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Wind Erosion in Africa and West Asia : Problems and Control Strategies

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Wind Erosion in Africa and West Asia : Problems and Control Strategies wnmr!l rnrJCD~nCDm nm filurJQIBffl fflml!l WrB~u fil~Qffl~ [pf]C!)[)) Q(B[ffi~ ffl[J) r!l oomurJCDO @UrJfflUrB[)Qra~ M. V. K. Sivakumar M.A. Zobisch S. Koala and T. Maukonen Editors l ~~ International Center for Agricultural ... ____ .... _ ~ - .L I-- n. .... A ...... ~~ i__......, About ICARDA and the CGIAR · i Established in 1977, the _In tern ati onal Center fo r Agricul tural Research in the · Dry Areas (I CARDA) 1s governed by an independent Board of Tru stees. Based at A leppo, Syri a, it is one of 16 centers suppo11ed by the Consultative Group ·on Intern ati onal Agricul tural Research (CGIAR). ICARDA serves the entire developing world fo r the improvement of lentil , barley and faba bean; a ll dry-area developin_g countries fo r the improvement of on-farm water-use efficiency, rangeland and small-ruminant pro ductio n; and the West Asia and No11h Afri ca region for th e improvement of bread and durum vvheats, chi ckpea, and farming systems. ICARDA's research provides global benefits of poverty all eviation through produc ti vity improvements integrated with sustainabl e natural-resource management ·practices. ICARDA meets thi s chall enge th ro ugh research, training, and di sseminati on of in fo rm ati on in pa11nership with th e nati onal agri cultural research and development systems. The results of research are transfeJTed through ICARDA's cooperati on with national and regional research institutions, with universiti es and ministries of agri culture, and through the technical assistance and training that the Center provides. A range of training programs is offered extending from residenti al courses fo r groups to advanced research oppo11uni ties fo r individuals. These effo11s are suppo11ed by seminars, publications, and speciali zed in fo rm ati on services. - , -~ ,.~"'U\e CGIAR is an intern ational group of representati ves of donor agencies, lil. ' ~W i :ne nt agri cultural scientists, and institutional administrators from J~ · developed and developing countries who guide and suppo11 its work . Its ~- ~ - m i ss i o n is to promote sustainabl e agri culture to all eviate pove11)' and -,r-, hunger, and achi eve food security in devel oping countri es. The CGIAR receives support from the Arab Fund fo r Economic and Social Devel opment, Argentina, the Asian Development Bank, A ustralia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denm ark, the European Commission, the Ford Foundation, France, Germany, India, the Inter-A merican Development Bank, the In ternati onal Development Research Centre (Canada) , the Intern ati onal Fund fo r Agri cultu ral Development, th e Irish Republic, Japan, the Land and Agri culture Poli cy Center (South Afri ca), Mozambique, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, the Rockefell er Foundati on, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corp oration (Australia), South Afri ca, the Southern African Development Bank, Spain , Sweden, Sw itzerland, the U nited Kingdom, th e United Nati ons Children's Fund, the United States, and th e World Bank. The World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organi zation of the United Nati ons (FAO), the United Nati ons Development Programme (UNDP), and the U nited Nati ons Environment Programme (UNEP) are cosponsors of th e CGIAR. The World Bank provides the CGIAR System with a Secretariat in Washington, DC, and a Technical Advisory Committee, with its Secretariat at FAO in Rome, assists the System in the development of its research program. Wind Erosion in Africa and West Asia: Problems and Control Strategies Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting 22-25 April 1997, Cairo, Egypt Editors M.V.K. Sivakumar Acting Chief, Agricultural Meteorology Division, WMO Geneva, Switzerland M.A. Zobisch Soil Conservation and Land Management Specialist, /CARDA Aleppo, Syria S. Koala Desert Margins Initiative, /CR/SAT Niamey, Niger and T. Maukonen Senior Programme Officer, UNEP Nairobi, Kenya Sponsors International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) 1998 © 1998 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) All rights reserved ICARDA encourages the fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. Citation: Sivakumar, M.V.K., M.A. Zobisch, S. Koala and T. Maukonen (Ed.). 1998. Wind Erosion in Africa and West Asia: Problems and Control Strategies. Proceedings of the ICARDA/ICRISAT/UNEPN\Jl\/10 Expert Group Meeting, 22-25 April 1997, Cairo, Egypt. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria. v + 198 pp. ISBN: 92-9127-077-6 Production supervisor: Guy R. Manners Language editor: Ellen Larson Typesetting: Savvy Press ICARDA P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria Phone: (963-21) 213433/213477/225112/225012 Fax: (963-21) 213490/225105/219380/7 44622 Telex: 331208/331263/331206 ICARDA SY Website: http://www.cgiar.org/icarda E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgement: Financial support provided by the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Norway, to organize the Expert Group Meeting is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in these proceedings are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsors or /CARDA. Maps are reproduced as submitted by the authors; they are not intended to show political boundaries, and the sponsors and /CARDA hold no responsibility whatsoever in this regard. For the purpose of this book, the maps are intended to show the various agroclimatic regions and farming systems in different geographic areas to help researchers develop appropriate programs of work. The mention of trade names does not imply endorsement of or discrimination against any product by /CARDA. Contents Foreword ... .. ................... ... ... .. .... ...... ........ ... ................... ... .................. .... ....... v Introduction .......................................................... ... .. ...... ... ...... ... : ... .... ............. 1 Opening Address T. Maukonen .................................................................. : .................... .......... 5 1 t Welcome Address M. V.K. Sivakumar .......... ......... .... ..... ..... ... .......... ... .. ....... ................................ 7 Keynote Address Wind Erosion in Africa, a Neglected Creeping or Catastrophic Process of Land Degradation: Suggestions for Control Monique Mainguet ........... ... ............................... ........................................... 13 West Asia and North Africa The West Asia and North Africa Region: Some Underlying Factors of Wind Erosion and Perspectives for Research and Technology Development Michael A. Zobisch ..................................... .... ... .................................. ........ 37 Review of Major Research on Wind Erosion in Arid and Desert Tunisia Hou cine Khatteli .................................. ...... ..... ......... .. ... ............................... 49 Some Observations on Wind Erosion in Egypt Mohamed M. Wassif ..... .... .... .. ..................................................................... 59 West and Central Africa Extent and Severity of Wind Erosion in West and Central Africa S. Koala and C.L. Bielders ............................................. ............................. 81 Wind Erosion Research in Niger: The Experience of ICRISAT and Advanced Research Organizations C.L. Bielders, J.L. Rajot and S. Koala ......... .. ... ...... .... .... .................... .......... 95 Wind Erosion in Niger: Extent, Current Research, and Ongoing Soil Conservation Activities Abdelkrim Ben Mohamed ........................... ................................................ 125 Understanding Major Processes and Socioeconomic Constraints Wind Erosion Processes E.L. Skidmore .... ... .. ................................... .. ... ... ..................... ................... 137 111 Modeling Wind Erosion D. W Fryrear .............................................................................................. 143 Quantification of Aeolian Sediment Balances from Soil Particle Transport Measurements Gee rt Sterk.................................................. .. ...... .................... ................. 155 Wind Erosion in Niger: Farmer Perceptions, Traditional Techniques to Prevent and Combat Wind Erosion, and Farmer Adoption of Modern Soil Conservation Technologies J.P.A. Lamers ................................ ............... .................... .. ..... ............... ... 173 Workshop Outcomes .............................................. .... .. ............... ................ 187 Participants ................................................................................................... 197 iv Foreword The dry parts of Africa and West Asia experience tremendous pressures on their land resources. Population increases in these regions are some of the highest in the world. At the same time, signs of serious land degradation are apparent everywhere in the region. Without appropriate land management practices, these lands will deteriorate beyond the state of useful rehabilitation. In many areas, traditional land management practices can no longer cope with the pressure exerted on the land. Land-users need to adopt more appropriate ways of management of the land. However, despite advanced scientific knowledge and the availability of land-use technologies suited to many different circumstances,
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