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Using Foliar Applications of Magnesium and Potassium to Improve Yields and Some Qualitative Parameters of Vine Grapes (Vitis Vinifera L.)

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Using Foliar Applications of Magnesium and Potassium to Improve Yields and Some Qualitative Parameters of Vine Grapes (Vitis Vinifera L.) Plant Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 2015, No. 10: 451–457 doi: 10.17221/437/2015-PSE Using foliar applications of magnesium and potassium to improve yields and some qualitative parameters of vine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) T. Zlámalová1, J. Elbl2, M. Baroň3, H. Bělíková4, L. Lampíř5, J. Hlušek6, T. Lošák6 1Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic 2Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic 3Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Lednice, Czech Republic 4Department of Technologies, Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Hořice, Czech Republic 5Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 6Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ABSTRACT In a three-year field experiment (2011–2013) we assessed the effect of magnesium (MgSO4) and potassium (K2SO4) applied as foliar applications both separately (3.86 kg Mg/ha or 12.44 kg K/ha) and in combination (1.93 kg Mg/ha + 6.22 kg K/ha) on yields of grapes of cv. Zweigelt and some qualitative parameters of the grapes. The applications were repeated 4 times in stages BBCH 15–19; 55; 75 and 83. The experiment was carried out on soil well supplied with Mg and K in the subsoil layer. In terms of average 3-year results the grape yields were by 11.2% (MgSO4), 13.9% (K2SO4) and 6.6% (MgSO4 + K2SO4) significantly higher than the untreated control. The sugar content of grapes (sum of glucose and fructose) was lower (mostly insignificantly) by 0.5–4.3% in all the fertilized treatments than in the untreated control. Fertilization had no significant impact on the pH of must (juice) and ranged between 3.02 and 3.25. The content of titratable acids in the must ranged insignificantly between 8.73 and 10.86 g/L, and average values were the highest in the untreated control. On the basis of these results it is evident that separate ap- plications of Mg and K have a positive effect, in particular in that they stimulate grape yields, and at the same time the effect of the year is significant. Keywords: fruit crop; macronutrient; deficiency; pH of grape must Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a productive drought of nutritive and nitrogenous compounds) and stress-adapted plant and one of the most eco- external factors (temperature, rain distribution, nomically important fruit crops (Zörb et al. 2014). soil parameters) the quality of wine produced is Production of quality grapes suitable for wine- also modulated by fertilization to a central degree. making depends on numerous factors (Gerendás Magnesium (Mg) is an important macronutrient and Führs 2013). Moretti (2002) stated that among with a number of physiological functions in the intrinsic (degree of wood maturation, content plant. The importance of magnesium in the plant Supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Project No. MSM 6215648905 and by the K + S KALI GmbH, Kassel, Germany. 451 Vol. 61, 2015, No. 10: 451–457 Plant Soil Environ. doi: 10.17221/437/2015-PSE is in many ways connected with photosynthesis. It tartaric acid to form potassium bitartrate which has is the central atom of chlorophyll and it activates limited solubility (Lang 1983). Higher potassium enzymatic processes. Magnesium also favourably supply increased the total soluble solids content influences assimilation (Mengel and Kirkby 2001). and decreased the total acidity of berries (Martin Magnesium deficiency reduces the content of et al. 2004). Adequate potassium nutrition helps chlorophyll in the leaves and changes the chloro- to increase both the colouring and polyphenolic phyll a:b ratio in favour of chlorophyll b. Visually content of berries (Sommers 1977). it is seen as chlorosis of leaves, especially older The occurrence of physiological disorders – ones and causes premature abscission. Chlorosis shrivel of berries and stalk necrosis – is also associ- is caused either by Mg deficiency, high content ated with unbalanced magnesium and potassium of soil Ca (calcareous soils) or a combination of nutrition of vine. These disorders appear as a loss these factors (Marschner 2002, Ksouri et al. 2005, of turgor and lower sugar content in the grape Gluhić et al. 2009). Magnesium uptake by the plant berries; at the same time increasing the content is also affected by the antagonistic effect of Ca and of acids (Bondada and Keller 2012). This causes K and as was confirmed by Garcia et al. (1999) degradation of the quality of grape production who discovered a marked reduction of Mg in grape all over the world; nonetheless the cause of these berries on soils with high supply of Ca connected disorders has not yet been fully clarified, yet (Knoll with an increase in the total acid content. Skinner et al. 2010). and Matthews (1990) reported Mg deficiency also Fertilizing is imposed as a necessary measure in low-soil-pH value and low-phosphorus-content since every year yields, the green and ripening vineyards. Magnesium deficit results not only in mass of the vine plant take up large quantities of reduced yields but also in increased risk of ten- mineral substances (Duletić and Mijović 2014). dril atrophy (Füri and Hajdú 1980, Májer 2004). Generally nutrients can be applied directly into Foliar spraying with Mg containing fertilizers is a the soil or sprayed on the leaves. Soil application common practice to correct nutrient imbalances is the ancient and normal fertilization practice; in grape but Mg doses beyond those required for however it depends on many factors, from the maximum yield rarely induce further improvement soil type to the plant characteristics and physi- of product quality (Gerendás and Führs 2013). ological state and therefore cannot be generalized Potassium (K) is an essential element for plant (Brataševec et al. 2013). Foliar fertilization does nutrition and its ability to influence meristem not completely replace soil fertilization (Kannan growth, water status, photosynthesis and long 2010). The application of foliar fertilization is distance transport of assimilates is well estab- increasing in order to reduce micro- and macro- lished (Mengel and Kirkby 2001). Owing to its nutrient deficiency (Kaya and Higgs 2002). fundamental roles in turgor generation, primary The aim of the present 3-year field trials on the metabolism, and long-distance transport, K plays soil with a good supply of magnesium and potas- a prominent role in crop resistance to drought, sium was to compare the effect of foliar applica- salinity, high light, or cold as well as resistance tions of magnesium and potassium applied both to pest and pathogens. In K-deficient crops, the separately and in combination on grape yields and supply of sink organs with photosynthates is im- some qualitative parameters. paired and sugars accumulate in source leaves. This not only affects yield formation, but also quality parameters, for example in grape (Zörb et MATERIAL AND METHODS al. 2014). Potassium accumulates primarily in the berry skin tissues during ripening as a result of K The 3-year experiment was conducted in Nosislav, remobilization from mature leaves (Coombe 1992). a village some 20 km south of Brno, south Moravia, Grape berries are a strong sink for K, particularly Czech Republic. Table 1 gives the agrochemical during ripening (Mpelasoka et al. 2003). The most characteristics of the soil prior to establishment abundant cation in grape berries is potassium which of the trial (Mehlich 1984). contributes to charge balance and may be involved Most of the vineyards of the Czech Republic lie in in sugar transport (Spayd et al. 1993). Potassium this region. The region is dry and warm. Soil and cli- reduces acid levels in berries and interacts with mate conditions are as follows: altitude – 185 m a.s.l., 452 Plant Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 2015, No. 10: 451–457 doi: 10.17221/437/2015-PSE Table 1. Agrochemical characteristics of the soil prior was conducted in the experimental treatments to establishment of the trial (mg/kg) consistent with the rest of the vineyard without using S-fungicides. Depth pH/CaCl P K Mg (m) 2 Grapes were picked manually. In terms of quality the grapes were analysed for the content of sugars, 7.42 46 485 385 0–0.3 titratable acids and pH. alkaline low high high HPLC estimation of glucose + fructose (sug- 7.58 45 308 353 ars) in grape must (juice). Grape must samples 0.3–0.6 strong low good good alkaline were centrifuged (3000 × g; 6 min) and diluted with 10 × demineralized water. The estimation was performed by means of IC in the Shimadzu annual sum of precipitation 480 mm, average an- LC-10A system plus the thermostat (column oven) nual air temperature 9.2°C, soil – medium heavy CTO-10ACvp set at 60°C. The manual injection Chernozem. The age of the vineyard with the Rheodyne valve had a loop of a volume of 20 μL. blue cv. Zweigelt was 13 years, spacing 3 × 1 m Separation was performed in an isocratic regime (3333 plants/ha), 2-cordon system. Grass is grown with the mobile phase of 2 mmol sulphuric acid at between the rows. a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min in the column Watrex Soil organic carbon content (Cox) was low – 1.59% Polymer IEX H form 10 μm; 250 × 8 mm with 10 × in the topsoil and 1.29% in the subsoil. Fertilization 8 mm. Spectrophotometric detection was per- in all the treatments in the experiment was car- formed by the DAD detector SPD-MAvp (Kyoto, ried out in spring before budding with 60 kg N/ha Japan). Sugar was measured at 190 nm. The quan- and 37 kg P/ha as calcium ammonium nitrate tification of the individual analyses was performed (27% N) and ammonium phosphate (12% N and on the basis of external calibration.
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