonedonotprove thatthese had spouses,children,orgrandchildrenwhoemigrated toUtah twelve individualslistedinthedatabasewhodiedEngland their adultchildrenemigratedtojointheSaintsinUtah.Atleast William andMargaret died inEnglandthe1870s,but three of hurst, Gloucestershire.AccordingtoFamilySearchFamilyTree, liam andMargaretLaneCrookfamilyofApperleyDeer ily hademigrated.ThispatternhelpedusaccountfortheWil other familymembers,oftenfindingthatsomeoneinthefam for convertswhoremainedinEngland,wecouldusuallytrace FamilySearch.org showedafullpedigreeandfamilygrouprecord did managetojointheSaintsinAmerica.Ininstancesthat of thepeoplewhocouldnotemigratehadfamilymembers ing thefaithfulnessofpeoplewhostayedinEngland.Some was abletodoso,wetriedlookatotheroptionsforexamin have beenapossibility. ties for theirchildren to learn the gospel. Emigration might not cult toparticipateinChurchmeetings,orprovideopportuni Church mayhavebeenfaithfulintheirhearts,butfounditdiffi William Davisdescribedadifferentformoffamilyrespon The situationofElizabethTringhamprovidesa contrast Because noteveryonewhomighthavedesiredtoemigrate 48 Someoftheindividualswhomarriedout ------

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158 The Field Is White existence through1854, named againasthebranch leader,therewasaColwallBranchin grate, butinthe data for their ancestors. For example, Jonathan Lucy did not emi involved inChurchactivityandhadnotprovided genealogical possible thatthedescendantsoftheseconvertsdid notremain early convertsweredisaffectedfromtheChurchin England,itis indexing programs. While thisfindingdoesnotindicatethatthe the lastfortyyears,probablyduetoChurch extraction or mation abouttheirlives,andordinancesalloccurred within Family Treefortheconverts,wefoundtherewasverylittleinfor clothes inabundleandtoldmetogoneverreturn.” to emigrateNauvooin1842,hisgrandmother“tiedupmy returned hometohisfamily.Charlesnotedthatwhenhedecided Tringham becamesomewhatdisillusionedabouttheChurchand want totravelonthesea.AfterashorttimeinNauvoo,Lindsey Pond inApperley,Gloucestershire.(PhotobyCynthiaDoxeyGreen.) in theChurchduringthattime. BecausetherearenootherChurch as theleaderofColwallBranchthrough1847. Individuals NotClearly Tracked. British MissionManuscriptHistory 51 sohemighthavebeenactively involved Sometimes whilesearching 50 Whileheisnot , heisnamed 49

- - grew, changedboundaries,anddisbandedastimewent on. History provideddatashowinghowbranchesandconferences nial StarconferencereportsandtheBritishMissionManuscript they hadtotravelmanymilesattendmeetings. The active intheChurchifbranchtheirvillage dissolved and have beenactiveintheChurch. been faithfulthroughouttheirlives,thenextgenerationmaynot ish records.Thus,eventhoughJonathanandhiswifemighthave on FamilyTreeappeartohavebeenextractedfromColwallpar activity afterthebranchdisbanded.TheLucyfamily’srecords records oftheLucyfamily,thereisnoevidencehiscontinued Deerhurst, Gloucestershire.(PhotobyCynthiaDoxeyGreen.) baptisms, emigration,inactivity, ordeath,sobranchboundary beyond 1860.Branchmembership probablychangedduetonew the ThreeCountieslisted intheManuscriptHistorycontinued in biggertownsandcities.Only10percentofthe branchesin and were then either dissolved or subsumed into larger branches in ruralvillageswereexistencefrom1840untilthe mid-1850s of thepatternswenoticedwasthatmanysmall branches The Lucysandothersmayhavehaddifficultyremaining Millen- 52 One -

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The Field Is White 30 percentofthosewhodidnotemigratealsodied before 1861. to the 1861 census. Similarly, of those in the branch database, on theemigrationwebsites,26percentdiedinEngland prior was higher.Ofthe295peopleinjournaldatabase notlisted time when the likelihood of having a nearby branch of the Church of thepeoplediedinEnglandbefore1861census, duringthe Church activityofmanyinourdatabases,welooked athowmany felt thattheChurchleftthem. might nothavelefttheChurchintheirhearts,buttheymay every SundaytojoinwiththeSaintsinothertowns.Thosepeople not havebeenableorwillingtowalkseveralmilesChurch have causeddifficultyforpeopleinthesmallvillageswhomight strong basefortheChurchinlargertownsandcities,theycould While thesechangesmayhavebeenimportantforbuildinga changes oftenreflectedthelocationsofbulkSaints. to attend.Weconsideritlikely thatsomewholivedbeyondthose activity intheChurchuntil theydiedsincetherewasalocalbranch The individualswhodied earlierthan1861mayhavecontinued Home ofJonathanLucy,Herefordshire.(PhotobyCynthiaDoxeyGreen.) Because branchboundarychangesmighthaveaffected the 53

house accordingtotheusualcustom.” branches cominghomeafterspendinghiswagesatthe“publick of theChurch;forexample,hemetpresidentone also wroteaboutafewpeoplewhowerenotexemplarymembers sus andcouldnotbefoundinemigrationrecords.WilliamDavis was stillinBishopsFrome,Herefordshire,duringthe1891cen help thememigrate. was waitingtohearfromfriendsinUtahwhohadpromised Davis visited with him several times and learned that the family on 13March1840,wasstillfaithfultothegospelin1881.William example, JonathanDavis,whowasbaptizedbyWilfordWoodruff local ChurchbrancheswhenDavismettheminthe1880s.For the journaldatabasefrom1840swereparticipatingintheir not metwiththesaintssincethattime.” since 1850, “but the branch being broken up about 1855 they had Shucknell Hill.TheysaidtheyhadbeenmembersoftheChurch for manyyears.DaviswaswelcomedbytheChambersfamilyin of theChurch,Davisfoundindividualswhohadbeenmembers had onChurchactivity.Ashevisitedthebranchesandmembers tains examples showing the impact branch boundary changes relocated branchesweretoofaraway. opportunity to remain actively involved in the Church because twenty years without emigrating may not have had the means or That ImightbeSaved.” and askedtheLordforStrengthtokeepmefaithful totheEnd and wouldgonomorewithusIsoonbegantoSee whythiswas were astonishedthatSomeasSoonPersecuton offended Net whenitwascastintotheSeagatherdgood& bad fisheswe “seemed tohaveforgottherewasaSiftingtimecome Thatthe Williams recordedthatintheearlydaysofChurch theSaints Counties inthe1840swerestalwarttheirnewbeliefs.William Church, wereliedonanecdotes aboutsomefamiliestoenlightenus give specificinformation abouteachperson’sfaithfulnesstothe ficulties ledotherstoleavetheirnewfoundfaith. like Williamstoprayforstrengthstaythecourse, butsuchdif William G.Davis’smissionaryjournalfromthe1880scon Those whoFell Away. Because theavailablepublic recordsforthedatabasesdonot 55 Unfortunately,theJonathanDavisfamily 57 Trialsandpersecutionmotivatedsome Not alltheconvertsfromThree 56

54 Somefamilieslistedin - - -

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The Field Is White the area,includingCastree andHolleyfamilies.Thishistory shire, mentionssomeofthe earlyChurchmemberswholivedin in theirfaith.Alocalhistory bookaboutGarwayHill,Hereford but someofthosewhostayedbehindmaynothave beenstrong from Garway Hill had family members who emigrated to Utah, about theirChurchactivity.BoththeCastreeandHolley families -

Carol Wilkinson.) Herefordshire. (Photoby Countryside aroundGarway, “Father, youknoware amiser corroborated that remark, saying, unhappy man.” Henry’s daughter Henry that “he was a miserable, his ways, and Thomas finally told of somecriminalactivity. the writtenbeen having up in described as“colourful,” eral oftheCastreesare true totheirfaith.Sev difficulties inremaining of theCastreefamilyhad mation thatsomemembers Garway Hillprovidesinfor- However, thehistoryof Church intheirlifetime. remained faithfultothe Holley family in England record of whether the Garway area,thereisno are nowavailableforthe Because noChurchrecords vince himoftheerror eral times,tryingtocon shire. Hevisitedhimsev Malvern Link,Worcester- as an“apostate”livingnear Jones, whomhedescribed in 1875,hevisitedHenry Counties asamissionary went backtotheThree family stayedinEngland. while therestofHolley sons leftforUtahin1856, and AnneCecilHolley’s states thatthreeofJohn Hereford Times because When ThomasSteed 59 58 - - - -

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The Field Is White aries. Spiers describedasapostatesactinginoppositionto themission example, mentionedearlier,istheMargrettsfamily,whomJohn excommunication was specifically mentionedin journals. One of peopleinthatdatabasearelistedas“cutoff”becausetheir journals arenotofficialrecordsoftheChurch.Onlyahandful munication isavailablethroughthejournaldatabasebecause during theearlydaysofChurch.Littleinformationonexcom members intheBritishIslesbeingcutoff(excommunicated) Counties, wefoundafewsourceswithinformationregarding For example,in1859,the on overall faithfulness of the members in the Three Counties. reports publishedinthe efordshire Conferencesas“dullandsleepy.” Church membersintheCheltenham,Worcestershire,andHer- occurred soonthereafter;laterthatsameyearthe emigration. Onamorepositivenote,laudablethingsmusthave had beenintheChurchformanyyearsbutnotyetjoined lack ofinterestandenthusiasm,mayhavecomeasthemembers power thereof.” man onceenjoyedthelightofHolySpirit,butnowdenies Henry Jones,afterwardswriting,“Howgreathisdarkness!That able, unhappyman.”Afewdayslater,Thomaswentagaintosee recorded intheemigration records,signifyingthattheyproba five havearebaptismdate listed,andanotherfivepeopleare nication dataforthirty-five individuals.Fourofthosethirty- from officialChurchmembershiprecords,contains excommu about a year later, Palmer noted that he baptized Philip Castrey. disaffection fromtheChurch,hemusthaverepented because the Castreefamilymentionedearlier,wascutoff. In spiteofhis Thomas Arthur’s home) in Garway, Philip Castrey, a member of mentions thatinaJanuary1841meetingattheKitchen (Brother defunct.” but isnow “Cheltenham Branch,which While investigating apostasy versus faithfulness in the Three In additiontoanecdotaldataforindividuals,theconference Unlike thejournaldatabase,branch coming 63 Anotherexample,takenfromthejournalofJamesPalmer, 62 flourishing..Theoldsuspiciousspiritisalmost 60 Millennial Starcangiveaperspective Millennial Starreferredtosomeofthe was thedullestinConference, 61 Thedullness,or Star recorded, 64 - - - - past, andhewasgladtosee theirnameserased.” dealt withweresomethat hadnotbeenknownasSaintsforyears that wasingoodstanding whenhecame;thosethathadbeen pended, duringthelastfourteenmonthsthathehad beenthere, assurance, thattherehadnotbeenonecutoff,or even onesus that the number cut off might seem great, but he could say with ence inHerefordshire,thepresidentofconference “observed munication decisions.Atthe29August1847Mars HillConfer being cutoffintheThreeCountiesgivesusinsight intoexcom- cated (cutoff)sincethepreviousconference.Areport ofpeople to recordthenumberofmemberswhohadbeen excommuni information. been rebaptizedeventhoughtheearlyrecordsarelackingthat were not mentioned in later Church records, but they could have bly rejoinedtheChurch.Themajorityofthoseexcommunicated The Kitchen,Garway,Herefordshire.(PhotobyCarolWilkinson.) Starting in1847,theMillennialStarconferencereportsbegan 65 ThisChurch - - -

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The Field Is White Latter-day Saints.” be dealtwithaccordingtothelawofChurchJesus Christof appear withtheSaintsonSunday,July13thoryoumust expectto was proposed and carried in this Council that you be notified to to thecovenantyoumade,innotassemblingwithSaints.It and it wasdeclaredthat you had neglected yourDutyaccording cers intheRidgwayCrossbranchmetCouncilJuly6th. of Cradley,Herefordshire,receivedaletterdeclaring,“TheOffi not attendingmeetingsregularlywiththeSaints.MaryPhilpotts the mid-1800s, some were excommunicated as punishment for in meetings. Church recordsthenamesofpeoplenotparticipatingregularly leader apparentlythoughtitwasimportanttoremovefromthe ple who could not be found. pected thatconferenceshadbeendroppingoffthenamesofpeo some monthsafterwards.” them havenotknownthattheywerecutofffromtheChurchuntil portion haveretainedthespiritofwork.Indeed,many who havebeencutofffromtheChurchintheselands,alarge Millennial Stareditorialmentioned,“Outofthemanythousands without the knowledge of the Churchmember.In July 1860, a reported inthe1860editorial intheMillennialStar. these yearswithsimilarities tothoseofMaryPhilpottsand number ofexcommunications occurredinthatconferenceduring each conferenceintheBritishMission.Thetable showsthata years forwhichthe Cheltenham Conferenceduringtheyears1849to1854, theonly to theChurchofEngland. to Churchthatday;accordingahistoryofCradley, shereturned knowledge ofthepresidentconference, for severalyears;in1859,memberswerebeingcutoffwithoutthe bers unaccounted for.” had emigrated, been cut off, or died, as they found “many mem- parts oftheBritishIslesbecauseerrorsinrecordingthosewho ship numbersfor the firsthalf of1852wereincorrectinmany As impliedbythestatementsfromBritishChurchleadersin In 1853,the Table 6.2showsthereportofexcommunications forthe Millennial StarreportedthatChurchmember 70 Apparently,MaryPhilpottsdidnotmakeit Millennial Starreportedthesestatisticsfor 66 Church leaders at the national level sus- 69 67 This problem evidently continued 68 andsometimes - - - the ChurchinThreeCounties whoactuallyremainedactively study cannot give an accurate number of the early converts to members intheBranGreen andFrogmarsharea.Whilethis base, resultsarelimitedtowhatwasavailableabout theChurch information about those who left the Church. In the branch data- databases andthepublicrecordsweusedprovided verylittle study wouldbeextremelydifficult. in otherareasmightbesomewhatlackingaswell. Thus,sucha the ThreeCountiessuggeststhatrecordsofChurch membership area mayneverbeverified.Theincompletenessof the recordsfor verts apostatizedfromtheThreeCountiesthan anyother Three Counties,WilfordWoodruff’sstatementthatfewercon other areasoftheChurchandmorecompleterecordsfrom Table 6.2 Cheltenham Conference Excommunication Statistics, 1849–54 31 Dec.1854 30 June1854 31 Dec.1853 30 June1853 31 Dec.1852 1 June1852 1 Dec.1851 1 June1851 1 June1850 18 Dec.1849 4 June1849 Another difficultyweencounteredinthisstudy is thatthe In conclusion,withoutfurtherstudyandcomparisonofall Date Number of branches 21 21 21 23 22 20 19 20 20 19 19 Number of members 786 765 739 809 842 902 902 861 731 606 564 excommunicated Number 22 68 63 34 97 61 32 24 11 19 7

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The Field Is White the mid-nineteenthcenturyinEngland. might providemoreaccurateratesofactivityandapostasyduring Further researchusingadditionalbranchandconferencerecords faithful, atleastwhiletherewereactivebranchesintheirarea. ica. ManyofthosewhostayedinEnglandmayhaveremained members inourdatabasesemigratedtojointheSaintsAmer- involved in the Church, it does show that nearly one-half of the 9. he findingthatnoone emigratedfromthebranchbefore1849pro 8. 7. ward Phillips, “Biographical SketchesofEdward andHannah 6. 5. 4. 3. ilford Woodruff,in 2. 1. Notes

in theearly1840s. the namesofindividualsfromjournaldatabasewholeft England when thebranchwas firstcreatedin1840, they would have included earnest startinginthemidtolate1840s. Iftherecordshadstarted vides evidence thatinalllikelihoodthebranchrecordswerekept Library, SaltLakeCity. Simmonds Phillips, 1889, 1926, 1949,” 1, MS11215, ChurchHistory passengers listed, but100Saintswereonboard). listed), andtheCaroline (BristoltoQuebec, 8 August 1841—three Harmony (BristoltoQuebec, 10May 1841—twenty-nine passengers (Bristol toQuebec, leaving 31January 1841—nopassengerlist), the New York, 23December1840—fourpassengerslisted), the more onboard. The shipsweretheAlliance(Possibly Liverpool to fifty passengers’ names listed, buttherecouldhave beenmany and 1841alone, therewerefourshipswherefewer than Mormon Migration, https://mormonmigration.lib.byu.edu. In1840 JournalWilford Woodruff’s,1:490(11 August 1840). in theBritishIsles,” MillennialStar15no. 31(30July 1853): 510. Utah Pioneers, 1956), 5:257–58. Sarah’s description doesnotmention neer History, comp. KateB. Carter(SaltLakeCity: Daughtersofthe Sarah T “Emigration,” Ed “Statistical Reportof “Conference Minutes: W no. 11(12June 1848): 168. Ann Oakey Ludlum, “Her Journey West,” in Millennial Star1, no. 10(February 1841): 263. The ChurchofJesus ChristofLatter-day Saints Journal ofDiscourses , 15:345. Worcestershire Conference” Millennial Star Treasures ofPio- Caroline 10 -

29. 28. 27. 26. homas Steed, “The Lifeof Thomas SteedFrom HisOwnDiary, he Nauvoo BrassBand,” 25. 24. 23. ob Taylor Smith, “Job Smith Autobiography, circa1902,” 5, MS4809, 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. rancis George Wall, “Francis George Wall—Pioneer of1863,” in 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. ane Ann Fowler Sparks, 10.

pany 1856, foundonhttps://history.lds.org/overlandtravels. Pioneer Heritage, 7:425; emphasisinoriginal. Pioneer Heritage, 7:364. 4 April 1856, 11. as Rhoda’s death. company arrived inSaltLakeCityon9November 1856, thesameday the MormonPioneerOverlandTravelwebsite,Williehandcart gration Canyon inthemountainseastofSaltLakeCity. According to provides adeathdateof9November 1856, withtheplacebeingEmi where hersisterRhodaRebeccadied, butFamilySearch Family Tree theses inoriginal). Also onlineathttps://books.FamilySearch.org. Harold B. LeeLibrary, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT(paren 1826–1910,” 8–10, BX8670.1.St32, L. Tom Perry SpecialCollections, Church HistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity. 1940,” 2, MS10472, ChurchHistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity. Maughan,” inOurPioneerHeritage, 2:357. (Montpelier, ID: M. Passey, 2004), 6. Steed, Steed, Steed, Steed, T “T Smith, J Phillips Carter Sarah Da Mary F F “Emily “Emily HodgettsLo “Disgraceful Emily HodgettsLo Maughan, Mary J 12:227. “Life of Thomas Steed,” 25. “Life of Thomas Steed,” 22. “Life of Thomas Steed,” 11–17. “Life of Thomas Steed,” 10. , “She Camein1853,” 227–8. Ann Weston Maughan, “The Journal ofMary Ann Weston “Autobiography,” 18, 21, 27. ield Garner, “Mary Field Garnerautobiographicalsketch, ca. Hodgetts Lowder—103 Years,” 426; William B. Hodgetts Com , “Biographical Sketch,” 2. vis Carter, “She Camein1853,” in “Journal,”358. Elopement,” wder, “Emily HodgettsLowder—103 Years,” in wder—103 Years,” 425. Jane Ann’s Memoirs, Contributor 1, no. 6(March1880), 135–36. The Times (London, England), Friday, Our PioneerHeritage, comp. Marsha Passey Our Our - - -

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The Field Is White 45. 32. 31. 30. 49. vis, “Diaries,”48. 50(4February 1881). 47. 46. 44. 43. 42. 41. ohn Spiers, 40. 39. illiam Clayton, “William Clayton Diary, 1840January–1842 February,” 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33.

(29 October1841), MS1725, ChurchHistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity. of theChaos, leaving Liverpool 8November 1841,MormonMigration. Charles’s writings, wefoundLindsey Tringham listedasapassenger cal form, however, lendingcredencetoitsorigin. As averification of bers andmay notbecorrect.. This diaryiswritteninautobiographi- that documentsattachedtoFamily Tree areprovided by familymem Charles Nephi Smith on FamilySearch.org Family Tree. We recognize /documents/4972727?pid=KWJ8-Z8G. This documentisattachedto son of Thomas and Mary Smith,” 2, https://familysearch.org/photos Dec William George Davis, “William G.Davis Diaries, 1880–1882,” 31 (4 Burrup. Church HistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity, 3. Transcription isby Jay G. traveled in1854, leaving Liverpool 22February 1854. list forthe in her history that the Davis family traveled in 1853, the passenger :/61903/1:1:M85T-B49). database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark 29 October1840, MS2843, ChurchHistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity. Garner Garner Steed, Charles NephiSmith, Davis, “Diaries,”51(7February1881). Davis, “Diaries,”42(10January1881). Da Samuel Eames Carter Smith, “Autobiography,”21. “Obituary: J 1850 census W Garner Garner Garner Garner Phillips ember 1880),MS1689,ChurchHistoryLibrary,SaltLakeCity. “Life of Thomas Steed,” 33, 36. , “She Camein1853,” 227. Although SarahDavis Carterrecalled , “AutobiographicalSketch,” , “AutobiographicalSketch,” , “Autobiographical Sketch,” 13. , “Autobiographical Sketch,” 13. , “Autobiographical Sketch,” 9–10. , “Autobiographical Sketch,” 8. , “Biographical Sketch,” 2. John Fido,” Windermere onMormonMigration,shows that thefamily

, Hancock County,Illinois,“UnitedStatesCensus,1850,” “John SpiersReminiscencesandJournal, 1840–77,” 30–31 , “Samuel Eamescorrespondence1861,” MS9490 “Diary andReflectionsofCharles ‘Nephi’ Smith, Deseret News , 7September 1881, 512. 5. 5. 3. -

51. irst DivisionofMarsHillConference,” 50. 67. 66. 65. ames Palmer, “James Palmer Reminiscences, ca. 1884–98,” 20, 60, MS 64. 63. 62. 61. oan andBrian Thomas, 60. 59. oan andBrian Thomas, 58. illiam Williams, “William Williams Reminiscence, 1850,” 9, MS 9132, vis, “Diaries,”57. 33(13December1880), 102(9May 1881). vis, “Diaries,”56. 63(18March1881). 55. 54. er 100peoplecouldnotbeidentifiedonthe1851or1861censuses 53. or moreinformationonChurchunitsinthe Three Counties, seethe 52.

(29 January 1853): 73–74. 1859): 96. March 1847): 83. the factthattherewas notemple inEnglandatthetime. pleted untilaftertheirdeaths. That finding, however, may onlyreflect while thoseforthepeoplewhostayed inEnglandwerenotcom family memberswhosettledinUtah took placeduringtheirlifetime, shows thatthetempleordinance datesfortheHolley andCastree efordshire: LogastonPress, 2007), 127–29. FamilySearch Family Tree 1752, ChurchHistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity. in theoriginal. Church HistoryLibrary, SaltLakeCity. Spellingandpunctuationare Davis, “Diaries,” 31, (5December1880). they died, orifthey hadmoved toanothercounty. for whomwehave nodeathdateorplace, sowecannotbesureif table intheappendix. (24 June1859):384–85,emphasisinoriginal. no. 42(21 October1854): 665. “Home Intelligence: “F “Half-y “Half-y “Conference Minutes: J Spiers “Correspondence: CheltenhamPastorate,” “Minutes oftheSpecialCouncil, Steed, J J W Da Da Ov F 1848): 37. 5 (29January 1853): 74. “Life of Thomas Steed,” 33–34. , “Reminiscences,” 30–31(29October1841). early StatisticalReports, andRecords,” early StatisticalReports, andRecords,” HerefordshireConference,” MarsHill,” Garway Hill Through theAges(Almeley, Her Garway Hill Through theAges, 134. ” Millennial Star21, no. 6(5February Millennial Star10no. 3(4February Millennial Star9no. 6(15 Millennial Star21,no.24 Millennial Star15no. 5 15, no. no. Millennial Star15, Millennial Star 16, - -

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The Field Is White 69. 68. ynnell M. Hunt, 70.

ruary 1859): 130. M. Hunt&Cradley Village HallManagementCommittee, 2004), 19. “Editorial,” “Minutes oftheSpecialConference W Millennial Star22, no. 28(14July 1860): 441. Cradley: A Village History(Trowbridge, England: W. ,” Millennial Star 21, no. 8(19Feb -