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Files, Country File Africa-Congo, Box 86, ‘An Analytical Chronology of the Congo Crisis’ Report by Department of State, 27 January 1961, 4
This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/113873/ This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication. Citation for final published version: Marsh, Stephen and Culley, Tierney 2018. Anglo-American relations and crisis in The Congo. Contemporary British History 32 (3) , pp. 359-384. 10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598 file Publishers page: http://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598 <http://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598> Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite this paper. This version is being made available in accordance with publisher policies. See http://orca.cf.ac.uk/policies.html for usage policies. Copyright and moral rights for publications made available in ORCA are retained by the copyright holders. CONTEMPORARY BRITISH HISTORY https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598 ARTICLE Congo, Anglo-American relations and the narrative of � decline: drumming to a diferent beat Steve Marsh and Tia Culley AQ2 AQ1 Cardiff University, UK� 5 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The 1960 Belgian Congo crisis is generally seen as demonstrating Congo; Anglo-American; special relationship; Anglo-American friction and British policy weakness. Macmillan’s � decision to ‘stand aside’ during UN ‘Operation Grandslam’, espe- Kennedy; Macmillan cially, is cited as a policy failure with long-term corrosive efects on 10 Anglo-American relations. -
1476620137807.Pdf
Since the middle of the twentieth century Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, has been dogged by war and its ever present partners; conquest, famine and death. Much debate can be, and is, had about who or what is to blame for this sorry state of affairs, and what is certain is that there are no shortage of political commentators who are all too happy to tell you their theories. In B’Maso I have attempted, but not always succeeded, to avoid any such postulating. Instead of politics, what the gamer will find inside is lots of information that will, I hope, allow him to refight a selection of African wars, stretching from the 1950s up to the 1990s across thousands of miles and hundreds of cultures. There are rule changes and additions that will help the gamer produce games that capture the feel of the various conflicts – some generic to Africa, others specific to one conflict. As will be seen, so much of the fighting in Africa was, in effect, the embodiment of the cold war fought by proxies. This can mean that all sorts of weird and wonderful equipment can turn up, from pre-WWII armoured trucks to the most modern technology. In many places it is impossible to provide detailed orders of battle, as formations operated on an entirely ad hoc basis, using anything that they could lay their hands on. What we have done throughout, however, is provide information on organisational structures and equipment that was used by the various nations, factions, tribes and groups. -
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REVIEW ESSAYS INSIDE THE CIA: CONGO IN THE 1980s Larry Devlin. Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960-67. New York: Public Affairs, 2007. xi + 288 pp. Photographs. Map. Index. $26.95. Cloth. Congo watchers have been distressed at the little mention that the Congo receives in U.S. news media. After all, the lethal crisis there has cost the lives of over five million people—often described as the greatest humani- tarian catastrophe since World War II. So when a book is published about the Congo's history and the New York Times covers it—in its news section, no less—that speaks to its importance. That is what happened in February 2008 to Larry Devlin's Chief of Station, Congo. This book makes a major con- tribution to the history of the Congo just after it gained its independence and especially regarding the role of the U.S. in creating the Mobutu dicta- torship. Devlin was the CIA station chief in Kinshasa in the 1960s. His book reads like a detective novel and tells the story, with impressive frankness, of how he and the U.S. ambassador, Claire Timberlake, quickly came to the conclusion that the newly elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba was either Communist controlled or completely duped by Communists, and therefore had to be gotten rid of. It was he who was given the order, appar- ently originating with President Eisenhower, to arrange for the assassina- tion of Lumumba. But he felt this to be both immoral and unnecessary and he states that he basically sabotaged the order. -
Congo to Zaire – and Back
Page 1 of 7 CONGO TO ZAIRE – AND BACK When I was an English schoolboy – many years ago! – one (of many) dates was drummed into me: 1066, the year the Normans overturned the Saxon kingdom of Harold: if a similarly significant date were to be selected for Africa, it would undoubtedly be 1960 when no less than 18 colonies gained their independence, and of these, the largest, the richest and the youngest – only 52 years old – was the Belgian Congo. Twice the size of South Africa, but possibly of greater diversity: from dense tropical jungles sheltering the rare okapi, to snow-capped mountains, vast prairie-like grasslands, mile-high blue lakes overlooked by volcanoes inhabited by gorillas… the list is endless. A diverse population too, speaking well over 500 languages, with a rich artistic culture, in sculpture, weaving, music… The legendary wealth of Congo, once described as “a geological scandal” includes copper & industrial diamonds, cobalt & cassiterite, gold & niobium… the list is endless. Agricultural produce such as palmoil, coffee, cotton, tea were also exported in significant quantities… but its greatest wealth in many ways is the Congo River, 2 nd -mightiest in the world, sweeping like a silver highway from East to West, crossing the Equator twice, before tumbling down to the Atlantic: and in these last 100km the hydro-electric potential – the equivalent of S. Africa’s total present energy generation – could give the country an economic kick-start… 3RD Feb 1960 “The Wind of Change is blowing through this Continent” warned Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and he was certainly better placed than most of us in Africa to predict the momentous events which were to unfold within the next few months & years. -
America's War in Angola, 1961-1976 Alexander Joseph Marino University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2015 America's War in Angola, 1961-1976 Alexander Joseph Marino University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Marino, Alexander Joseph, "America's War in Angola, 1961-1976" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1167. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1167 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. America’s War in Angola, 1961-1976 America’s War in Angola, 1961-1976 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Alexander J. Marino University of California, Santa Barbara Bachelor of Arts in History, 2008 May 2015 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council ______________________________________ Dr. Randall B. Woods Thesis Director ______________________________________ Dr. Andrea Arrington Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. Alessandro Brogi Committee Member ABSTRACT A study of the role played by the United States in Angola’s War of Independence and the Angolan Civil War up to 1976. DEDICATION To Lisa. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ -
1 the Congo Crisis, 1960-1961
The Congo Crisis, 1960-1961: A Critical Oral History Conference Organized by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Cold War International History Project and Africa Program Sponsored by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars September 23-24, 2004 Opening of Conference – September 23, 2004 CHRISTIAN OSTERMANN: Ladies and gentlemen I think we’ll get started even though we’re still expecting a few colleagues who haven’t arrived yet, but I think we should get started because we have quite an agenda for this meeting. Welcome all of you to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; my name is Christian Ostermann. I direct one of the programs here at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the Cold War International History Project. The Center is the United States’ official memorial to President Woodrow Wilson and it celebrates, commemorates Woodrow Wilson through a living memorial, that is, we bring scholars from around the world, about 150 each year to the Wilson center to do research and to write. In addition to hosting fellowship programs, the Center hosts 450 meetings each year on a broad array of topics related to international affairs. One of these meetings is taking place today, and it is a very special meeting, as I will explain in a few moments. This meeting is co-sponsored by the Center’s Cold War International History project and 1 the Center’s Africa Program, directed by former Congressman Howard Wolpe. He’s in Burundi as we speak here, but some of his staff will be joining us during the course of the day. -
H-Diplo Roundtable, Vol. XV, No. 35
2014 H-Diplo Roundtable Editors: Thomas Maddux and Diane H-Diplo Roundtable Review Labrosse www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables Roundtable and Web Production Editor: George Fujii Volume XV, No. 35 (2014) 19 May 2014 [Correction to Commissioned for H-Diplo by Thomas Maddux Author’s Response, 30 May 2014] Introduction by Andy DeRoche Lise Namikas. Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo 1960-1965. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2013. ISBN: 9780804784863 (cloth, $60.00). Stable URL: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XV-35.pdf Contents Introduction by Andy DeRoche, Front Range Community College .......................................... 2 Review by John C. Kent, London School of Economics and Political Science ........................... 5 Review by Miles Larmer, Associate Professor of African History, University of Oxford ........ 12 Review by Kevin Spooner, Wilfrid Laurier University ............................................................. 17 Author’s Response by Lise Namikas, Independent Scholar, Baton Rouge ............................. 21 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. H-Diplo Roundtable Reviews, Vol. XV, No. 35 (2014) Introduction by Andy DeRoche, Front Range Community College ith the well-researched and brilliantly insightful Battleground Africa, Lise Namikas has made a major contribution to the field of foreign relations history, W focusing on the crucial case of the Congo in the first half of the 1960s. Drawing on groundbreaking research in Soviet archives and displaying a mastery of earlier secondary sources, Namikas presents a compelling analysis of the tragic story that unfolded in Central Africa in the years after Belgium granted independence to its giant former colony. -
South Africa and the 'Congo Crisis', 1960-1965
South Africa and the ‘Congo Crisis’, 1960-1965 By Lazlo Patrick Christian Passemiers SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN RESPECT OF THE DOCTORAL DEGREE QUALIFICATION IN AFRICA STUDIES IN THE CENTRE FOR AFRICA STUDIES, IN THE FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES, AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE February 2016 Supervisor: Prof. I.R. Phimister Co-supervisor: Dr. A.P. Cohen Declaration (i) I, Lazlo Passemiers, declare that the Doctoral Degree research thesis that I herewith submit for the Doctoral Degree qualification in Africa Studies at the University of the Free State is my independent work and that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher education. (ii) I, Lazlo Passemiers, hereby declare that I am aware that the copyright is vested in the University of the Free State. (iii) I, Lazlo Passemiers, hereby declare that all royalties as regards intellectual property that was developed during the course of and/or in connection with the study at the University of the Free State will accrue to the University. Signature: Date: I Abstract On 30 June 1960, the Belgian Congo gained independence. Congo’s newfound freedom was soon disrupted by a period of severe socio-political chaos and conflict that became known as the ‘Congo crisis’. The exact nature of the relationship between South Africa and the Congo crisis largely remains unknown. The thesis addresses this historiographical omission by asking three main questions. First, how was South Africa involved in the Congo crisis? Secondly, what was the rationale for its involvement? Thirdly, how was the Congo crisis perceived inside South Africa? Besides significantly strengthening and expanding the existing historiography on Pretoria’s involvement and South African mercenaries, hitherto neglected aspects of the crisis are also examined. -
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR JAMES D. PHILLIPS Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: May 5, 1998 Copyright 2 1 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Family Born in Peoria, llinois; raised there and in Wichita, Kansas U.S. Army Wichita State University; University of Colorado; University of (ienna, Austria (olunteer - refugee aid in Austria Cornell University Entered Foreign Service - 1,-1 State Department - Personnel - Training 1,-1-1,-. A-100 course Training assignments Paris, France - 0otation Officer1Assistant to Am2assador 1,-.-1,-3 French attitudes and policy U.S.-French relations De 4aulle Am2assador Bohlen policy Staff Congressional delegations Kennedy assassination Eli5a2ethville 67u2um2ashi8, Congo - Consul 1,-3-1,-7 Mo2utu regime Belgians U.S. policy Copper mining Operation Dragon 0ouge TDY - Acting consul in Kisangani Anarchy Bo2 Denard 6mercenary8 Am2assador McBride Bukavu destruction 1 Bill Harrop Contacts Tri2al influence Organi5ation of African Unity Soviet Union influence State Department - Foreign Service nstitute [FS ] 1,-8-1,-, State Department - Bureau of European Affairs [EU0] - Economic Affairs 1,-,-1,70 Economic Community issue Frances Wilcox Atomic Energy Commission EEC Oakridge, Tennessee uranium plant AEA EU0ATOM competition 4ermany attitude Missing uranium shipment (ietnam nspection Team 1,70 Junior officer inspectors Corruption Environment U.S. military presence State Department - EU0 1,70-1,71 Paris, France - Political Officer1Executive Assistant 1,71-1,73 Contacts Elections - 1,7. Am2assador Watson Environment Politicians Communists U.S.-French relations (ietnam De 4aulleAs French pride De 4aulleAs Btout a5imutC De 4aulle-Kissinger rivalry Kissinger views of Europe Mitterrand Communists French press French intellectuals French sensitivities 2 Travel grants Am2assador rwin Am2assador Kenneth 0ush 7uxem2ourg - Deputy Chief of Mission 1,73-1,78 Am2assador 0uth 7. -
H-Diplo FRUS Review of Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 1960-1968
H-Diplo H-Diplo FRUS Review of Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 1960-1968. Discussion published by George Fujii on Thursday, October 19, 2017 H-Diplo @HDiplo FRUS Review No. 33 Published 19 October 2017 H-Diplo FRUS Review Editors: Thomas Maddux and Diane Labrosse Web and Production Editor: George Fujii H-Diplo FRUS Review of Nina Howland, David C. Humphrey, Harriet D. Schwar, eds. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 1960-1968. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v23. URL: http://www.tiny.cc/FRUS33 Review by Lise Namikas, Baton Rouge Community College After a painstaking, twenty-year effort to select and declassify documents on the Congo crisis of the 1960s, historians now have access to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1965-1968, Volume XXIII, Congo 1960-1968 (hereafter referred to as FRUS, volume XXIII). The history of theFRUS volume and how it came to be published is as interesting as the volume itself. The new volume is part of the Johnson presidency 1964-1968, although about one third is devoted to the years 1960 to 1963. The preface points out that this volume should be read as a supplement to the1958-1960, Volume XIV, Africa and 1961-1963, Volume XX, Congo Crisis, which “did not contain documentation of the U.S. covert political action program” (iv) and “no records” on the U.S. planning to assassinate the Congo’s first Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba. This latest volume includes previously unpublished documents from the earlier years and offers comprehensive coverage of U.S. -
Dr Susan Williams, Author, 'Who Killed Hammarskjöld?'
1 Covering-up the Truth about Dag Hammarskjöld’s Death: The UK government’s refusal to comply with the UN’s request to appoint an independent and high-ranking official to review its intelligence and security records Susan Williams The failure of the United Kingdom to cooperate with the United Nations regarding its current investigation into the death in 1961 of UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld is tantamount to a cover-up. This is consistent with its behaviour over the many years since the deaths in 1961 of Hammarskjöld and the fifteen people with him, when their plane plunged in the middle of the night of 17-18 September into thick forest near Ndola in the British colonial territory of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).* Hammarskjöld and his UN team had been on a mission to seek to bring peace to the Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), which had become independent from Belgian colonial rule in 1960. The former Chief Justice of Tanzania, Mohamed Chande Othman, was appointed by the UN Secretary General António Guterres in 2015 as the ‘Eminent Person’ to lead the UN investigation into the tragedy. Judge Othman has discovered a mass of new information and has reviewed evidence that was neglected or dismissed in earlier years, such as the testimony of Zambian witnesses in 1961. (Please see the addendum to this paper for a brief history of previous investigations.) ‘It appears plausible,’ observed the Judge in his report of 2017, ‘that an external attack or threat may have been a cause of the crash, whether by way of a direct attack .. -
H-Diplo FRUS Review No. 33
H20-Diplo FRUS1 7Reviews H-Diplo H-Diplo FRUS Review Editors: Thomas Maddux and Diane Labrosse @HDiplo Web and Production Editor: George Fujii FRUS Review No. 33 Published 19 October 2017 H-Diplo FRUS Review of Nina Howland, David C. Humphrey, Harriet D. Schwar, eds. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 1960-1968. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v23. URL: http://www.tiny.cc/FRUS33 Review by Lise Namikas, Baton Rouge Community College fter a painstaking, twenty-year effort to select and declassify documents on the Congo crisis of the 1960s, historians now have access to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1965-1968, Volume XXIII, Congo 1960-1968 (hereafter referred to as FRUS, volume XXIII). The history of the FRUS volumeA and how it came to be published is as interesting as the volume itself. The new volume is part of the Johnson presidency 1964-1968, although about one third is devoted to the years 1960 to 1963. The preface points out that this volume should be read as a supplement to the 1958-1960, Volume XIV, Africa and 1961-1963, Volume XX, Congo Crisis, which “did not contain documentation of the U.S. covert political action program” (iv) and “no records” on the U.S. planning to assassinate the Congo’s first Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba. This latest volume includes previously unpublished documents from the earlier years and offers comprehensive coverage of U.S. policy during the Lyndon Johnson administration. As such, it improves our knowledge of the crisis in the Congo over its five long years.