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A History of the Nauvoo Legion in Illinois

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A History of the Nauvoo Legion in Illinois Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1974 A History of the Nauvoo Legion in Illinois John Sweeney Jr. Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Sweeney, John Jr., "A History of the Nauvoo Legion in Illinois" (1974). Theses and Dissertations. 5155. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5155 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. s3jsajy w A HISHISTORYtociTOVi OF THE NAUVOON 700pootoo LDQION IN ILILLINOIST JNJOJS 7 0 A thesichesithesisS presented to the department of church history and doctrine brigham young university 10 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree mastedmaster of arts by john sweeney jr april 1974 this thesis by john sweeney jr i313ia accepted in its presentp-resent form by the department of church history and doctrine in the college of religious instruction of brbrighambrtghamlghamelgham young university as satisfying the 1 thesichesithesislsl s requirements for the degree of maslermaster of arts axi7xi A garlandegaryandegatyGarygaryandejc6onAndey on committeey chairmany zz azm L COhannon e memberememberdemember 11ruhyum andrus conimitteeitt fo atsgimAIM nfseerees datoyDat fts tfslamar cy3errett departmentdepa rtment chairman ii acknowledgments credit for the accomplishment of this work must go to others besides the author it has becentebecomebeconteincreasingly clear thcjhcthatchatalt many people have assisted in the culmination of this work to my wife joyce and our children who have offered encourage- ment and displayed patience and understanding as the research and writing has progressed I1 express my gratitude to the members of my mnitteemanitteecommitteeco dr A garygarvanderson and dr hyrum l- andrus I1 am also indebted for their worthwhile suggestions0 and criticisms the church historical department of the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints has been ostmost cooperative ardand helpful in allclallceallowingrindring valuable records available for this study it is also appropriate to extend appreciation to the church board of education whose concern for its employees has been one of the chief factors in permitting pursuit of this degree and thesis iii TALEiiilialka daitdkit OF CONTENTSCONTEILITS page LIST OF FIGURES chapter 1 introduction 1 OF 202 0rarORIGINSGINS THE LEGION 6 0 0 0 0 9 3 3 NAUVOO LEGION organization AND STRUCTURE 19 OFFICES OF THE NAUVOO LEGION 25 lieutenant general 25 major general 25 drill officer 25 surgeon general 0 11 0 0 25 quartermaster generalgenera 26 paymaster general 0 4 0 26 commissary general 26 judaejudge advocate 26 inspector general 0 41 0 a 10 0 4 0 6 0 0 27 secretary of the court martial 27 brigadier general 27 brigadier major 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 27 brigade judge advocate 0.0 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 & 0 28 brigade inspector 28 division or cohort quartermaster 28 colonel 28 iv v chapter Ppage0 ge lieutenant colonel 28 regimaregimregimentsntalantal judge advocate 28 regimental adjutant 0 28 regimental paymaster 0 0 29 regimental surgeon 29 regimental quartermaster 29 sergeant major 29 adjutant general 29 quartermaster sergeant 0 0 0 9.9 30 cornet 0 0 0 0 0 30 chaplain 30 chief musician 30 ma 10 19 10 maiormajorj or P 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 0 30 battalion adjutant 0 31 aideaidedecampde camp 0 31 captain 0 0 9 0 0 P & 0 31 first lieutenant a 0 31 second lieutenant 0 31 third lieutenalieutenanlieutenantLieutena nt 31 sergeant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 fv 0 0 31 corporal 0 0 32 private 32 ensign 32 pioneer 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 32 color bearer 33 4 establishing AN ARMYARMIV 37 vvii chapter pascPpasopagoa S A MORE P 5 pertePEFXEPERFECTT organization 0 9 0 0 a 52 6 110HO w URGE WAS THE NAUVOO LEGIONLEGIONT 68 7 NAUVOO LEGIONLEGICIN OFFOFFICERSICERS 74 S THE NAUVOCNAUVOO BRASS BAND v 0.0 0 0 79 909 1843 A YEAR OF TROUBLE AND harassment 85 10 impressions OF THE NAUVOO LEGION 100 311311 1844 FURTHER TROUBLES AND disbandment 110 12 STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AND conclusion 129 bibliography 3e34r appendixes 145 AA APPENDIX A 0 0 0 0 a a 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 a 0 ill146 APPENDIX B 150 APPENDIX C W 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 152 APPENDIX D 154 APPENDIX E 159 A A D 10 APPENDIXPPEN I1X F 0 0 0 0 162 APPENDIX G 166 APPENDIXA PP el1111dix H 169 APPENDIX I1 176 APPENDIX J 179 APPENDIX K 0 & & 0 0 0 it 0 lp 209 APPENDIX L 211 LIST OF FIGURES figure page irI1 basic militamilitcmilitarytry structuresf uchuructur of the nauvoo legion 33 2 staff of the lieutenant general 33 3 staff of the majormejorgeneral 34 4 cohort or brigade organization 34 5 regiment organization 9 & 35 6 battalion organization 35 7 7I1 V company organization a a 35 8 legion court of inquiry and assessment of fines 36061 9 regimregimentregimentalent al court of inquiry and assessment of fines 36 10 formation of may 7 1842 sham battle 57 vilvii CHCHAPTERi PTIE R I1 introduction As the latterlatterdayday saints labored to establishLJ a city adjacent to the mississippi oviverlfliveapviverr their successes and complishinentsaccomplishmentsac were occasionally envied and admired the nauvoo legion was one of the most unusual institutions of that era As described in this study the legion was loved respected and praised by many in illinois both mormon and nonnonmormonmormon alike but many citizens living in hancock county and other areas of illinois despised and abhorred its military power and potential this adamantadamentdisapproval and its attendant hostility culminated in the final abolishmentabolishmenf of the nauvoo legion despite its short fouryearfour year existence however the legion made ranidrapid advancements yet no single comprehensive analysis and history has been written of this unique army the purpo-purposese of this work therefore has been to study and clarify how the legion began and evolved its birth its life and its demise the fouryearfour year period under study begins in december 1840 and concludes for all practical purposes in january 1845 some of the material discussed during these years includes an account of the nauvoo legions organizorganicorganizationatlon its consconstitutiont 1itutatut ionlonand minutesminuces its known officers dress and other military standards orders parades musters arrange ment of the Legionlegionsts cohorts and companies its role during the martyr- dom court martialsmartialemartials andaridarld a yearbyyearyear by year analanaianalysislysis of its activities I1 2 in historichistoricslhistoricalhiston icalsl research an authors findings are often limited by the avalavailable1 lablelabierecords and materials pertaining to his area of study this has been true in delvdeivdelvingng for facts regarding the nauvoo legion uhliewhile considerable useful material has been discovered there still remain some facts about the legions history that may never be known it has benbeen discdiscoveredvered for amp1eexampleampleampiethat many pages of minutes from courccouacCOU-AC martialsmartialemartials and other vital lleemeetingsineeulee lingstingshave eithereicheretcherelcher been lost or misplacemisplaceda soiaesoicesoiiie have appdreaclyappa Arestlyreutly beeibeelbeekibecki discarded as insignificant additional evidence has probably been permanently lost by natural calamity since the rank rolls listing all of the legions officers and men were not preserved it is impossible to determine a complete roll of all who belonged to the legion there are also deficient details of parades and other activities of the companies and cohorts within the legion inln spite of these research handicaps it has been most gratifying to discover much exciting information about this legion of nauvoo to the knowledge of the author this is the only work of iits kind although a few magazimagadimagazinef ne articles and scattered chapters in published and nonpublishednon published works briefly mention the legion and part of its history this is the only study which embraces the known legion activities there is a thesis covering the administration history of the nauvoo legion as it existed in utah but little material in that work pertains directly to this study it is hoped therefore that this thesis will be a worthwhile contribution to ones increased understanding and appreciation of a memorable institution in the mormon past the nauvoo legion CHAPTER11alxl I1 TE 1zaz III111 I1 ORIGINSOIRIGINS OF THE eglonEGIONLEGIONI1ij previdiprevioipreviousis to the twentieth century latterlatterdayday saints were sub- jected to dobbingsmobbingsmob bings oppression and abuse even the novice historian is familiar with the persecutions that have almost constantly plagued the latterlacterlatterdaylcitteretterecter day saints there are several reasons why the mormons were driven and plundered beaten anda nd harassed but undoubtedly one of the most crucial factors was the emergence of mobs the mormons were forced to submit to the demands of their persecutors and since the members of the church could notnoc and in some instances would not defend them- selves and contend with their enemies they hadbadlittle alternative but to travel to new lands the11 he sheer overwhelming numbers ofor opposing forces in ohiouniomissouri and illinois were a critical ingredient in generating and producing the mormon migration prior to the utah period
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