Thèse : Claude FISCHER Et Pierre TULET

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Thèse : Claude FISCHER Et Pierre TULET TTHHÈÈSSEE En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par l'Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Discipline ou spécialité : Océan Atmosphère Présentée et soutenue par Mohamed MOKHTARI Le 20 Décembre 2012 Titre : Amélioration de la prise en compte des aérosols terrigènes dans les modèles atmosphériques à moyenne échelle JURY Cyrille FLAMANT (Rapporteur) Gilles BERGAMETTI (Rapporteur) Sylvain COQUILLAT (Président du jury) Jean-Pierre CHABOUREAU (Examinateur) Fabien SOLMON (Examinateur) Bachir HAMADACHE (Invité) Ecole doctorale : Sciences de l'Univers de l'Environnement et de l'Espace Unité de recherche : CNRM-GAME U.R.A 1357 Directeur(s) de Thèse : Claude FISCHER et Pierre TULET UNIVERSITÉ TOULOUSE III – PAUL SABATIER THÈSE En vu de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : l'Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Discipline ou spécialité: OCEAN ATMOSPHERE Présentée et soutenue par : Mohamed MOKHTARI Le 20 Décembre 2012 Titre : Amélioration de la prise en compte des aérosols terrigènes dans les modèles atmosphériques à moyenne échelle Jury Cyrille FLAMANT (Rapporteur) Gilles BERGAMETTI (Rapporteur) Sylvain COQUILLAT (Président du jury) Jean-Pierre CHABOUREAU (Examinateur) Fabien SOLMON (Examinateur) Bachir HAMADACHE (Invité) Ecole doctorale : Sciences de l'Univers de l’Environnement et de l'Espace Unité de recherche : CNRM-GAME U.R.A 1357 Directeur (s) de thèse : Claude FISCHER et Pierre TULET Abstract The goal of this PhD work is to improve the numerical modeling of the processes related to the onset, transport and deposition of ground-originating aerosols, namely desert sand dust. The first part of this work is to integrate a global physical parameterization of dust emissions more compatible with the ECOCLIMAP and FAO databases used in the surface model SURFEX, taking into account the surface soil size distribution and the soil texture, in order to improve the representation of surface fluxes in SURFEX. The second part of this study is devoted to modeling the transport and deposition (wet and dry) in the atmospheric model ALADIN. The aim is to ultimately obtain more reliable predictions of dust concentrations, their optical properties and their feedback on the forecast weather. The evaluation of the coupled system ALADIN-SURFEX on the situation of 6-13th March 2006 demonstrates the ability of this system to simulate dust events both in intensity and extension. The changes proposed in the dust emission model provoke a substantial increase of dust emission in areas that are well known and well documented for these phenomena, like the Bodélé region. They also greatly improve simulated optical thicknesses observed in the areas of Ilorin and Mbour. This coupled system was then used to establish a simulated climatology of emission and optical properties of dust aerosols for North Africa. The ALADIN simulations show that this region is a major source of emissions on a global scale with an average of 878 Mt.year-1 dust aerosols. The Bodélé region is found to be the area with the highest average emission with about 2 kg.m-2.year-1. Eventually, the results obtained when studying the impact of dust on the behaviour of the numerical weather prediction model, are found satisfactory in regards of the fact that this is the first time desert dust is introduced in ALADIN. However, these results, when analyzed in more details, show some defects related to the interaction between radiation and dust. These defects suggest that the dust/radiation interaction requires more analysis, along with experimental tests. Such analysis is part of the perspectives of this study. i ii Résumé L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la modélisation numérique des processus liés à l'apparition, au transport et au dépôt des aérosols terrigènes, en l'occurrence les poussières désertiques. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à intégrer une paramétrisation physique globale des émissions de poussières désertiques, plus compatible avec les bases de données ECOCLIMAP et FAO utilisées dans le schéma de surface SURFEX, en prenant en compte la granulométrie et la texture des sols, dans le but d’améliorer la représentation des flux de surface des poussières désertiques dans SURFEX. La deuxième partie a consisté à gérer les processus de transport et de dépôt (sec et humide) dans le modèle atmosphérique ALADIN. Ceci permettra à terme de donner des prévisions plus fiables des concentrations de poussières, leurs propriétés optiques, mais aussi leurs rétroactions sur la prévision météorologique. L’évaluation du système couplé ALADIN-SURFEX sur la situation des 6-13 mars 2006 a montré sa capacité à simuler les épisodes de poussière tant en intensité qu’en extension. Les changements apportés au schéma des émissions de poussière renforcent par ailleurs nettement les émissions dans des régions réputées pour ces phénomènes et bien documentées comme la région de Bodélé. Ils améliorent aussi largement la représentation des épaisseurs optiques observées, par exemple dans les régions d’Ilorin et Mbour. Ce système couplé a été utilisé, ensuite, pour établir une climatologie simulée des émissions et des propriétés optiques des aérosols désertiques pour l’Afrique du Nord. Les simulations ALADIN montrent que cette région est une source majeure d’émissions à l’échelle globale -1 avec en moyenne 878 Mt.an d’aérosols désertiques. La région de Bodélé apparaît dans nos résultats comme la zone la plus émettrice avec en moyenne 2kg.m-2.an-1. Enfin, les résultats obtenus dans l’étude de l'impact des poussières sur la modélisation sont assez satisfaisants dans la mesure où on a obtenu un signal très cohérent, les poussières désertiques n'ayant jusqu'à présent jamais été introduites dans le modèle ALADIN. Cependant, ces résultats, analysés en finesse, montrent quelques défauts de modélisation liés à l’interaction rayonnement/poussière. Ces défauts suggèrent qu'un travail d'analyse supplémentaire, accompagné de tests expérimentaux, reste à faire. Ce travail fait partie des perspectives de cette étude. iii iv Remerciements En tout premier lieu, je tiens à rendre hommage à Laurent GOMES, mon premier Co- directeur de thèse, décédé en ce début d’année 2012. Laurent était, au-delà de ses qualités scientifiques, un modèle d’humanité, de gentillesse, de simplicité et de modestie. Il était l’instigateur de ce sujet et c’est grâce à lui que cette thèse a été entreprise. Son départ m’a profondément attristé. Je remercie également Jean Louis BRENGUIER, mon premier Directeur de thèse, d’avoir accepté l’encadrement de cette thèse à la demande de Laurent. Après le décès de Laurent, c’est Claude FISCHER, en tant que directeur de thèse, et Pierre TULET, comme Co-directeur de thèse, qui ont pris l’encadrement. Je leur exprime toute ma reconnaissance et mes vifs remerciements. Ce travail n'aurait pu être mené à bien sans l'aide financière de: l’Office National de la Météorologie (ONM), l’Ambassade de France en Algérie, Météo-France et le CNRM. Mes remerciements s’adressent à Ferhat OUNNAR, directeur de l’ONM, pour avoir autorisé la poursuite de mes études et à Philipe BOUGEAULT, directeur du CNRM, pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire. Merci également à son directeur adjoint Joël POITEVIN. J’exprime mes remerciements à tous les membres composant mon jury de thèse : au président, Sylvain COQUILLAT, aux rapporteurs, Cyrille FLAMANT et Gilles BERGAMETTI ainsi qu’aux examinateurs Jean-Pierre CHABOUREAU et Fabien SOLMON. Leurs remarques m’ont permis d’avoir un regard neuf sur mon travail et ainsi d’améliorer considérablement ce manuscrit. Merci également à Bachir HAMADACHE, directeur de Centre National des Prévisions Météorologiques (CNPM) pour son soutien et son encouragement. Les données utilisées dans cette thèse sont fournies par la base de données AMMA, et je tiens à remercier toute les personnes qui veillent à aménager cette base de données. Elle m’a beaucoup servi dans mon travail. Je remercie aussi l’équipe du GMAP, en particulier Yves Bouteloup, François Bouyssel, Jean Maziejewski et Eric Escalière. Je remercie, également, l’équipe MNPCA, particulièrement Thierry Bourrianne, Fréderic Burnet et Greg Roberts pour leurs convivialités. Merci également à Ramdane Alkama, Jef Beck, Odile Thoron, Jean-Philipe Lafore, Patrick Le Moigne. Je n’oublie pas les copains et collègues Algériens qui m’ont apporté à leur manière leur soutien et une assistance très précieuse. Je pense particulièrement à : Mohamed Benamara, Ali Razagui et Omar Brachemi. Merci à toute personne ayant participé, de près ou de loin, à ce travail. Enfin, je voudrais témoigner, du fond de mon cœur, toute ma gratitude à mon épouse qui a toujours été à mes côtés et sans qui je ne serais certainement pas arrivé jusqu'ici. Je dédie ce travail à ma famille et mes deux fils Abdelghani et Abdeslam, qui m’ont donné une nouvelle vie plein de joie et d’amour. v vi TABLE DES MATIERES Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Résumé ..................................................................................................................................... iii Remerciements ......................................................................................................................... v TABLE DES MATIERES ..................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................
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