GENERAL READING General Reading, Chapter 1

GENERAL READING

General Reading, Chapter 1

Asher, C. J. Beneficial elements, functi onal nutrient s and possible new essenti al elements, p. 703-723 In: Micronutrients in Agriculture, 2nd ed. Edited by Mortvedt, J. J., Cox , F. R., Shuman, L. M. and Welch , R. M., Soil Sci. Amer. Book Series, Madison WI, USA 1991. Clarkson, D. T. and Hanson, J. B. The mineral nutriti on of higher plants. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. 31, 239-298, 1980. Epstein , E. Silicon. Annu , Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 50,641 -664 , 1999. Fageria , N. K., Baliger,V. C; Jones, C. A. Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops. (Books in Soils , Plant s, and the Environment Series), Marcel Dekker, New York 1991. Flowers , T. J. Chloride as a nutrient and as an osmoticum, p. 55 -78. In: Adv. in Plant Nutriti on, edited by Tinker, B. and Lauchii, A., Praeger, New York 1988. Loue, A. (F) Microelements in Agriculture. Agri- Nathan Internati onal, Paris 1986. Marschner, H. Mineral Nutrition of higher Plants. 2nd. edition, Academic Press, San Diego, London . 1995. Mengel , K. (G) Nutrition and Metaboli sm of Plants, 7. edition. Gustav Fische r Verlag, Jena, 1991. Schilling, G. (G) Plant Nutriti on and Fertilizer Applicati on. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000 .

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Appel, T. and Mengel,K. Prediction of mineralizable nitrogen in soils on the basis of an analysis of extractable organic N.Z. Pflanzenernahr, Bodenk. 161,433-452,1998. Barber, S. A. Soil Nutrient Bioavailability -A Mechanism Approach, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, 1995. Barea , J. M. and Azcon-Aguilar, C. Mycorrhizas and their significance in nodulating nitrogen -fixing plants. Adv . Agron . 36,1-54,1983. Bergmann, W. (G) Coloured Atlas. Nutritional Disorders of Crop Plants. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1986 Bergmann,W. Nutritional Disorder of Plant s, Development Visual and Analytical Diagnosis, Gu stav Fischer, Jena 1992. Bollons, H. M. and Barraclough, P. B. Inorganic orthophosphate for diagnosing the phosphorus status of wheat plants. J. Plant Nutr. 20,641-655,1997. Brady , N. C. and Weil, R. R. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 12. edition. Prentice-Hall, London 1999 Drew, M. C. Effects of flooding and oxygen deficiency on plant mineral nutrition. Adv. Plant Nutrition 3,115-159,1988. Flowers, T. J., Troke,P. F. and Yeo, A. R. The mechani sm of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 28, 89-121, 1977. Jones,J. 8., Wolf, 8. and Mills , H. A. Plant Analysis Handbook, Athens, Georgia, USA :Micro-Macro Publishing lnc ., 1991. Hall , J. R. A review of VA mycorrhizal growth responses in pastures. Angew. Botanik 61 , 127-134, 1987. Haynes, R. J. Lime and phosphate in soil-plant system. Adv. Agron. 37 ,249-315, 1984. Hinsinger, P. How do plant roots acquire mineral nutrients? Chemical proce sses involved in the rhizosphere. Adv . Agron. 64 ,225-241, 1998. Jungk, A. and Claassen, N. [on diffu sion in the soil-root system. Adv . Agron. 61 ,53-110,1997. Kinraide, T. 8. Identity of the rhizotoxic aluminium species. Plant and Soil 134, 167-178, 1991. Loll, M. J. and Bollag,J.M. Protein transformation in soil. Adv . Agron. 36, 351-382,1983. Marschner, H. Plant-soil relationships: acqui sition of mineral nutrients by roots from soil s, p. 125 -155. In: Plant Growth: Interactions with Nutrition and Environment, edited by Porter, J. R. and Lawlor, D. W. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991. Marschner, H. and Romheld. V. Root-induced changes in the availability of micronutrients in the rhizosphere, p. 557 579. In: Plant Roots, the Hidden Half, edited by Waisel , Y., Eshel , A. and Kafkafi , U. Marcel Dekker New York 1996. Molina,J, A. E., Clapp, C. E., Shaffer,M.J., Chichester , F. W., and Larson W. E. . NCSOIL, a model of nitrogen and carbon transformation in soils : description, calibration, and behavior. Soil. Sci. Soc . A. J. 47.85-93, 1983 Nair, K. P. P. The buffering power of plant nutrients and effects on availability . Adv. Agron. 57,237-287, 1996. Nemeth, K. The availability of nutrients in the soil as determined by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF). Adv . Agron. 31, 155-188, 1979. Neyra, C. A. and Dobereiner J. Nitrogen fixation in grasses. Adv. in Agron. 29, 1-38, 1977. Nye, P. H. Diffusion of ions in uncharged soils and clays. Adv . Agron. 31,225-272,1979. Nye , P. and Tinker, P. B. Solute Movement in the Root Soil System. Blackwell, Oxford, 1977. Parfitt , R. L. Anion adsorption by soil and soil material s. Adv . Agron. 30, 1-50, 1978. Paul, E. A. and Clark, F. E. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. London, Academic Press 1996. Pinton, R., Varanini, Z. and Nannipieri, P. editors. The Rhizo sphere. Biochemistry and Organic Substances 677

at the Soil Plant Interface. Marcel Dekker, New York , 2000 Read , D. J., Lew is, D. H. and Alexander, I. J. editors. Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. CAB Intern ationa l, 1992 Sahrawat,K. L. Nitrogen ava ilabi lity indexes for submerged rice soils. Adv . Agron. 36, 4 15-45 1, 1983. Scheffe r, F. and Schachtschabel, P. (G) Textbook of Soil Science , Ilth edition, F. Enke -Verlag, Stuttgart, 1982. Sch ulten , H. R. and Leinweber,P. Dithionite-citrate-bicarbonat e-extractable organic matter in particle size fractions of a Hap laq uoll. Soil Sci. Soc. Am . J. 59,1019-1027, 1995. Shainberg,J.,Sumner, M.E., Miller, W. P., Fari na, M. P. W., Pavan , M. A. and Fey, M. V. Use of gypsum on soils: A review. Adv . Soi l Sci. 9, I- Ill , 1989. Smith, S. E. and Read , D. J. Mycorrhi zal Symbiosis, 2nd edition, Academic Pres s 1997 Sposito, G. The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1989. Uren , N. C. and Reisena uer, H. M. The role of root exudates in nutr ient acquisition. Adv . Plant Nutriti on 3,79-114,1988. Van Wambeke, A. Soils of the Tropics, McGraw-Hill, New York 1991. Wes termann,R. L. Baird, J. V., Chr isten sen, N. W., Fixen , P. E. and Whitney, D. A. editors. Soi l Te sting and Plant Analysis. 3rd edition, N03, SSSA Book Series, Madi son USA 1990. Walburg, G., Baue r, M. E., Daughtry, C. S. T. and Housley, T. L. Effects of nitrogen nutr ition on the growth, yie ld and reflectance characteristics of corn . Agron. J. 74 , 677-683,1982. Walworth, J. L. and Sumner, M. E. Folia r diagno sis: A review . Adv . Plant Nutrition 3, 193-24 1, 1988. Watt, M. and Evans, J. R. Proteoid roots. Physiology and deve lopment. Plant Physiol. 121,317-32 1, 1999. 678

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Badger , M. R. and Price, G. D. The role of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis. Annu, Rev. Plant Physio l. Plant Mol. BioI. 45, 369-392, 1994. Barkla, 8. J. and Pantoja, O. Physiology of ion trans port acros s the tonoplast of higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 47, 159-184, 1996. Bowler, C,; Van Montague, M. and Inze, D. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Ann u. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 43, 83- 116, 1992. Brunhold, C. Reduction of sulfate to sulfide, p. 13-31. In: Sulfur Nutrition and Sulfu r Assimilation in Higher Plants, edited by Rennenberg, H., Brunhold, c., DeKok, L. J. and Stulen, I., SPB Academ ic Publishing, The Hague 1990, Bush, D. R. Proton-coupled sugar and amino acid transporters in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 44, 513-542 ,1 993. Cadenas, E. Biochemistry of oxyge n toxicity. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58, 79-110, 1989. Campbell, W. H. Nitrate reductase biochemistry comes of age. Plant Physiol. 111,355-36 1, 1996. Chrispeels, M-J. and Maurel, C. Aquaporins: The molecular basis of facilitated water movement through fiving plant cells. Plant Physiel. 105,9-1 3, 1994. Fox, T. C. and Guerinot, M. L. Molecular biology of cation transport in plants. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 49, 669-696, 1998. Glass, A D. M. and Siddiqi, M. Y. The control of nutrient uptake rates in relation to the inorganic composition of plants, p. 103-147. In: Adv, in Plant Nutrition, edited by Tinker, P. 8. and Lauchli, A, Praeger, New YorK 1984. Hedrich, R. and Schroeder, J. I. The physiology of ion channels and electrogen ic pumps in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 40, 539-569, 1989. Kaiser, M. W., Weinert, H. and Huber, S. C. Nitrate reductase in higher plants: a case study for transduction of enviro nmental stimuli into control of catalytic activity. Physiol. Plant. 105, 385-390, 1999. Lea, P. J., Blackwell, R. D. and Joy, K. W. Ammonia assimilation in higher plants, p. 153-186. In: Nitroge n Metabolism of Plants, edited by Mengel, K. and Pilbearn, D. J.: Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992. Leustek, T. and Saito, K. Sulphate transport and the assimilation in plants. Plant Physiol. 120, 637-643,1999. McIntyre, G. I. The role of nitrate in the osmotic and nutritional control of plant development. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24,103-118,1997. Morgan, M. A, Jackson, W. A Pan, W. L. and Volk, R. J. Partitioning of reduced nitrogen derived from exogeneous nitrate in maize roots: initial priority of protein synthesis. Plant and Soil 91, 343-347, 1986. Stitt, M. Nitrate regulation of metabolism and growth. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2, 178-186, 1999 679

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Addi scort, T. M. Potassium in relation to transport of carbohydrates and ions in plants, p. 205 -220. In: Potassiu m Research and Agr icultural Production, 10th Con gr. Intern. Potash Institute, Bern 1974. Boyer, J. S. Biochemica l and biophysical aspects of water deficits and the pred isposition to disease. Annu , Rev. Phytopathol. 33, 25 1-274, 1995. Boyer, 1. S. Wate r transport. Ann u. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36, 473 -5 16, 1985. Canny, M. J. Transporting water in plants. Amer. Sci. 86, 152- 159, 1998. Ca nny, M. J. Apo plastic water and solute movemen t: new rules for an old space . Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 46, 215-236, 1995. Chrispeels, M. J., Crawfo rd, N. M. and Asc hroeder, 1. I. Proteins for transport of water and mineral nutrients across the membranes of plant cells. T he Plant Cell 11,661 -675, 1999. Clarkson, D. T. Roots and the deli very of solutes and water to the xylem. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc . London Ser. B 34 1,5- 17, 1993. Daint y, J. Water relations of plant cells, p. 12-35. In: Transport in Plants, edited by Lunge, U. and Pitman, M. Encyclo pedia of Plant Physiology, New series, Vol. 2, Springer Verlag Berlin 1976. De Boer, A. H. Potassium translocation into the root xylem. Plant Bioi. I, 36-45, 1999. Ehlers , W. (G) Transpiration coe fficients of crop s under field cond itions. Pflanzen bauwissenschaften 1,97- 108, 1997. Flowe rs, T. J. Physiology of halophytes. Plant and Soi l 89, 4 1-56, 1985. Flowers, T. J. and Yeo, A. R. Ion relations in plants under drought and salinity. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 13, 75-91, 1986. Flowers, T. J. and Lauchi i, A. Sodium versus potassium substitution and com partrnentation, p. 651-681. In: Encyclo pedia of Plant Physiology New Series. Vol 158. , edited by Lauchli , A. and Bieleski, R. L., Springer Verlag, Berlin 1983. Greenway , H. and Munn s, R. Mechanism of salt tolerance in nonh aloph ytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 3 1, 149- 190, 1980. Hanks, R. J. and Rasmu ssen, V. P. Predictin g crop production as related to plant water stress . Ad v. Ag ron. 35, 193-2 15, 1982. Hanson, A. D. and Hitz, W. D. Metabolic responses of mesophyte to plan t water deficit s. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. 33 , 163-203 , 1982. Hsiao, T. C. Plant responses to water stress. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 24, 5 19-570, 1973. Hsiao, T. C. and Aceve do, E. Plant responses to water deficits, water use efficiency , and drought resistance. Agricul t. Meteorol. 14, 59-84, 1974. Jun gk, A. and Claassen,N.lon diffu sion in the soil-root system. Ad v. Agron. 6 1, 53-110, 1997. Kinzel, H. (G) Plant Ecology and Mineral Metabolism. Verla g Euge n Ulmer, Stuttgart 1982. Kramer, P. J. and Boyer, J. S. Water relations of plants and soils. Acad. Press, San Diego, 1995. Kuntze, H., Roeschm an n, G., Schwerdtfeger, G. (G) Soil Science. 5th Edition, Verlag Euge n Ulmer Stuttgart, 1994. Koyro H. -W. and Huch zerm eyer, 8. Salt and drou ght stress effe cts on metabolic regul ation in maize, p. 843-878 . In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, edited by Pessarakli , M., Marcel Dekker, New York 1999. Lauchli, A. Potassium interactions in cro p plants. In: Fro ntiers in Potassium Nutrition. New Perspectives on the Effect of Potassium on Physiology of Plants, p. 7 1-76. edited by Oosterhuis, D. M. and Berkowitz, G. A. Potash and Phosph ate Institute, Norcross, Geor gia USA, 1999 680

Lieth , H., Moschenk o, M., Lohm ann , M., Koyro, H. -W. and Hamdy, A. Halophyte uses in different climates I. Progress in Biom eterology, Vol. 13. Backhuys Publ., Leid en , 1999. Maathui s, F. J. M. and Amtman n, A. K+ nutr ition and Na" toxicity: The basis of ce llular K+/Na+ ratios. Ann . Bot. 84,1 23- 133, 1999. Marschn er, H. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plant s. 2nd Edition Acad. Press, London 1995. Marschner, H., Kirk by, E. A. and Enge ls, C. Impo rtance of cycl ing and recyclin g of mineral nutrient s within plant s for gro wth and development. Bot. Acta llO, 265-273, 1997. Mcintyre, G. I. The role of nitrate in the os motic and nutriti onal co ntrol of plant development. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24 ,103-118 , 1997. Morgan, J. M. Osmoregulation and water stress in higher plants. Annu. Rev . Plant Physiol. 35, 299-3 19, 1984. Milburn. J. A. Water flow in plants . Longman , London and New York , 1979. Munn s, R. Physiological processes limiting plant grow th in sali ne soils. Som e dog mas and hypoth eses. Plant Cell. Environ. 16,15-24, 1993. Neum ann, E. J. Root and soil water relations, p. 362-440. In: Th e Plant Root and its Environment, edited by Ca rson, E. W. Unive rsity Press of Virginia, Charlottesvi lle 1974 . Nobe l, P. Physicochemi cal and environmental plant physiology. Acad . Press, San Diego, 199 1. Passiour a, 1. B. and Fry, S. C. T urgor and ce ll expansion: beyond the Lokh ardt equation. Aus t. 1. Plant Physiol. 19,565-576, 1992 . Pate, J. S. Tran sport and partit ionin g of nitrogenou s solutes. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. 3 1, 3 13-340, 1980. Schroe de r, J. I., Ward , J. M. and Gassmann, W. Perspectives on the physiology and structure of inwa rd rectifying K+ chann els in higher plants: Biophysical imp lications for K+ uptake. Annu. Rev. Bioph ys. Biomol. Struct. 23,441-471 , 1994. Schurr, U. Dyn ami cs of nutrient tran sport from the root to the shoot. Progress in Botany 60 , 234-253, 1999. Ser rano, R., Mulet, J. M., Rios, G., Marqu ez, J. A., de Larrinoa, I. F.,Leube,M.P., Mendizabal, I., Pascual Ahuir, A. , Proft, M., Ros, R. and Montesinos, C. A glimpse of the mechanism s of ion hom eostasis durin g salt stress. J. Exp. Bot. 50 ,1023-103 6,1 999. Slatyer, R. O. Plant-Water Relati onship s. Academi c Press, Lond on, New York 1967. Smith, J. A. C. and Griffiths, H. Wate r deficits. Plant responses from cell to community. BIOS Scientific, Oxford, 1993. Smith, J. A. C. Ion transport and the transpiratio n stream. Bot. Acta 104,416-421 , 1991. So mero, G. N., Osmond, C. B. and Bolis, C. L. Wat er and Life. Springer Verl ag Berlin, Heid elberg, 1992 . Stanhill, G. Water use efficiency . Adv . Agron. 39, 53-85, 1986 Steudl e, E. and Peterson, C. A. How does wate r get through roots? J. Ex p. Bot. 49, 775-78 8, 1998. Talbott, L. D. and Zeiger, E. The role of sucrose in guard cell osmoregulation. J. Exp. Bot. 49, 329-337, 1998. Tyree , M. T. and Spe rry, J. S. Vuln erab ility of xyle m to cavitation and embo lism. Annu. Rev . Plant Physiol. 40, 19-38, 1989. Yeo, A. Molecular biology of salt tole rance in the cont ext of whole-plant physiology. J. Exp. Bot. 49 , 9 15-929 , 1998. Zei ger , E., Farqhuar, G. and Gowan , I. Sto matal Function . Stanford University Press , Stanford , CA, 1987. 681

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Blatt R. M., Thiel G. Hormonal control of ion channel gating . Annu . Rev . Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 44,543-567,1993. Bowler, C., Van Montague, M. and lnze , D. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 43, 83-116,1992. Cadenas, E. Biochemistry of oxygen toxicity. Annu . Rev. Biochem. 58 , 79-110 1989. Chapin, F. S., Schulze, E. D. and Mooney, H. A. The ecology and economics of storage in plants . Annu . Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21,423-447, 1990. Clou se S. D. and Sasse J. M. Brassinosteroids: esssential regulators of plant growth and development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 49, 427 -45 1, 1998. Creelman R. A, Mullet J. E. Oligosaccharins , brassinolides, and jasmonates: Nontraditional regulators of plant growth, development and gene expression. The Plant Cell 9, 1211-1223, 1997. Davie s W. J., Zhang J. Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soils. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 42 , 55-76 ,1991. Evans L. T. Feeding the Ten Billion - Plants and Population Growth.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998. Evans L. T. Gibberellins and flowering in long day plants, with special reference to Lolium temulentum. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 26,1-8,1999. Geiger, D. R. Phloem loading , p. 396-431. In: Transport in Plants, I. Phloem Tran sport , edited by Zimmermann, M. H. and Milburn, J. A. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo, 1975. Geiger, D. R., Servaites,J. C. and Shieh , W. J. Balance among parts of source sink system: a factor in crop productivity, p. 155- 192. In: Crop Photosynthesis: Spatial and Temporal Determinants. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1992. George B. J. Design and interpretation of nitrogen response experiments. The nitrogen requirement of cereals, p. 139-149 . In: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries , ed, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Fish Reference Book 385. London 1983. Huglin , P. (F) Biology and Ecology of Vine . Edition s Payor, Lausanne 1986. Lambers, H. The physiological significance of cyanide-resistant respiration in higher plants p. 113-128 . In: Energy Metaboli sm in Higher Plants in Different Environments, edited by Lambers, H., Ph. D. Thesis of the Rijks-Universiteit Groningen, Netherlands, 1979. Kende , H. and Zeevaart, H. D. The five "Classical" plant hormones. The Plant Cell 9, 1197-1210, 1997. Kosegarten, H. and Mengel , K. Starch depo sition in storage organ s and the importance of nutrients and extern al factors . Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk . 161, 273-287 , 1998. Millard , P. Ecophysiology of the internal cycling of nitrogen for tree growth. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk. 159, 1-10, 1996. Morell, M. K. S., Rahman , S., Abrahams, S. L. and Appel s, R. The biochemi stry and molecular biology of starch synthe sis in cereals. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 22,647-660,1995. Nelson, O. E. and Pan, D. Starch synthesis in maize endosperms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 46, 475-496, 1995. Oparka, K. J. and Van Bel, A. J. E. Pathwa ys of phloem loading and unloading: a plea for a uniform terminology, p. 249-254 . In: Carbon Partitioning within and between Organism s, edited by Pollock, C. J., Farrar, J. and Gordon, A. J., BIOS Scientific Publ. Limited 1992. Patrick , J. W. Phloem unloading: sieve element unloading and post-sieve element transport. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 48, 191-222 , 1997. 682

Patrick, J. W. and Offler, C. E. Post-sieve element transport of sucrose in developing seeds. Austr. J. Plant Physi ol. 22 , 681-702,1995. Payne,P.J. Genetics of wheat storing proteins and the effect of allelic variation on bread making quality. Annu. Rev . Plant Physiol. 38, 141-153 , 1987 . Pollock, C. 1. and Cairns,A. J. Fructan metabolism in grasses and cer eal s. Annu. Rev . Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 42 , 77 -101,1991. Porter J. R. and Gawith M. Temperatures and growth and the development of wheat: a review. European J. Agron. 10,23-26, 1999 . Prei ss, J. Biology and molecular biology of starch synthes is and its regulation, p. 59-114. In: Oxford Surveys of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, edited by Millin,B. J. Vol. 7, Oxford 1991 . Sch apendonk.,A.H. C. M., Stol, W. Van Kraalingen. D. G. and Bouman, B. M. LINGRA, a sink/source model to simulate grassland productivity in Europe. European 1. Agron. 9, 87-100,1998. Shewry, P. R., Napier, J. A. and Tatham, A. S. Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. The Plant Cell 7,945-956, 1995 . Sembdner G. and Parthier, B. The biochemistry and the physiological and molecular actions of jasmonates. Annu. Re v. Plant Phy siol. Plant Mol. BioI. 44 , 569 -589, 1993. Smith, A. M.. Den yer, K. and Martin, C. Th e synth esis of the starch granule. Annu. Rev . Plant Phy siol. Plant Mol. BioI. 48 , 67-87, 1997. Solomos , T. Cyanide-resistant respirati on in higher plants. Annu. Rev . Plant Physiol. 28,279-297, 1977 . Ten Berge, H. F. M. , Aggarwal , P. K. and Kropff,M. J. Application of Rice Modelling. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997. Van Ittersum, M. K. and Van de Geijn,S. C. Per spectives for Agronomy- Adopting Ecological Principles and Managing Resoure Use. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997. Warren-Wilson, J. Maximum yield potential, p. 34-56 . In: Transition from Exten sive to Intensive Agriculture with Fertilizer s. Proc . 7th Colloq. Int. Pota sh Inst., Bern , 1969. 683

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Aulakh, M. S., Dora n, J. W. and Moisier, A. R. Soil den itrification-significance, meas urement, and effec ts on management. Adv . Soil Sci. 18, 17-57, 1992. Bacon, P. E. editor. Nitrogen Fertilization in the Enviro nment. Marcel Dek ker, New York, 1995 Bar-Y osef, B. Advance s in fertigation. Adv. Agron. 65, 2-77. 1999. Barrow, N. J. Plant Nutrition from Ge netic Engineeri ng to Field Practice, editor. Klu wer Academic Publishers, Dordre cht , 1993.

Batts , G. R., Mor ison, J. I. L., Ellis, R. H., Hadle y, P. and Wheeler, T. R. Effects of CO2 and tem peratu re on growth and yield of crop s of winter wheat over fou r seaso ns p. 67-76. In: Proce edings. ESA Congres s, Veldhoven 1996, edited by Ittersum , van M. K. and Ge ijn, van de S. C. Elsev ier, Amsterdam 1997. Bowm an, R. A., Reeder, J. D. and Lober, R. W. Changes in soil prope rties in a central plane rangeland soil after 3, 20, and 60 yea rs of cultivatio n. Soil Sci. 150, 851-857 , 1990. Braun , H. Fertilizers and Food Production, Rome:FAO, 1989. Bresler, E. Tr ickle-drip irrigation: Principles and application to soil water management. Ad v. Agro n. 29, 343-393 , 1977. Chapin, F. S. Ecolog ical aspects of plant mineral nutrition . Adv. Plant Nutrition. 3: 161- 191, 1988. Fage ria, N. K., Baliga r, V. C. and Jone s, C. A. Gro wth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops, Marcel Dekker, New Yo rk 1991. Fragoso, M. A. C. and Va n Beusichem , M. L. Optimization of Plant Nutrition, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academ ic Publi shers, 1993. Fuchs, A. Potentials for non-food utilization of fructose and inul in. Starch/starke 10, 335-343, 1987. Ga les, K. Yield variation of wheat and barley in Britain in relation to cro p grow th and soil co nditions - a review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34, 1085-1104 , 1983. Hank s, R. J. and Rasmussen, V. P. Predicting crop productio n as related to plant water stress. Adv . Agro n. 35, 193-215, 1982. Haygarth , P. M. and Jarvis, S. C. Tran sfer of phos phorus from ag ricultural soils Adv. Ag ron. 66 , 196-249, 1999. John ston, A. E. The Rotharnsted classical ex periments, p. 9-37 . In: Long-term Expe riments in Agricultu ral and Ecologica l Sciences, edited by Leigh, R. A. and Joh nston, A. E. CA B International, Wall ingford, UK 1994 Juste, C. and Mench , M. Long-term application of sewage sludge and its effect on metal uptake by cro ps, p. 159-193. In: Biogeoc hemistry of Trace Metals, edited by Ad riano, D. C. Lewis Publishers Ann Arbor , London, To kyo 1992. Kafkafi, U. Co mbined irrigation and fertilization in arid zones. Israel J. Plant Sci. 42 , 30 1-320, 1994. Mengel, K. Turn over of organi c nitrogen in soils and its availability to crops. Plant and Soil 181, 83-93 , 1996. Moffat, A. S. Higher yielding pere nnials point the way to new cro ps. Science. 274: 1469-1470 , 1996 . Morard , P. (F) Soilless Cultivation of Vegetables. S. A. R. L. Publi cation s Agricoles ISB N 2-9509297, Agen, France 1995. Neumann , R. Chemica l crop protection resea rch and developm ent in Europe, p. 49-55. In: Proceedin gs of the 4. th ESA Congress , Veldh oven 1996, edited by Ittersum , van M. and Geij n, van S. C.; Elsevier, Amsterda m 1997. Oertli , J. J. Con trolled-release fertili zers. Fertil. Res. 1, 103-123, 1980. Otter-Nack e, S. and Kuhlm ann , H. A. A comp arison of the perform ance of N simulation models in the prediction of N-mi n on farm ers' fields in the spring. Fert. Res. 27, 341- 347, 1991. 684

Owen, T. R. and JUrgens-Gschwind,S. Nitrates in drinking water : a review. Fert. Res . 10,3-35,1986. Paramasivam, S. and Alva,A.K. Nitrogen recovery from controlled-release fertilizers under intermittent leaching and dry cycles. Soil Sci. 162,447-453, 1997. Parker, D. R. and Norvell , W. A. Advances in solution culture methods for plant mineral nutrient research. Adv . Agron. 65 , 151-313, 1999. Picard , D. New approaches for cropping system studies in the tropic s, p. 30-36. In: 3. Congress of the European Society of Agronomy, edited by Borin, M. and Sattin,M. Colmar, France: European Society of Agronomy, Colmar 1994. Sanchez, P. A. and Leakey, R. R. B. Land use transformation in Africa: three determinants for balancing food security with natural resources. Eur. J. Agron. 7, 15-23, 1997. Smith, S. J., Schepers, J. S. and Porter, L. K. Assessing and managing agricultural nitrogen losse s to the environment. Adv . Soil Sci. 14, 1-43, 1990. Tunney, H., Carton, O. P., Brookes, P. C. and Johnston, A. E. editors. Phosphorus Loss from Soil Water. CAB International, Wallingford, UK 1998 Van Ittersum , M. K. and Van de Geijn , S. C. editors, Perspectives for Agronomy. Adopting Ecological Principles and Managing Resource Use . Elsevier, Amsterd am 1997. Vlek , P. L. G. editor. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. Vol. 46, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1996. Wild , A., Jone s, L. H. P. and Macduff,J.H. Uptake of mineral nutrients and crop growth: the use of flowing nutrient solutions. Adv. Agron. 41, 171-219 1987. Woolhouse, H. W. Crop physiology in relation to agricultural production : the genetic link, p. 1-21. In: Physiological Processes Limiting Plant Productivity , edited by Johnson , C. B. London : Butterworth, 1981. 685

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Appel, T. and Mengel, K. Predi ction of minera lizable nitrogen in soi ls on the basis of an analysis of extractabl e organic N. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenk . 161,433-4 52,1998. Blevins, D. G . An overview of nitrogen metabolism in higher plants, p. 1-4 1. In: Plant Nitrogen Metaboli sm , edited by Poulton , J. E., Rom eo, J. T. and Co nn, E. C. Plenum , Ne w York 1989 . Bradbury, N. J., Wh itmore, A. P., Hart, P. B. S. and Jenkinson , D. S. Modelling the fate of nitrogen in c rop and soil in the years following applicatio n of 15-N labelle d fertilizer to wheat. 1. Agric. Sci . 121, 363-379 , 1993. Boddey, R. M., Urquiaga, S., Reis, V. a nd Dobereiner, J. Biological nitrogen fixation as soc iated with sugar cane. Pla nt a nd Soil 137, 11- 117, 1991. Cras well, E. T. and God win, D. C. The effic iency of nitrogen fertilize rs applied to ce rea ls in different climates. Ad v. Plant Nutrition I, I-5 5, 1984 . Dobereiner, L. Dinitrogen fixation in rhizo sphere and phyllosph ere associations, p. 330 -350. In: Inor ganic Plant Nutrition , Encyc l. Plant Phys iol. New Series, Vol. 15A , edited by Lauchli, A and Bieleski, R. L., Springe r Ve rlag Berlin 1983. Dob ereiner, J. Biological nitrogen fixation in the tropics: social and eco no mic co ntributions. So il Bioi Biochem . 29, 771 -174 ,1997. Engels , C. and Marschn er , H. Plant uptake and utilizati on of nitrogen, p. 41- 81. In: Nitrogen Fertili zation in the Envi ron me nt, edited by Bacon , P. E. Marcel Dekker, New York 1995. G lass , A. D. M. et al. Nitrogen transport in plants, with an em phasis on the regulation of fluxes to match plant de mand . Jo urnal of Plant Nutrition and Soi l Scie nce 164 , 199-207,200 1. Greenwood , D. J. Mod elling N-response of field vegetable crop s grown under diverse co nditio ns with N_A BLE : A Review. J. Plant Nutr. 24, in press 2001 Haynes, R. J. edit or. Mi nera l Nitrogen in the So il Plant System , Academi c Press, London 1996 Hecht- Buchh olz, C. T he apo plast- habitat of endop hytic dini trogen-fi xin g bacteria and their sign ifica nce for the nutriti on of nonlegumi nous plan ts. Z. Pflanze nernahr, Bode nk. 161 , 509 -52 0, 1998. Jen kin son , D. S. Th e turn over of organic ca rbo n and nitrogen in soil. Phil. Tra ns Royal Soc . B 329 , 36 1-368 , 1990.

Layzell , D. B. Oxygen and the co ntro l of nodul e metabolism and N2 fixatio n p. 435-440. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century, edited by Elmerich, c., Kon do rosi, A. and New ton, W . E. Klu wer Aca demic Publi shers, Dordr ech t 1998. Ma rtins-Loucao, R. amd Lips, S. H. editors. Nitro gen in a Susta inab le Ecosys tem fro m Ce ll to the Plant. Bac khuys Publi shers, Leiden , T he Netherlands 2000. Mengel, K. T urnover of organic nitrogen in soils and its ava ilability to crops. Plant and Soi l 181, 83-93 , 1996. Mengel , K. and Pilbea m, D. J. Nitrogen Metabolism of Plant s. Cla rendo n Press, Oxford , 1992 . Mill ard, P. Ecophysiology of the internal cycl ing of nitrogen for tree growth. Z. Pflanzenernahr, Bode nk. 159,1-10,1996 . My lona, P., Pawl owski , K. and Bisselin g, T. Sy mbiotic nitrogen fixation. T he Plant Ce ll 7, 869 -885 , 1996. Neeteso n, J. J. and Hassin k, J. editors. Nitrogen Mineralization in Ag ricultura l soil s. DLO Res. Institute for Ag robio logy and So il Fertility, Wagen ingenfHaren 1993. Nicol ardot , B., Moli na, J. A. E. and Allard, M. R. C and N fluxes betw een pools of soil organic mailer: mod el ca libration with lon g-term incubation data. So il. BioI. Biochem . 26, 235-243, 1994. Sa lsac , L. Chaillou, S. Morot-Gaudry, J. F. Lesaint, C. and Joli vet , E. Nitrate a nd ammonium nutrition in plants . Plant Physiol. Biochem. 25 , 805-8 12, 1987. 686

Scherer , H. W. Dynamics and availability of the non-exchangeable NH..-N - a review. Eur. 1. Agron. 2, 149-160, 1993. Sch ulten , H. R. and Schnitzer, M. The chem istry of soil. Organic nitrogen: a review. BioI. Fert. Soils 26, 1-15, 1998. Ullric h, W. R. Transport of nitrate and amm onium throug h plant membranes , p. 121-137 . In: Nitro gen Metabolism in Plants, edited by Men gel , K. and Pilbeam, D.l. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992. Van Cleemput, 0 ., Hofman, G. and Vermoesen, A, editors. Progress in Nitrogen Cycling Studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1996. Wire n, N. von, Gazzarrini, S., Goyon, A. and Frommer, W. The molecular physiology of ammonium uptake and retrival. Current Opini on in Plant Biology 3, 254-261,2000 687

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Bell , C. I., Cram , W. J. and Clarkson, D.T. Turnover of sulfate in leaf vacuoles limits retranslocation under sulfur stress, p. 163 165 . In: Sulfur Nutrition and Sulfur Assimilation in Higher Plants, edited by Rennenberg, H., DeKok, L. J. and Stulen, I. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague 1990. Clarkson,D. T., Hawkesford, M. J. and Davidian, J. C. Membrane long-di stance transport of sulfate p. 3 -19. In: Sulfur Nutriti on and Assimilation, edited by De Kok, L. J., Stulen, I., Renenberg, H. Brunhold, C. Rauser, W. E. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague 1993. Cram, W.J., Dekok, L., Stule , I., Brunhold, C, and Rennenberg, H. editors. Sulphur Metabolism in Higher Plants, Molecular, Ecophysiological and Nutritional Aspects. Backhuys Publi shers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1997 De Kok, Stulen, I., Rennenberg, H., Brunhold, C. and Rauser , W. E. editors. Sulfur Nutrition and Assimialtion in Higher Plants. SPB Academic Publi shing bv, The Hague, 1993. Jolivet, P. Elemental sulfur in agriculture, p. 193-206. In: Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants, edito rs De Kok, L. J., Stulen,I, Rennneberg,H., Brunhold, C. and Rau ser, W. E. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague 1993. Leustek , T. and Saito , K. Sulphate transport and the assimilation in plants . Plant Physiol. 120,637-643,1999. JUrgens-G schwind, S. and Jung, J. Result s of Iysimeter trials at the Limburger Hof facility: The most important finding s from 50 years of experiments. Soil Sci. 127,146-160,1979. Marsh,K.B., Tillman, R. W. and Syers,J.K. Charge relationships of sulphate sorption by soil s. Soil Sci . Soc . Am. J. 51, 318-323, 1987. Maynard,D.G. editor. Sulfur in the Environment. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998 McGrath, S. P., Zhao, F. J. and Withers, P. J. A. Development of sulphur deficiency in crops and ist treatment, p. 47. Proc . No 379 . The Fertilizer Society, Peterborough UK 1996. Pasricha, N. S. and Fox , R. L. Plant nutrient sulfur in the tropics and subtropics. Adv . Agron. 50 , 210 -269 , 1993. Randall , P. J. and Wrigley, C. W. Effects of sulphur suppl y on the yield, composition and quality of grain from cereals oilseeds and legumes. Adv , Cereal Sci . Techn. 8, 171-206, 1986. Rennenberg, H. The fate of excess sulfur in higher plant s. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. 25, 121-153, 1984. Schiff, J. A., Stern, A. I., Saidha, T. and Li, J. Some molecular aspects of sulfate metabolisn in photosynthetic organisms p. 21-35 . In: Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation of Higher Plants, edited by DeKok, L. 1., Stulen, I., Rennenberg, H., Brunold , C. and Rauser, W. E. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, 1993. Schnug, E. Phy siological functions and environmental relevance of sulfur -containing secondary metabolites p. 179-190. In: Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation of Higher Plant s, edited by DeKok, L. J., Stulen, I., Rennenberg, H., Brunhold, C. and Rauser, W. E. SPB Academic Publi shing bv, The Hague 1993. Scott, N.M. Sulphur in soils and plants p. 379-401. In: Org anic Matter and Biological Activity, edited by Vaugham, D. and Malcolm, R. E. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1985. Syers, J. K., Skinner, R. J. and Curtin, D. Soil and Fertilizer Sulphur in UK Agriculture, p. 43. Proc . No 264, The Fertili zer Soc. , London 1986. Wainwright,M. Sulfur oxid ation in soils. Adv , Agron . 37,449-396, 1984. Wu, J., O 'Donnell, A. G. and Syers,J.K. Microbial growth and sulphur immobilization following incorporation of plant residues in soil. Soil Biol, Biochem. 25 , 1567-1573, 1993. Zhao, F. J., Wu , J. and Me Grath, S. P. Soil organic sulphur and its turnover p. 467- 505 . In: Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by Piccolo, A. Elsevier, Am sterdam 1996. 688

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Bucher, M., Rausch, C. and Daram, P. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of phosphorus uptake into plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 164,209-218,2001. Bolland, M. D. A. and Gilkes, R. J. Rock phosphates are not effective fertilizers in Western Australia soils: a review. Fert. Res. 22, 79-85, 1990. Bolland, M. D. A., Gilkes, R. J. and Allen, D. G. The residual value of superphosphate and rock phosphate for lateric soils and its evaluation using three soil phosphate tests. Fert. Res. 15,253-280,1988. Dalal, R. C. Soil organic phosphorus. Adv. Agron. 29, 83- 117, 1977. Gerke, J. Kinetics of soil phosphate desorption as affected by citric acid . Z. Pflanzenernahr, Bodenk. 157,17-22,1994. Haynes, R. J. Lime and phosphate in soil-plant system. Adv. Agron . 37, 249 -315, 1984. Jungk, A. Phosphorus supply of plants- how is it accomp lished? Proceedings of the National Science Cou ncil, ROC Part B: Life Sciences 18, 187-197, 1994 Jungk, A. and Claassen, N. Ion diffusion in the soil-root system. Adv . Agron. 61 , 53-110, 1997. Khasawneh, F. E. and Doll, E. C. The use of phosphate rock for direct applications to soils. Adv. Agro n. 30, 159-206, 1978. Mengel, K. Agronomic measures for better utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphates. Eur. J. Agron. 7, 221-2 33,1 997. Sanyal, S. K. and De Datta, S. K. Chemistry of phosphorus transformation in soil. Adv. Soil Sci. 16, 1-120, 199 1. Ratcliffe, R. G. In vivo NMR studies of higher plants and algae. Adv. Bot. Res. 20, 43- 123, 1994. Schachtman, D. P., Reid, R. J. and Ayling, S. M. Phosphorus uptake by plants: from soil to cell. Plant Physio l. 116,447-453, 1998. Shainberg, J., Stunner, M. E., Miller, W. P., Farina, M. P. W., Pavan, M. A. and Fey, M. V. Use of gypsum on soils: A review. Adv. Soil Sci. 9, I-Ill, 1989. Steffens, D. Phosphorus release kinetics and extractable phosphorus after long-term fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 1702-1708, 1994. Stevenson, F. J. and Cole, M. A. The phosphorus cycle, p. 279-329 . ln Cycles of Soil Ca rbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Sulfur, Micronutrients 2nd ed. John Wiley, Weinheim 1999 689

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Aktar, M. S. Potassium availability as affected by soil mineralogy, p. 33-48 . In: Potasssium in Agriculture, edited by Mengel , K. International Potash Institute, Basel 1994. Chen, S. Z., Low, P. F. and Roth, C. B. Relation between potassium fixation and the oxidative state of octahedral iron. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 82-86 ,1990. Evangelou, V. P., Wang, J. and Phillips , R. E. New developments and perspectives on soil potassium quantity/intensity relationships. Adv. Agron . 52, 173-227, 1994.

Fernando, M., Mehroke , I. and Glass, A. D. M. De /lOVO synthesi s of plasma membrane and tonoplast polypeptides of barley roots during short term K depri vation . Plant Physiol. 100, 1269-1276, 1992. Fox, T. C. and Guerinot, M. L. Molecular biology of cation transport in plants. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 49, 669-696, 1998. Greenwood, D. J. and Karpinets , T. V. Dynamic model for the effects of K -fertilizer on crop growth, K-uptake and soil-K in arable cropping. I. Description of the model. Soil Use and Management. 13,178-183, 1997. Hinsinger , P. and Jaillard, B. Root-induced release of interlayer potassium and venniculization of phlogopite as related to potassium depletion in the rhizosphere of ryegras s. J. Soil Sci. 44, 525-534, 1993. Johnston, A. E., editor, Food Security in the WANA region , the essenti al need for balanced fertilization . Intern. Potash Institute, Basel, 1997. Kochian, L. V. and Lucas, W. J. Potassium transport in roots. Adv, in Bot. Res. 15,93-178,1988. Leigh, R. A. Potassium homeosta sis and membrane transport. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 164,193-198,2001. Maathuis, F. J. M. and Sanders , D. Mechanism of potassium absorption by higher plants. Physiol. Plant. 96, 158-168, 1996. Mengel, K. Integration and functions and involvement of potassium metabolism at the whole plant level, p. I-II In: Frontiers in Potassium Nutrition : New Perspectives on the Effects of Potassium on Physiology of Plants , edited by Oosterhuis, D. M. and Berkowitz, G. A. The Potash and Phosphate Institute, Norcro ss, Georgia USA 1999. Munson, R. D.: Potassium in Agriculture. Proc. Intern. Sympo sium, Atlanta 1985. Am. Soc. Agron . Madison USA 1985. Oosterhuis, D. M. and Berkowitz, G. A., editors. Frontiers in Potassium Nutrition : New Perspectives on the Effects of Potassium on Physiology of Plants. Potash and Phosphate Institute, Norcross, Georgia USA 1999. Rea, F. A. Poole , R. J. Vacuolar H+ -translocating pyrophosphatase. Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 44,157-180,1993. Sharpley , A. N. Reaction of fertilizer potassium in soils of differtent mineralogy. Soil Sci. 149,44-51 , 1990. Sparks, D. L. Potassium dynamics in soils. Adv. Soil Sci. 6,1-63,1987. Toney, M. D., Hohenester, E., Cowan, S. W. and Jansonius, 1. N. Dialkylglycine decarboxylase structure: bifunctional active site and alkali metal sites. Science . 261, 756-759, 1993. Walker, N. A., Sanders, D. and Maathuis, F. J.M. High-affinity potassium uptake in plants. Science. 273,977-979,1996. White, P. J. The regulation of K+ influx into roots of rye (seca/e cerea/e L.) seedlings by negative feedback via the K+ flux from shoot to root in the phloem. J. Expt. Bot. 48, 2063-2073,1997. 690

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Bangerth , F. Calcium-related physiological disorders of plant s. An n. Rev . Phyt op athol. 17,97-122, 1979 . Barkl a, B. J. and Pant oja, O. Physiology of ion transport across the ton opl ast of higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plan t Mol. BioI. 47,159-184 1996. Bush, D. S. Ca lcium regulation in plant cell s in its role in protein signaling. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 46, 95- 122, 1995. Co hen. P. Th e structure and regulat ion of prote in phosphatase s. Ann u. Rev. Biochem. 58.453-508 , 1989. Evan s. D. E., Briars, S. -A. a nd Will iams, L. E. Act ive calcium tran sport by plant cell membranes. J. Exp. Bot. 42 , 285-303 . 1991. Foy , C. D. Effects of soi l calcium availability on plant growth, p. 565 -600. In: The Plan t Root and its Environment. edited by Carson . E. W. Univ. Press of Virgi nia , Charlottes ville 1974. Hanson . 1. B. The functi ons of calcium in plant nutrition . Ad v. Plant Nutr. I. 149-208, 1984 . Haynes. R. J. Effec ts of lim ing on phosp hate avai labi lity in acid soils. Plant and Soi l 68, 289 -308.1982 . Hepler. P. K. and Wayne, R. O. Calcium and plant deve lopment. Ann u. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36. 397-439, 1985. Huguet. C. and Coppcnet , M., edi tor s. (F) Magn esium in Ag ricu lture. TNk/; editions. Paris 1992 Kerschberger , M. (G) Effe ct of pH on the lactate-soluble P level in so ils (DL-method ). Arch . Acker- Pflanzenbau Bodenkd. 3 1.3 13-3 19, 1987. Kirkb y. E. A. and Menge l. K. The role of magnesiu m in plant nutrition . Z. Pflanzenernahr . Bod enk . 2, 209 -222, 1976. Kirkby, E. A. and Pilbe arn , D. J. Calcium as a plant nutrient. Plant Cell and Envi ronment 7. 397-405. 1984 Marsc hner, H. Ca lcium nutri tion of higher plant s. Neth. J. ag ric. Sci. 22,275-282 . 1974 McL aughl in, S. B. and Wimmer. R. Calcium physiology and terr estrial ecosystem processes. New Phytol. 142 .373-41 7,1999 . Shainber g,1.. Sumner, M. E.• Miller. W. P., Far ina, M. P. W.. Pavan, M. A. and Fey. M. V. Use of gyps um on so ils: A review . Ad v. Soil Sci. 9. I- I I I. 1989 . Jaillard, B., Guy on , A. and Maur in. A. F. Structure and com position of calcifi ed roo ts, and their iden tificati on in calc areous soils. Geoderm. 50,1 97 -210.199 1. Sumner. M. E. Gypsum and acid soi ls: the wo rld sce ne. Adv. Agron. 51. 1-33. 1993.

Zhang, W. H. and Ren gel, Z. Cy toso lic Ca 2+ activities in intact wheat root apical cells subjected to aluminium toxicity, p. 353-358. In: Plant Nutri tion - Molec ular Biology and Genetics, edited by Gissel-Nielsen , G. and Jensen. A. Kluwe r Academic Publ ishers. Dordrech t 1999. Zielinski. R. E. Ca lmod ulin and calmod ulin bindi ng proteins in plan ts. Ann u. Rev . Plan t Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 49,697-725.1998. 691

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Abadia, J., editor . Iron Nutrition in Soils and Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995. Brown , J. C. and Jolley, V. D. Plant metabolic responses to iron-deficiency stress. Biological Sciences. 39,546-551 ,1989. Chen, Y. and Barak , Y. Iron nutrition of plants in calcareous soils. Adv . Agron . 35, 217-240, 1982. Chen, Y. and Hadar, Y. editor s. Iron Nutrition and Iron Interactions in Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1991. Crowley, D. E., Wang, Y. C; Reid, C. P. P. and Szaniszlo,P. J. Mechanisms of iron acquisition from siderophores by microorganisms and plants, p. 213-232 . In: Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants, edited by Y. Chen, and Y. Hadar , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1991. Kosegarten, H., Hoffmann, B. and Mengel, K. Apoplastic Fe" reduction in intact sunflower leaves. Plant Physiol. 121, 1069-1079 , 1999. Lindsay, W. Iron oxide solubilization by organic matter and its effect on iron availability, p. 29-36. In: Iron Nutrtion and Interactions in Plants , edited by Y . Chen and Y. Hadar , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1991. Mengel, K. Iron availability in plant tissues - iron chlorosis on calcareous soils. Plant and Soil 165, 275-283 , 1994. Neilands, J. B. and Leong, S. A. Siderophores in relation to plant growth and disease . Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol. 37,187-208,1986. Romheld, V., editor Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants. Proceed . 9th Sympo sium , J. Plant Nutrition 23, 1549-2102 ,2000. Romheld , V. and Marschner, H. Mobilization of iron in the rhizosphere of different plant species. Adv. Plant Nutrition . 2, 155-204, 1986. Schwertmann, U. Solubility and dissolution of iron oxides p. 3-27 . In: Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants , edited by Chen, Y. and Hadar , Y., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1991. Stephan , U. W. and Scholz, G. Nicotianamine: mediator of transport of iron and heavy metals in the phloem? Physiol. Plant. 88,522-529, 1993. Tagliavini, M., Abadia , J., Rombola , A. D., Abadia, A., Tsipouridis, C. and Marangoni , B. Agronomic means for the control of iron chloro sis in deciduous fruit plants. In: Proceedings 9th Iron Symposium, Iron Nutrition and Interaction in Plants , edited by Rornheld. V., J. Plant Nutrition 23, 2007-2027, 2000 . Theil, E. C. Ferritin : structure, gene regulation, and cellular function in animals, plants and microorganisms. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56, 289-315 , 1987. 692

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Abscis ic acid (ABA) 2 17,222,224,273,274,282,286 Abscission of leaves 64 1 Acetyl coe nzyme A see Coe nzyme A Acetyl serine 178 Acid gro wth theory 219, 267 Acidifi cati on effect of legumes on so il 40 8 Acidification of so ils 58, 62, 515 Acid mineral soils Aluminium toxicity 6 1, 660-662 Manganese toxi city 6 1, 580-58 1 Molybdenum availability 6 13-6 14 Phosphate availability 455-457 Nitrogen fixation, legumes 408 Soil acidity 51- 62 Sulphate soils 580 Tropical soils 534 Acid phosphatase 458 Ac id rain 6 1-62 Actinomyces 400 Actinomyces alni 40 I Acti norhizas 400 Active and passive membrane transport 120-124 Active manganese in so ils 574 Activ ity coefficient 20, 121 Activity of water molecules 26 Activity ratio 22 Adenosine 3-phospho 5 phosphosulph ate (PAPS) 177 Adenosine phosphosulphate (AP S) 177 Adenosine di phosphate (ADP) 11 9 Adenos ine tri phosphate (AT P) 11 9 ADP 119 ATP 119 Aerenchymatous tiss ues 46 Aescltynomene afraspera Nitrogen fixation 403 Aggregates (soil) 38 Ag matine (formula) 500 Agronom ic efficiency in N fertilizer usage 428

807 808

Alan ine 176 (formula) Albumin 32 1 Alcohol dehydrogenase 589 Aleurone layer 322 Alfisols 37 1 Alkali disease 667 Alkali soi ls Black alkali soils (so lonetz) 62 Wh ite alkali soi ls (solonchak) 62 Alk aloids 3 18 Allantoic acid 425 Allantoin 425 see also Ureid es Allophanes 33, 34 Allosteric modulator 545 AIIlIlS glutinosa (alder) Nitrogen fixation 6 16 Alterna nce (fruit tree produ ction) 292 Aluminium Cati on species 18, 2 1, 55, 660 Complexation with organic acids and polyphenols 662 Content in plants and so ils 659 Excl usion mechanism in uptake 662 Inftuence on root growth 661 Solubility and forms in soi l in relation to pH 18, 534, 660 Tolerance in plants 662 Toxicity in plant s 66 1 Amides Long distance transport , role in, 2 10, 406 Nitrogen export, legum e nodul es 2 10 Amin e oxidases (copper metabol ism) 604 Amin o acids Biosynthesis 175 Essential 321 Phloem loading 249 Am ino sugars 408 Amm on ia Emissions 347 Anh ydrous 362 Aqu eous 362, 421 Uptake through stomata 348 Volatili zation from leaves 349 Volatilization from soils 347 Toxicity 422 Ammo nium ass imilation 173-175 809

Glutamine synthetase-Glutamate synthase 173-175 Legume nodules 175 Ammonium in soils Adsorption 17 Ammonification 408-410 Fixation and release by 2: I clay minerals 416-418 Nitrification of 410-412 Ammonium nutrition Substrate pH effects 132 Ammonium uptake 419-420 Ammonium versus nitrate nutrition Cation-anion relationships 130-132 Molybdenum requirement 615 Phosphorus uptake 130-132 Rhizosphere pH 86 Root infecting pathogens 86 Amorphous soil silica 643 Amphiphilic molecules 114 Amyloplasts 258 Anabaena 399 Anaerobiosis 45 Anaerobic soils, waterlogging 45-51 Ando soils 34 Animal manure unit 356 Anion Adsorption in soils 23-25 Competition in ion uptake by plants 135 Sulphate - molybdate 614 Sulphate - selenate 438 Antagonistic effects in ion uptake 104 Anthocyanadins 333 Antiporter 244 Arginine 50 I Asparagine 176 (formula) Apical dominance 267, 279, 581 Apoferritin 560 Apoplast As a W buffer 129 Calcium transport 193 Composition 129 Pathway in roots 192-195 Phloem loading 247-249 Phloem unloading 254-256 Water transport 194 Application of fertilizers see Fertilizers 810

APS (adenosi ne phosphosulph ate) 177 Aquaporins 185, 187 Asco rbate cycle 305 Ascorb ic acid oxidase 604 Asparagine 176 Aspartate

C4 photosynthesis 153- 159 C4 plants 153-153 Aspergillus niger 110 Assi milate see also Photosynthate Partitioning 260, 26 1 Transport 247 Assi milatory sulphate reduction 178 Atmosphere Ammon ia 348

CO 2 concentration 300 ATP(Adenosene triphosphate) Energy trans fer 118- 120 Formula 7 Membrane transport, ions 118- 120, 136 Oxidative phosphorylation 147 Photophosphorylation 145 ATP-magnesium com plex 7 ATPase proton pump 86, I 18-124 AT Pases 545 Autotrop hic bacteria 4 10 Auxin see also Indole Acet ic Acid Binding protei ns 268 IAA metabolism, role of boro n 630 Manganese nutrit ion 268, 58 1 Role in Ca lcium transport 522 Root and shoot growth, effects on 266 Stimulation of proton pump 267 Availability of nutrients in soil see Soil, nutrient availability Avenic acid 88, 555 Azolla - Anabae na association 400 Azospirillum 399, 407 Azotobacrer 399

Bacterial density (in bulk soil and rhizosphere) 84 Bacteroid 169,402 811

Baking quality in cereals 320 Basic slag 69,473 Balance sheet of plant nutrients 370 Barley 280,321,323 Base saturation in soils 2 1 Beggiatoa 386 Beidellite 33 Beijerinckia 399 Beneficial Mineral Elements Cobalt 649-654 Silicon 643-649 Sod ium 501-503 6-benzyl-aminopurine (cytokinin) 272 Betaine Co mpatible solute 227 Formula see glycine betaine 227 See glycine betain e 227 Bicarbonate Lime induced chlorosis 566 -569 Bioavailability of heavy metals 67 1 Biological Membranes 11 4-117 Nitroge n fixation 397-406 Agronomic importance of 408-4 10 Yield 277 Biotin 443 Biotite 29, 482 ,541, 553 Bitter pit 2 15,331,332,369,531 Black alkali soils (solonetz) 62 Black spot in potato tubers (potassi um deficiency) 3 18 Blackheart of celery 215 , 531 Blossom end rot 215 ,531 Borax 634 Boric acid 621 , 624 , 634 Boron Adsorpt ion in soil 622 Application to soils 633-636 Availability in soil 633-634 Binding function of borate 628 Callose formation 628 Cascade effect 627 Deficiency 63 1-632 Distribution in plants 626 Ferti lizers 634 Foliar application 635 812

In cell wall structure 629 Membranes in relation to 565 Nucleic acids 627 Phloem mobility 625-626 Phytohormones in relation to 627 Plant and crop requ irements 635-637 Polyhydroxy compounds in relation to 623 Primary and secondary effec ts 627 Soil Boron 621-623 Sugar alco hol complexes 623 Toxicity in plants 637-638 Translocation in plants 625-626 Transport molecules 627 Uptake by plants 624, 625 Botanical composition of grass land sward Effect of fertilizer practice 327 Effect of slurry application 358 Bradyrhizobium 172, 400 , 40 I Brassinosteroids 275 Bromine 657,658 Bronzing in rice 48, 554, 64 1 Buffer capacity of soils 53, 76 Buffer power of soils 70 Bulk density of soils 39 Bundle sheath cells 158, 159 Burnt lime 537 c

C 3 pathway 153-156 C 3 plants 153 C 4 pathway 153, 159, 165 C 4 plants 285, 297 CAL method (P availability in soil) 95 Cadmium In phosphate fertilizers 672 In sewage sludge 672 Mobility in plants 67 1 Plant tolerance 67 1 Pollution 672 Calcareous Peat soils 581 Soils 514,555,568,585 813

Calcicoles, Calcifuges 517 Calcium Adsorption in soils 516 ATPa se 525 Bicarbonate 538 Biochemical functions in plants 527-530 Bridging and membrane structure 115 Carbide 414 Content of plants 520 , 523-524 Cyanamide 433 Cyto solic concentrations 525 Deficiency disorders 531-533 Deficiency symptoms 532 Dihydrogen phosphate 454 Distrib ution in cells 525 Ecological aspects 517-519 Fertilizers 432-434 Flocc ulation and soil structure 28, 38-40 Form s and contents in plants 523-526 Humates 516 IAA metabolism 522 Induced signals 529 Immobility in plants 522 Leachin g in soils 342-346 Limin g soils 537-539 Mon hydrogenphosphat e 454 Membrane channels 526 Membrane structure 115 Membrane transport 52 1 Octaphosphate 454 Phosphates in soils 454 Restriction from phloem 522 Silicate slags 649 Soil 5 13-519 Soil content 670 Soil solution 73 Soil minerals and weathering 513- 5 17 Tran slocation in plants 521-523 Uptake by plants 519 Calmodulin 468, 529 Second messenger 526 Calvin cycle 148, 149 CAM (Crassulation acid metabolism) 160 Crops 231 Carb amic acid (formula) 50 I 814

Carbamyl putrescene (formula) 50 I Carbon dioxide Assimilation by plants 137 C 3 pathway 147- 150 C4 pathway 153-159 Crassulation acid metabolism 160-161 Atmospheric concentratio n 300 Concentration and crop yield 300-305 Compensation point 159, 297 Carbonic anhydrase 588-589 Carboxylation 4 Caro tenes 137, 144 Carotenoids 137, 144 Carrier transport Energy coupling (ATP, AT Pase) 136 Kinetics (Krn, Vmax ) 136 Casparia n strip 192, 194, 199, 239 Cassava 289 Catalase 56 1, 602 Cation activa tion of enzymes 498-50 1 adsor ption by soils 15-22 - anion balance 130, 214 antago nism in ion uptake 134 ease of displacement from minerals 19 estimation in soils 94-95 exchange capacity (CEC) Clay minerals 2 1, 33 Permanent negative charge 30 Variable charge 30 hydration shells 18 Cavitation in the xylem 200 CCC see Chiaro Choline Chloride 272, 294 Cell compartmentatio n 128-130 Cell Expansion 2 19,267,270,278 Organelles 11 3- 11 4 Shrinkage 2 16 Wall 646 Wall elasticity 628 Wall struc ture 11 2, 629 Chelate 6, 555 Chemiosmosis hypothesis 145 Chernoze ms 35 Chloride 8 15

And sulphate salinity 62-64 Chorophilic- chlorophobic species 64 1 Coconut and oil palm beneficial influence on growth 64 1 Content in plants 640 Essentiality 640 Leachin g from soils 642 Nitrate antagonism 135 Osmoticum 641 Requ irement in Photosystem I I 640 Uptake by plants 639 Versus sulphate fertilizers 5 10, 642 Chlorine Deficiency symptoms in plants 64 1 Function in plants 639-640 Tox icity in plants 64 1 Chlorite 33,45 1 Chlorocholine chloride rccc: 272, 294 2 choroe thyl phosphonic acid (Ethephon) 295 4 chloroindolacetic acid 641 Chloromequa t 294 Chloroph ilic species 640 Chlorophobic crops 64 1 Chlorophyll 8, 137, 27 1, 544 synthesis 562 Chloroplasts 145, 159, 243 Chlorosis Lime induced 569 Resistant cultivars 559 Chromi um In serpentine soils 665 Soil content 664 Tox ic effects in plants 665 Citric acid Chelation of Ca, Fe and AI 463 Citrate release from roots of AI toxic plants 66 1 Citrate release from roots of P deficient plants 463 Long distance transport of Fe in plants 559 Clay Flocculation in soils 27-2 8 Fraction in soils 29-30 Properties 3 1-34 Clay Minerals Adsorption of cations 15-22 Interlayers of 2:I minerals NH/ fixation and release 416-418 8 16

K+ fixation and release 482-484 Structure of 482, 483 Cluster root formation 463 Coated fertilize rs 365 Coba lamin (vitamin B 12) 65 1, 652 Root nodule concentration 653 Cobalt Deficient soils 654 In animal nutrition 654 In plants 650, 654 In soils 649-650 Requirement for nitrogen fixation 65 1-653 Toxicity in plants 650 Coenzyme A 444 Cohesion - tension theory 199-20 I Colloidal systems 27 Commercial yield 277 Companion cells 250 Compartmentation in cells 128 Compat ible solutes 227 ,233 Coppe r Adsorption to soil particles 600 Affinity for nitrogen 60 I Amine oxidases 604 Applica tion to crops 608-609 Availability in soils 60 I, 607, 608, 609 Biochemical functions 602-604 Carbohydrate metabolism 604 Chelates 60 I Containing enzymes 602-604 Containing proteins 142, 602-604 Content in plants 60 I Content and forms in soils 599-60 I Crop nutrition and requirements 607-608 Deficiency in plants 605-606 Fertilizers 609-611 Forms in soil 599-60 I Function in photosynthesis 142, 602 Nitrogen fixation 604 Nitrogen metabolism 604 Organic manures 610 Organic matter complexes 599-60 I Phenolase 603 Plastocya nin 141, 602 Sewage sludge 6 1I 8 17

Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes 602- 603 Toxicity in plants 606 Translocation in plants 601-602 Uptake by plants 60 I Chloromequat 294 Copropophorph yrinogen 563 Coul omb' s law 17 Crassulacean acid metabolism 160-161 Crop production Carbon dioxide concentration effects 300-305 Commercial yield 277 Crop Index 277 Fruit crops 291- 293 Forage legumes 39 1 Grain crops 278-286 Growth rate and nutrient supply 276-278 Growth regulators 293-295 Growth stage s and yield components 263-265 Harvest index 277 Leaf area index 299-300 Light intensity 30 1-305 Modelling soil-plant relationships 3 12-317 Net ass imilation rate 297 Net photo synthetic rate 302 Nutri ent requi rements 284, 340 Nutri tion and Quality Forage crops 325-329 Grain crops 320-323 Oil crops 324-329 Root crops 318-320 Vegetables and fruits 329-335 Nutrient uptak e by crops 339-342 Phytohormones 265-276 Yield curves 305-312 Cr inkle leaf, manganese toxicity 581 Crown and heart rot 63 1, 636 Cuticle 202 Cyanamid e 432-433 Cysteine 5 (fo rmula), 178, 440, 44 1 Cystine 5 (formula), 440 Cytochromes 141 Cytochrome oxidase 603 Cytokinins 272 Cytos ol Calcium concentration 520 818

Magnesium concentration 544 Potassium concentration 122, 491 Stabilization of pH 130

Danielli-Davson membrane model 114 Dark COz fixation 147-153 Decarboxylation 4 Deficiency symptoms see individual plant nutrients Dehydrogenases 577 Denitrification 48, 59, 349-351 Depletion of ions around roots 68 Dephosphorylation 544 Deprotonation 5 Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) see DNA Dessechment de la rafle in vines 548 Desulphovibrio 437 Desulphurication 59 Detoxification of heavy metals in soils 442 , 593 Diammonium phosphates 473 Dicyandiamide (DCD) 415 Diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) 609 Diffuse double layer 16 Diffusion Coefficient 66, 70 Nutrient availability in soils 66-71 Dihydroxy acetone phosphate 148, (formula) I, I dimethyl piperidinium chloride (mepiquat) 295 Di nitrogen (N z) Fixation 403, 406 Fixing bacteria 400 Disulphide bonds 439 Bridges 320 DNA 467 Dolomitic lime stone 513 , 551 Donnan free space 192 Drinking water 344, 383 , 384 ORIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System of plant analysis) 108 Drought Mycorrhizal effects 88,89,461 Potassium 494-496, 503 Resistance 217 819

Stress 215,218,221,229 Tolerance 228 DTPA (di ethylene triamine pentacetate) 609

E value 98 Economic yield 277 Ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi 88-90 EDDHA 568-570 EDTA 6,7 Electrostatic forces 21 Electro-ultrafiltration technique (EUF) 98 Elemental sulphur 437 Elovich equation 99, 487 Endocytosis 402 Endodermis 192 Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) 112 Endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi 90 Enzyme activation 498 Epsom salts 551 Ericoid Mycorrhiza 88 Erucic acid 324 Erosion 351, 360 Erwina 399 Escherichia freundii 459 Essential amino acids 321 Essential elements 2 Essential nutrients I Ethephon (2chloro ethyl phosphonic acid) 295 Ethylene 276 Ethylene diamine di o-hydroxyphenyl acetate (Fe-EDDHA) 568-570 Ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Fe-EDTA) 6, 7 EUF (electro-ultrafiltration technique) 98 Eutrophication 387 Evapotranspiration 230, 376 Exchangeable Calcium 518 cations 15-22 Magnesium 541, 549 Potassium 94, 486 Sulphate 436 820

Exudation Cut shoot 208-209 Root to soil 84-88

Facilitated diffusion in ion transport 120, 126,419,521,576 Farmyard manure (FYM) 36,355,356,358,391 Farnesol 137 Fatty acids Saturated 324 Unsaturated 324 Feldspars 481 Ferredoxin 142, 167 Ferromagnesium minerals 541, 553 Fertigation 377-378 Fertilizers Agricultural production 378-381 Agronomic efficiencyin N fertilizer usage 428 Broadcast 366 Controlled release 364-366 Compound 477 Crop requirement 340-341 Energy consumption 382-383 Environmental aspects Drinking water and fertilizer use 384-387 Greenhouse gases 392-396 Eutrophication and fertilizers 387-389 Inorganic and organic 389-391 Farmyard manure 36, 355, 356, 358, 391 Foliar application 367-369 Fertigation 377-378 Gypsum 536 Hyroponics 373-377 Liquid 362-364 Magnesium 551-552 Micronutrient 570-571, 581, 582, 596-597, 610, 619, 635-636 Mineral 354-355 Nitrogen 427-434 Nutrient film technique (Nl-T) 374 Nutrient ratios and recommendations 369-372 Organic and inorganic comparisons 389-392 Organic manures and crop residues 355-362 821

Placement 367,477-478,511 Potassium 509-511 Sewage sludge Slurries 356-358 Split applications 366 Techniques of application 366-367 Ficks first law 66 Field capacity (of soil) 42 Flavonoids 333 Flocculation 40 Flooded soils 351, 372, 422 Flowing nutrient solution s 374 Fluorine Plant content 658 Toxicity 659 Foliar application 367-369,570,581,619 Forage crops Crude fibre content 325 Crude protein content 325 Digestibility 325 Fertilization and sward composition 327 Magnesium status 55 1-552 Nitrate content 326 Nitrogenous fractions 326 Protein nitrogen 326 Total nitrogen content 326 Yield and quality 327-329 Phosphate 473-478 Free living nitrogen fixing microorganisms 399 Freezing tolerance 274 Frost damage 504 Fructans 257 Synthesis 255 Fructanfructosylstransferase(FFT) 257 Fructose I, 6-bisphosphate 246 Fructose-6 -phosphate 246 Fruit and vegetable quality 329-335 Fruit crop nutrition Calcium deficiency in 531-532 Grapes 291-292, 332-335 Nutrient removal by fruit crops 34 1 Quality 333 Tomatoes 293, 332 Tree crops 29 1 Fulvic acids 35 822

Fusicoccin 11 FYM (farm yard manure) 36, 355 356, 358

GA (gibberellic acid) 269, 282 Gafsa phosphate 474 Gapon coefficient 22, 485 Gapon equation 22 GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) 173, 174 Geographical information system (GIS) 352 Gibberellic acid (GA) 269 ,282 Gibberillins 269,287,295 Gibbsite 18 Gliadins 320 Globul in 321 Glucose I phosphate 258 Glucosinolate free rape 451 Glucosinolates 445 Synthesis of 445 Glutamate 174, (formula) 176 2-0xoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) 173-175 Dehydrogenase (GDH) 173, 174 Synthase (GOGAT) 173-175 Synthetase (GS) 173, 174 Glutathione 441 , 442 (formula) Glutamine 174 (formula), 176, 177 Glutenins 320, 323 Glycine 152 Glycine betaine 227 Glycoalkaloids 318 Glycolipids 114 Glycollate 152 (formul a) Pathway 150-153 Glycophytes 232 Glycosylation 273 Goethite 553 GOGAT (Glutamate 2-oxoglutarate amino transfe rase) 173-175 Gouy- Chapman layer 16 Grain Crops Assimilation and distribution of photosynthates 259 Baking quality 320 Crop density 279 823

Grain filling 279, 280, 282 Grain protein composition 289 Grain size 280, 283 Lysine rich maize cultivar 322 Maize 285-286 Malting grains 322 Nitrogen nutrition 278 Nutrient uptake 284 Nutrition and grain quality 320-322 Phytohormonal activity 279,282,283 Rice 283-284 Spikelet initiation and development 279 Temperate cereals 278-281 Thousand grain weight 282 Water stress 279 Yield components 278 Grape juice quality 335 Grass tetany 329, 552 Grassland sward Botanical composition Effect of fertilizer practice 327 Effect of slurry application 328 Green back in tomatoes 332 Green manure 59, 359, 389 Greenhouse gases 350, 392, 394 Grey speck (manganese deficiency) 579,582 Growth and Nutrient supply Rate and nutrient supply 276-278 Effect of nitrogen 277-278 Growth Regulators 293-295 Chloromequat chloride (chloro-choline-chloride) 294 Ethephon (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) 295 Mepiquat chloride (I , I dimethyl piperidinium chloride) 295 GTP (guanosine triphosphate) 466 Guard cells 491 Role of potassium in maintenance of turgor 494-496 Guttation 199, 626 Gypsum 513,536 Application 536 824

H+see under Proton Haber Bosch process 398 Haem Complex 8 (formula) Compl ex synthesis 50 I Enzyme systems 561 Haematite 553 Halliwell-Asada reaction pathway 440, 441 Halomorph ic soils Halophytes Haulm stability 606 Harve st Index 260, 277 Heart rot in sugar beet (boron deficiency Heavy metals 36 1, 442, 670, 673 Chelation of Critical conce ntrations in animal diets 673 Critical concentrations for plants 673 Critical concentrations in soils 673 Detoxification of 442 Herbaspirillum 407 Heterotroph ic microorganisms 412 High affinity transporters see under Membrane Tra nsport Hoeffler diagram 186, 188 Hofmeister cation sequence 19, 37 Hordein 321 Hormones see phytohormones Humate Fe(AI)P complexes 456-457 Humates 35 Hydrogen sulphide in soils 436-437 Hydraulic conductivity 191, 628 Hydrolyzing enzymes 267 Hydrolysable organic N in soil 101 Hydroponics 373, 376 Hydrostatic press ure 183, 184 Hydroxamate 555 Hydroxamic acid 555 Hydroxyapatite 454 Hydroxylamine 4 11 Hydroxylation 603 Hyperaccumul ator plant species 672 Hypomagnesaemia 552 825

IAA(indole acetic acid) 266, 282, 522 Oxidase 268 Illite 32, 482, 553 Imazaquin 294 Incubation methods for available soil nitrogen 101 Indole acetic acid (IAA) 266, 282, 522 Infection vacuole 403 Inositol Phosphates 458 Hexaphoshate 468 Triphosphate 526 Intensity factor in nutrient availability 74 Invertase 255 Iodine Stimulating effec t on plant growth 657 Toxicity 657 Iodine number 325 Ion activities 19 Ion exchange in soils 15-25 Ion transport in soils 66-7 1 Diffusion 66, 67, 68-7 1 Mass flow 66, 67 Ion Uptake by Plant Roots (see also Membrane Tran sport) Active and passive transport 120-124 Accumulation against a concentration gradient III ATPases 118-120 Cation-anion balance 130-1 33 Carrier transport 128 Cytosolic pH stabilization 130 Electrochem ical potentials 118-124 Ion antago nism 134-135 Ion channels 124-126 Ion compartmentation in cells 128-130 Ion pump s 118-120 Mechanisms of membrane transport 126-128 Membranes 114-117 Membrane permeability 124- 126 Michaelis Menten kinetics 135-136 Nutrient transport across membranes Facilitated diffusion 120, 126,419,521,576 Proton I nitrate cotransport 127, 4 19 Proton I amino acid cotransport 127 Proton Ication antiport 128 Nerns t Equation 12 1 826

Organic anion accumulation 132 Selectivity of uptake 111- 112 Iron Application to crops 570 Availability in soils 565-566 Biochemical functions 560-564 Chelate app lication to crops 570 Chelates 555 Chlorophyll synthesis 653 Chlorosis 562, 569 Containing enzymes 560-564 Deficiency in plants 564 In roots 558 In soil Ox ides 553 Reduction 554 Solubility 554 Lime induced chloros is 566-569 Mobilizing Phytosiderophores Avenic acid 555 Mug ineic acid 555 Mob ilizing sidero phores 555 Toxicity 564 Translocation in plants 559 Uptake by plants 556, 557, 566, 576 Graminaceous monocots versus dicots 557 Isobutylidenurea 364 Isotopic dilution 96 Isotopic equilibrium 96

Jasmonic acid 274

Kainite 509 Kaolinite 31 Kieserite 55 1 Kranz type leaf anatomy 154 827

L value 97 Labile phosp hate (in soil) 453 Labile pool 96 Laccase 604 LAI (leaf area index) 299, 300 Langmuir equation 25 Law of the minimum 278 Leaching of plant nutrients in soil 342-347 Lead Chelates 669 Organic compounds 669 Tetraethyl 669 Trialkyl 669 Triethyl 669 Pollut ion 668 Soil content 668 Toxicity 668-669 Leaf Absc ission 275 Analysis 103, 635 Apoplast pH 224 Area Index (LAI) 299, 300 Growth 2 18 Senescence 270, 272 Tipbum 64 1 Turgo r 233 Water potential 229 Lecithin 466 Leghaemoglobin 169,402 Legumes 327, 361, 403 Acidifying effect on soil 408 Ligand exchan ge 23 Light Intensity and crop yield 302-305 Use efficiency (LUE) 3 16 Lignin synthesis 604, 646 Lime Applicatio n 538 Induced chlorosis 566-569 Liming in crop production 533-539 Liming materia ls 537-539 Lipids 11 4 Lipoic acid 443 828

Liquid fertilizers 362 Little leaf (zinc deficiency) 591 Lodging of cereals 295,647 Long distance transport of mineral nutrients 206-215 Lutein 138 Lupinus a/bus 407 Lysimeters 308 Lysine 321

MA (Mugineic acid) 7,555,556 Macronutrients 2 Magnesite 551 Magnesium Ammonium phosphate 551 Application 552 ATP enzyme bridging reaction 7 Available to animals in herbage 552 Biochemical functions 544-546 Content of plants 549, 550 Content of soils 541- 542 Critical levels in plants 549 Crop requirements 548-550 Deficiency in plants 546-548 Exchangeable 549 Fertilizers 551-552 Forms in soils 541-542 Hypomagnesaemia in ruminants 328-329, 552 Ion competition in uptake 542-544 In chlorophyll 544 Limestone 537, 551 Phloem mobility 212,214,543 Tran slocation in plants 209,212,214,543 Uptake by plants 542-544 Maize 280,285,321 Malate 156 Malic acid (formula) 157, Manganese Application 551 Availability in soils 582-583 Biochemical functions 577-578 Content of plants 13, 575 829

Content of soils 573 Critical levels in plants 580 Crop nutrition 581-583 Cycle in soils 573 Deficiency 578-580 Exchangeable 574 Fertilizer application 581 Forms in soils 573-576 In photosynthesis 577-578 Oxides in soils 573 Oxidising microorganisms 575 Superoxide dismutase 577 Translocation in plants 577 Toxicity in plants 580-581 Uptake by plants 576 Manganite 573 Mass flow in nutrient transport in soils 67-68 Mass flow of nutrients in the transpiration stream 206-210 Matrix potential 183, 195 Maximum economic yield 311 Membranes Composition 114-116 Fluidity 116 Stability 115 Structure 114-116 Turnover rate I 15 Membrane Transport see also Ion Uptake by Plant Roots Active and passive uptake 120-124 Aquaporins 117 ATPases 118 Channel proteins 116 Compartmentation of ions in plant cells 128-130 Electrochemical potentials 120-124 Ion channels 124-126 Ion pumps 118-120 Mechanism of membrane transport 126-128 Nernst equation 121 Proton pumps 119 Rectifying K+ channels 125 Transmembrane proteins 116 Transporters 521 High affinity 420, 438, 489 Low affinity 420. 489,490 Phosphate 464 Potassium 490 830

Mepiquat chloride ( I, I dimethyl piperidinium chloride) 294, 295 Mercury 673 Meristematic growth 278, 493 Meth ane Greenhouse gas 392 Oxidation in soils 393 Methanotroph s 392 Methio nine 439 Synth ase 653 Methylmanonyl-coenzyme mutase 652 Micas 3 1, 482 Michaelis-ment en curve 136 Microbi ological methods in nutrient avai lability 110 Micronutrients 2 Mineral Fertilizers 338, 339, 354 Co nsumption 379 Minera lization of soil orga nic nitrogen 10 I, 408-410 Minor vein system in leaves 252 Mitochondria 113 Mitsche rlich Cur ve 306 Equation 306 Method of determ ining nutrient availability 110 Molybdenum Application 6 19 Biochemical functions 6 15-618 Contents in plants 6 15 Crop nutrition 6 18-6 19 Deficiency 6 16-618 Fertilizers 616, 618 Nitroge n fixation in legumes 616-618 Soil 6 13-6 14 Toxicity in animals (molybdenosis) 6 11, 6 14,618-6 19 Translocation in plants 6 15 Uptake by plants 6 14-6 15 Modellin g Cro p response to phosphate application 478-479 Cro p response to potassium application 507 Nitroge n mineralization in soils 313-315 Nitroge n turnover in soils and crop respo nse 430 Ryegrass production 3 16-3 17 Monoamm onium phosphate 474 Mucilage on roots 84, 662 Mugeinic acid (MA) 7, 88, 555 Mulching 359 83 1

MUench Pressure Flow Hypothesis 253 Muscov ite 482 Mustard oils 445 Mycorrhiae 88-92, 46 1-463

NADP (Nicotinamide aden ine dinucleo tide) 5 NA DP reduction 5 NADPH 5 Natrophili c crops 509 NCSOIL (nitrogen carb on dynamics in soils) 313 NDVI (normalized difference vege tation index) 102 Neem 416 NFr (nutrient film technique) 374 Neptunia 403 Nemst aquation 121 Net assimilation rate (NAR) 297,298 Net nitrogen mineralization 3 15, 413, 427 Neubauer method 110 Neutralizing value of liming materials 538-539 Nickel Content in plants 664 Content in soil 662 Esse ntial micronut rient 664 Serpent ine soils 663 Toxicity 662-664 Urease constituent 664 Nicoti namine (NA) 555 Nif genes (nitroge n fixation genes) 172 Nitrapyrin 4 14 Degradation 415 Nitrate Ammonium compa rison in ion uptake 132, 4 19 Ammonium comparison in plant metabolism 420 -42 1 Chlori de antagonism 135 Content in drinking water 384 , Content in plants 329-33 1 Content in vegetables 390 Fertil izers 431 Leach ing in soils 343-3 44 Net uptake by plants 420 Redu ctase activity 162-164 832

Reduction in plants 162-168, 615 Site of reduction, shoot versus root 166 Soil 4 18-419 Nitrification 410, 412 Nitrificatio n Inhibitors 414-416 AM 2-amino-4 chloro-6-trimethypyrimidine 414, 4 15

Calcium carbide (Ca2 Ca) 4 14,415 Dichlorophenyl succinic amide 4 14 Dicyandiamide (DCD) 4 14 Neem 415 Nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-trichlorome thyl pyridine) N Serve 414 ,415 ST (2-sulphanilimide thioazole) 414 Terrazole (5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl- l, 2,4 thiadiazole) 414 Nitrite reduct ase 167-168 Toxicity in animals 384 Nitrochalk 432 Nitrogenase 169,172, 615 Activity 403, 405 Nitrogen Cycle 398 Nitroge n Fertilization Controlled release fertilizers 364-366 Crop response to 427-430 Excess application 431 Modelling response of crops to N 430 Rates of application 430-43 1 Types of fertilizers 43 1-434 Nitroge n in Physiology Absorption of gaseo us ammonia by leaves 42 1 Absorption of nitrate and ammo nium nitrogen 4 19-421 Amino acids and amides 175-177 Ammonia assimilation 173-175 Ammo nia toxicity 421-423 Deficiency symptoms 426 Fractions in plants 424-425 Supply and carbohydrate metabolism 420 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 397-406 Translocation 425-426 Urea absorption 423 Ureides 425 Nitrogen in soil Ammonification 408-410 Ammonium fixation 4 16-418 Availability 397-418 Biological fixation 397-408 Denitrification 48, 59, 349-35 1, 386, 395, 4 13 833

Estimation of Available Nitrogen Electro-ultrafiltration method 98-101 Incubation methods 10I N min method 101-102

Soil extraction with CaCI 2 10I Immobilization 410 Mineralization 408-410 Nitrate 411,418 Nitrogen Cycle 398 Nitrification 410-413 Nitrogen in soil solution 418 Volatilization of ammonia 347-349 Nitrogen Fixation Agronomic importance 406-408 Allantoic acid 210,616 Allantoin 210, 616 Anabaena 399 Arospirillum 399 Azotoba cter 399 Bacteroid 169 Biochemistry 169-172 Blue green algae , Cyanobacteria 399 Carbohydrate supply 172,400 Cobalamin coenzyme B12 652 Cobalt 173, 651 Copper 173 Free living microorganisms 399 Infection 401-403 Leghaemoglobin 169, Molybdenum 616 Nitrogenase structure 169-170 Nitrogenase activity Effect of drought 406 of nitrogen supply 406 Nitrogen fixation capabilities of different ecosystems 399 Nitrogen transport forms in legumes 210, 616 Optimum conditions 400 Oxygen protecting systems 172 Phosphate 407 Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species 401 Rhizosphere acidification of legume roots 408 Rice benefit of N fixed by Azolla-Anabaena 400 benefit of N fixed by Sesbania rotrata 408 Root nodule s (Phaseolus vulgaris, Orithopus sativa, Alnus glutinosa) 404 Sugar cane benefit of N fixing endotrophic bacteri a 407 834

Stem nodules (Sesbania ) 404 Sulphur 451 Ureide s (nitrogen transport form of tropical legumes) 210,616 Nitrophosphates 477 Nitrosamines 384 Nitrocystus 414 Nitrosolobus 410 Nitrosamonas 410 ,414 Nitrosospira 410,414 Nitric oxide 386 Nitrou s oxid e 349, 350, 394, 395 Non-cyclic photophosphorylation 146 Normal ized difference vegetation index (NOV\) 102 Nostoc 399 NIP solutions 362 NIS ratio in plant proteins 447 N-ser ve 414 Nucleic acids, conformation of 546 Nucleotide triphosphates 467 Nucleus 113 Nutrient Availability in soil and determination 92-110 Avail ability, factor s influencing 64-92 Content of rainwater 353 Cycl ing (soil-plant cycling) 337-3 39 Depleti on pattern s around roots 68 Film technique (NFf) 374 Imbalance 338 Ratios and recommendations 369-372 Relati on to crop quality 317-335 Removal by crop s 339-342 Removal by leach ing 342-347 Solutions 373 Spray s 369 Suppl y by precipitation and atmosphere 352-354 Uptake 111-136 o

Occluded phosphate in soil 457 Oil crops Oil content of 324 Nitrogen nutrition of 324 835

Temperature effects on growth in 324 Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in 324-325 Olivine 541 Olsen method for available soil phosphate 95 Opal phytoliths 646 Opaque maize 322 Optimizing fertilizer rates 372 Organelles of plant cells 11 2-1 14 Organic acid (carboxylic acid) accumulation in plants 131 Calcium nutrition 523, 524 Internal charge compensation 130-133 Nitroge n nutrition 132 Potassium uptake and recycling 2 14, 493 Organic acid (carboxylic) acid efflux from plant roots Alum inium tolerance 66 1 Phosphorus deficiency 463 Proteiod roots 463 Organic manures 355-362 Organic matter in soil 34-38 C/N ratio 3 14,409,410 Orni thine 176 Osmoco te fertilizers 365 Osmosis 185 Osmotic adjustment 187, 2 18, 226 Oxaloacetic acid 130 Oxidases 602 Oxygen radica ls 225 Oxygen Diffusion in plants 46 In soils 45

P 682 141 P 700 142 Paddy soils 349, 649 PAPS (adenosine 3 phosp ho 5 phosphosulphate) 177 PAR (photosy nthetic active radiation) 304 Partially acid ulated rock phosphates 475 Pascal (Pa) 4 1, 182 Paspalum notatum 400 Passive ion transport 120, 122 Patch clamp techn ique 125 836

PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) 154, 155, 161 Carboxykinase 161 Carboxylase 155,577 PEP/Malate H+buffer system 130 Peptides 410 Peptization 28 Permanent wilting point 43, 191 Peroxisomes 151 pH of plant sap pH of soils pH stat system 130 Phaseolus vulgaris nodulation in Phenolase 603 Phloem Assimilates (photosynthates) 243-247 Loading 245, 247-250 Mechanism of transport in 253-254 Sap composition 211-213 Tissue 250-252 Transport of minerals in 211-213 Unloading 254-256 Phosphatases 87, 11 8, 458 Phosphatic fertilizers 473-477 Phosphoeno lpyruvate (PEP) 154, 155, 161 3-phosphoglycerate 147 Phosphokinases 577 Phospholipids 114 Phosphorus in Crop Nutrition Application 477 -479 Availability in soil Chemical estimations 95-96 Tracer techniques 96-98 Crop requirements 470-473 Fertilizers 473-477 Fertil izer recovery 471-473 Modelling crop response 478-479 Phosphorus in Plants Absorpti on 464 Biochemical functions 465-469 Critical inorganic P levels 108-109 Deficiency 469-470 Translocation in plants 464-465 Transporters in uptake 464 Fractions in plants 465-469 Phosphorus in Soil 837

Adsorption 455-457 Availability 95-96 ,470-473 Buffer power 470 Calcium phosphates 454 Content 453 Diffusion 69, 70 Fixation 470 Labile and non labile forms 453 Fractions 453-454 Leaching 343, 472 Mineralization 458-459 Mobility 69, 70 Mycorrhizal plant root interaction 91, 461-463 Occluded phosphate 454 , 457 Organic phosphates 456-459 Phosphatases 458 Quantity/intensity concept 74-78 Run-off 388 Soil solution 460 Phosphorylation 118, 544 Phosphotransferases 577 Photo oxidants 550 Photolysis 140 Photophosphorylation 145,496 Photorespiration 150, 152,297 Photosynthate distribution in plants Assimilate partitioning between source and sink 259-263 Assimilate production in the physiological source 243-247 Assimilate transport and phloem loading in the source 247-250 Transport in the phloem 250-256 Unloading and storage 256-259 Photosynthesis C3 pathway 147-150 C4 pathway 153-159 Crassulacean acid metabolism 160-161 Light absorption and electron flow 137-145 Photophosphorylation 145-147 Photorespiration 150-153 Photosynthetic electron transport 140-144 Photosynthetic bacteria 388 Photosystem I 144 Photosystem II 144 Phycobilins 138 Phytin 468 Phytoalexins 509 838

Phytochelatins 441 Phytochromes 265 Phytohormones Auxins, indole acetic acid (lAA) 266-269 Abscisic acid (ABA) 217,222,224,273-275,282,286 Brassinosteroids 275 Cytokinins 272-273 Ethylene 274, 276 Gibberellins 269-272 ,282,287,295 Phytol 137 Phytoremediation 672 Phytosiderophores 88,555-557, 595 Phytotoxic aluminium 100 Pig slurry 356 Plant analysis 103-1 10 Plant cell 11 2-114 Plant mineral contents 9-13 Plant nutrient class ification 1-4 Plant quality and nutrition 317-334 Plasmalemm a 113 ATPase 118 H+ pump 59, 267, 567 K+ channels 275 Plasmadesmata 194, 247, 250, 254, 286 Plasmolysis 186, 2 16 Plastocyanin 141, 602 Plastoquinone 141 Podzols 633 Polyamines 500 Polyphosphates 363,474 Porphyrins 562 Potassium in Crop Nutritio n Chloride versus sulphate fertilizers 510 Crop requirement and response 504-507 Deficient soils and fixation 507-509 Fertilizers and application 509-511 Modelling crop response to K fertilizer application 507 Plant disease 508-509 Potato tuber quality 319 Potassium in Plants Competition with other cations in uptake 134 Deficiency 503-504 Enzyme activation 498-500 Meristematic growth 493-494 Photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates 496 -498 839

Protein synthesis 499 Recycling within the plant 2 12-2 14,492

Replacement by sodium 50 1-503 Stomatal movement 203-206, 495 Translocation 49 1-493 Uptake 489-49 1 Water status 494-496 Potassium in Soils Adsorption and mobil ity 485-486 Availability 94-95, 98- 100 Diffusion 68, 69, 70 Exchangeable 94, 486 Fixation 484 Fractions 486-489 Intensity, quantity, buffer power 74-78 Minerals and release 48 1-484 Mobility 486 Non exchangeable 94, 487 Soil solution 70-7 3 Potato 26 1, 288, 3 18 Protein 322 Tubers 275, 318 Potential acidity 52 Poult ry manure 358 Powellite 6 13 Pressure-flow hypothesis 254 Primary silicates 29 Prolamin 322 Proline 226 Betaine 227 Protein Bodies 256 Degrad ation 424 Quality 321 Synthesis 221, 236, 257, 499 Proteoid roots 87, 463 Proteolysis 426 Protonation 5 Putrescine 500 Pyrolusite 573 Pyrophosphate 11 9 Pyrophosphate bond 465 840

Q/I relat ionships in soils 74-78 Quality of crops 3 17-334 Quantity/ intensity concept 74-78

R/S ratio (rhizosphere/bulk soil, microbial density ratio) 85 Rainwater nutrient content of 353 Redox-potent ial 46, 554, 602 Redistributi on of nutrients in plants 210-215 Resin coated fertilizers 365 Respiration 297, 30 I Cyanide resistant 298 Cyanide sensitive 298 Rhizobium 169, 400,401 Rhizobium-legume assoc iation 399-406 Rhizobium species 40 I Rhizosphere 84-88 Ribonucleotide reductase 653 Ribosomes I 12, 468, 546 Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP) 147 Bisphosphate carboxy lase (Rubisco) 148, ISO, 151,499, 545 Rice (Oriza Sativa) 46, 283, 300, 564, 648 Cultivars 38 1 Modelling 315 RNA 467 RNA polymerase 577, 590 Rock phosphates 474-477 Root Absorbin g power 67 Density 79, 80 Depletion zones Elongation 272 Exudates 84-88, 46 1 Growth 78, 421 Hair density 83 Hairs 8 1 Interception 65 Length 80 Morphology 78 841

Nodules 404-406 Nutrient uptake by 111-136 Pressure 199 Sioughage 84 Tips 81,566 Root Crops Assimilat e partitioning 259-263 Carboh ydrate accumulation 254-259 Crop quality 318-320 Nitrogen nutrition 287, 290, 291, 319 Photosynthate translocation 254-256 Plant hormones in relation to 286-287 Potatoes 287-290 Storage processes 256-259 Sugar beet 290-29 1, 320 Sugar content 290 Yield components of 286 Rubidium 68 RuBP carboxylase 147 RuBP oxygenase 547 s

Salicylic acid 274 Saline soils (solonchak) 62, 232, 559 Saline-sodic soils 63 Salinity 62, 64, 232-233, 24 1 Crop production in saline soils 240-242 Physiological effects 234-236 Stress 228, 235 Salt Affected soils 62 Tolerance 232,233,237,240,242 Tolerant plant species 239, 237 SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) 63 Saturated fatty acids 324 Secondary 2 I clay minerals 483 Selanate 438, 665, 666 Selanide 665 Selenium Accumulator species 666 Availability 665-666 Cysteine 667 842

Deficiency in animals (white muscle disease) 667 Rich site ecotypes 666 Tolerant plant species 667 Toxicity in animals(alkali disease) 667 Serpentine 54 1, 542, 662, 663, 665 Soils 663 Sewage sludge 356, 361, 662 Siderophores 555 ,566 Sieve Cells 250 Elements 2 10, 250 Element-companion cell complex 247,250 Plates 25 I Tube s 253 Silicon Accumulator species 647 Application as fertilizer 648 Response of rice 648 Availability in soil 643 Crop production 648 Depositi on in cell walls 646 Solub ility in soil 644 Uptake 644-646 Silica containing fertilizers 649 Transport in plants 645 Uptake 645 Sinter phosphate 474 Slaked lime 537 Slow release Fertilizer 649 Nitroge n fertilizer 345 Slurries 357 Slurry applications 353 Smectites 3 1, 32 Smith sonite 585 Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 63 Sodium Essentiality for some C4 plants 502 Substitution for potassium 501-503 Uptake potential for various crops 502 Soft rock phosphates 475,476 Soil Analysis 92-102 Anion adsorp tion 23-25 Atmosphere 45-5 I 843

buffer capacity 76 carbonate buffer 54 cation adsorption and exchange 15-22 colloids 27-28 ,516 flooded rice 372 microorganisms 370 Moisture 41-45 Nutrient availability, determination of 92-110 Nuntrient availability, factors relating to 64-92 Nutrient availability, in relation to soil pH 54 Organic matter 34-38 pH 51-60 pH optimum range for crop s 57 Phosphate estimations 95-96 Redox potential of 46-50 Reducing conditions in 47-50 Salinity 62-64 Sampling 93-94 Solution 71-74 Structure 38-40 Tests, interpretation of 93-94 Texture and clay minerals 29-34 Water 41-45 Capillary 42 Water adsorption 26-27 Soil Actual 52 Potential 52 Soilless culture 373 Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) 189,200 Root pressure 199 Transpiration and water movement in the xylem 199-203 Soil -plant water relationships 190-191 Stomatal opening and closure 203-206 Water potential 181-185 Water release into xylem vessel s 198 Water uptake by roots and centripetal transport 191-195 Solonchak (saline soils) 62 Solonetz (black alkal i soils) 62 Source-sink relationships 260 Sphalerite 585 Sphingolipids 114 Spirillum 399 Spodosols 633 Starch 260, 287, 318 844

Degradation 244 Synthase 258 Synthetase 499 Synthesis 244, 259,468 Stem nodulated legumes 407 Stomata 20 1-203 Opening and closing mechanism 203-206 Role of potassium 495-496 Straw Application to soil 360, 430 Burning 360 Strengite 457 Sucrose 246,247,286,291 K+cotransport Phosphate phosphatase 246 Proton antiport 256 Synthase reaction 262 Synthesis 244 Transport and phloem loading in source tissue 247-250 Phloem unloadin g in the physiological sink 256-259 Suffocation disease ofrice 48,554,641 Sugar beet 256,290, 319,506,579 Sugar cane 256, 399, 506 Sulphate reduction pathway 179 Sulphur Application to soils Assimilation 177-179 Balance in soils 448-450 Biochemical function s 439-447 Chemotrophic bacteria 436 Coated fertilizers 452 Content in plants 13, 446 Cycle in nature 438 Deficiency symptoms 447 Fertilizers 452 Glucosinolate synthe sis 445 Forms in plants 447 Hydrogen sulphide 437 In soils Adsorption (mononuclear and binuclear forms) 436 Inorgan ic and organic forms 435-436 Mineralization of organic S 437 Reducti ve and oxidative processes 436-4 37 Sulphate acid soils 437 Photosynthetic bacteria 438 845

Translocation in plants 439 Toxicity 448 Uptake by plants 438-439 Sulphur dioxide supply from the atmosphere 353 Sunscald 144,589 Superoxide dismutase 143,577,602 Superphosphate 473 Symplasm 192-194 Symplastic pathway 192-194,247,254 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 399-406

Tannins 333 Target molecules 268 TCA cycle 658 Tea yellows 450 Tellurium 673 Terpal 295 Terrazole 414 Thiamine (vitamin BI) 444 Pyrophosphate 443 Thiobacillus 437 Thioredoxin 179,441 Thiothrix 436 Thylakoid 145,545 Membranes 137 Throxine 657 Tissue analysis 103-110 Tocopherol (vitamin E) 324 Tourmaline 621 Toxicities in Plants Aluminium 55 Ammonia 422 Chromium 665 Lead 668 Selenium 666 Sulphur dioxide 448 Tracer techniques in nutrient availability 96 Translocation Assimilate transport 247-250 Cycling and recycling of mineral nutrients 210-215 Mechanism of phloem transport 253-256 846

Nutrient loading of xylem vessels 196-198 Phloem tissue and phloem loading 247-252 Root pressure 199 Stomatal opening and closure 203-206 Transpiration coefficients 230 Water movement in the xylem 199-203 Water release into the xylem vessels 196-198 Water and solute uptake by roots and their centripetal transport 191-196 Transamination 176 Transpiration 190, 195, 200, 201, 230-232 Transpiration coefficient 230 Transporters see Membrane transport Trickle irrigation 376,377 Tri iodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 522 Triple superphosphate 422 Tropical black earth soils 38 Tryptophan 591 Turgor 219,222,224,233,503 Tyrosinase 603 u

UDP (Uridine diphosphate) 261 UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase reaction 262 Ultisols 644 Unsaturated fatty acids 324 Uptake of nutrients see individual nutrients Urea 362, 368, 369, 423, 433 Formaldehyde polymers 364 Urease 347,423 Urease inhibitors 349 Ureides 210,616 Uridine triphosphate (UTP) 466 v

Vacuolar phosphate 464 Vacuole 113,129,256 VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorriza) 90 Vanadium 654 Variable charge of cation exchange in soils 30 847

Variscite 457 V ATP ase 119 Vegetables, nitrate concentration in 390 Vegetative growth 291 Stage 277 Veraison 264,292 Vermiculite 32,482 Vertical xylem transport 189 Vesicular arbuscular mycorriza (VAM) 90, 461 Viets effect 125,236,491 Vine berry growth 292 Vitamin B 322 BI(thiamine) 444 B 12 (cobalamin) 651,652 C 263 ,330 E (tocopherol) 324 Vitam ins in fruits and vegetables 330 Vivianite 457 Volatile N compounds 350 S compounds 444 Volatilization of ammonia 347 w

Water see also (Soil Water and Soil - Plant - Atmo sphere-Continuum) Adsorption 26, 183 Availability 43 Content in plants 10 Dipolar character of water molecule 26 Flow 185, 193 Holding capacity of soil 22, 41, 42 Movement in soil 197 Movement through plants 190-206 Osmotic adjustment to water stress 226-229 Osmosis 185-188 Physiological processes affected by water stress Plant growth and cell wall properties 218-219 Protein synthesis and enzyme activity 221-222 Abscisic acid accumulation 222-225 Practical aspects of water stress Effects on grain yield in relation to nitrogen supply 229-230 848

Transpiration and crop yield 230-232 Potent ial 26, 4 1, 181, 183, 184 Storage capacity in soil 44 Supply 300, 428 Tension in soil 41 Use efficiency (WUE) 230, 303 Water potential 181-185 Waterlogged soils 45-51 Wheat 279,280,320,321 Whiptail 6 16 White muscle disease 667 Wilting point 43 Wine 333 Quality 332 World population 378 WUE (Water use efficiency) 230,303 x

Xylem Cavitation 200 Exudate 207-209 Loading 196- 198 Sap compos ition 207-209 Sap pH 274 Solute potential 199 Transport of nutrients and water 207-210 Vessels 196 y

Yield Curves 305-3 12 Depression 307, 309 Maximum 308,312 Plateau 308 Responses and nutrition 307-312 849 z

Z scheme 142 Zein 321 Zinc Availability in soils 594 Biochemical functions 588-591 Carbonic anhydrase 588-589 Carbohydrate metabolism 590 Contaminated sewage sludge 587 Content in plants 586-587, 596 Crop requirements 596 Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase 589 Deficiency in plants 591, 594, 596 Symptoms 591-592 Fertilizer application 596 Fertilizers 597 In soils 585 In xylem exudates 586 Metalloenzymes 588-591 Nitrogen metabolism 591 Organic complexes in soils 585 Phosphorus relationships 588 Tolerance in plants 586 Tolerant cultivars 586 Toxicity 592 Translocation in plants 586 Tryptophan synthesi s 591 Uptake by plants 586