Prace Instytutu Geodezji I Kartografii 1996 Z. 93
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ISSN 0032-6224 PRACE INSTYTUTU GEODEZJI I KARTOGRAFII PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY t XLIII 1996 z. 93 Warszawa 1996 INSTYTUT GEODEZJI i KARTOGRAFII Rada Wydawnicza przy Instytucie Geodezji i Kartografii Editorial Council at the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography Wojciech Bychawski (przewodniczący, chairman), Andrzej Ciołkosz (zastępca przewodniczącego, deputy chairman), Róża Butowtt, Maria Dobrzycka, Wojciech Janusz, Teresa Baranowska, Przedstawiciel Departamentu Głównego Geodety Kraju MGPiB, Hanna Ciołkosz (sekretarz, secretary) Redaktor naukowy wydawnictwa "Prace Instytutu Geodezji i Kartografii" Scientific Editor of the Proceedings of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography Wojciech Bychawski Zastępca redaktora naukowego wydawnictwa "Prace Instytutu Geodezji i Kartografii” Deputy Scientific Editor of the Proceedings of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography Andrzej Ciołkosz Zespół redakcyjny Editorial Staff Maria Dobrzycka, Wojciech Janusz, Krystyna Podlacha, Edyta Jurczak Adres Redakcji instytut Geodezji i Kartografii 00-950 Warszawa, ul.Jasna 2/4 Address of the Editorial Board Institute of Geodesy and Cartography 00-950 Warsaw, Jasna 2/4 Sir. Poland © Copyright by Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii ISSN 0032-6224 Indeks 37357 IGiK, Warszawa 1995 r., nakład 350 egz. Skład komputerowy, druk IGiK PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY ADAM LINSENBARTH A REMOTE SENSING APPROACH TO GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SAND DESERT AREAS LIBYAN SAHARA CASE STUDY WARSAW 1996 INSTITUTE OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY To my wife Barbara and daughters Anna and Elizabeth. In memory of a very pleasant and exotic episode of our life on the fringes of the Sahara CONTENTS A REMOTE SENSING APPROACH TO GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SAND DESERT AREAS - LIBYAN SAHARA C A S E S T U D Y ...................................................................................................................... 1 F O R E W O R D ............................................................................................................................3 1. IN TR O D U C TIO N ..............................................................................................................7 1.1. DESERTS - THEIR LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS............................ 7 1.1.1. Types of deserts............................................................................................................ 7 1.1.2. Global distribution of deserts........................................................................................ 7 1.1.3. Morpho - structural types of deserts..............................................................................8 1.1.4. Sand deserts.................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.5. Desert pavement..........................................................................................................10 1.1.6. Sahara..........................................................................................................................11 1.1.7. Libyan Sahara............................................................................................................. 12 1.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OF SAND DESERTS......................................17 1.3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATIONS................................21 2. REMOTE SENSING IN SAND DESERT INVESTIGATIONS......................... 26 2.1. THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING DATA IN SAND DESERT STUDIES .26 2.2. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA AND TECHNIQUES......................................................................................................................27 2.2.1. Landsat data................................................................................................................ 27 2.2.1.1. Landsat Photomap o f Libya..........................................................................................27 2.2.1.2. Application o f Landsat Photomaps for sand desert investigations.........................28 2.2.1.3. Digitally processed Landsat data................................................................................ 30 2.2.2. Metric Camera............................................................................................................32 2.2.2.1. Characteristics o f the Metric Camera........................................................................ 32 2.2.2.2. Spacelab Mission parameters....................................................................................... 32 2.2.2.3. Evaluation o f Metric Camera data for sand desert investigations.........................34 2.2.3. MOMS-Ol................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.3.1. Characteristics of MOMS-Ol....................................................................................... 35 2.2.3.2. Evaluation ofMOMS-1 data for sand desert investigations................................... 36 2.2.4. MOMS-02................................................................................................................... 37 2.2.4.1. Characteristics o f MOMS-02....................................................................................... 37 2.2.4.2. Evaluation ofMOMS-02 data for sand desert investigations.................................40 2.2.5. SPOT data................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.6. Shuttle Imaging Radar-SIR-A.....................................................................................45 2.2.6.1. System characteristics...................................................................................................45 2.2.6.2. Backscatter in sand desert areas................................................................................. 45 2.2.6.3. Radar subsurface imaging............................................................................................50 2.2.6.4. Evaluation ofSIR-A images over the Libyan Sahara...............................................51 2.2.7. Comparison and superposition of SPOT and Metric Camera data.............................53 2.2.8. Investigation of sand desert dynamics........................................................................54 2.2.8.1. Comparison o f Metric Camera data from 1983 with photomosaics from 1957... 54 2.2.8.2. Comparison o f SPOT images from 1987 with Metric Camera photographs from 1983 55 2.2.8.3. Comparison of MOMS-02 images from 1993 with Metric Camera photographs from 1983........................................................................................................................................55 2.2.9. Conclusions and recommendations regarding remote sensing in sand desert investigations.........................................................................................................................56 VIII Adam Linsenbarth 3. GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SAND DUNES IN THE LIBYAN SAHARA........ 61 3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SAND DUNES IN THE LIBYAN SAHARA.............61 3.1.1. Review of sand dune classification............................................................................61 3.1.2. Proposed classification of sand dunes in the Libyan Sahara...................................... 62 3.2. GEOMORPHOLOGY OF PARTICULAR SAND DUNE FORMS.................... 64 3.2.1. Simple forms........................................................................ ....................,................ 64 3.2.1.1. Barchans.................................................................................................... .................... 64 3.2.1.2. Star dunes........................................................................................................................ 67 3.2.1.3. Linear dunes................................................................................ ...................................71 3.2.2. Composite forms....................................................................................................... 77 3.2.2.1. Composite linear dunes............................................................................. ...................77 3.2.2.2. Crescentic chains............................................................................................................79 3.2.2.3 Hooked dunes.................................................................................................................. 81 3.2.2.4 Zibars................................................................................................................................ 82 3.2.3 Compound forms......................................................................................................... 83 3.2.3.1. Longitudinal sandridges............................................................................................. 84 3.2.3.2. Barchanoidal sandridges.............................................................................................88 3.2.3.3. Domical sandridges............................................................................................ ..........88 3.2.3.4. Pyramidal sandridges....................................................................................................89 3.2.3.5. Reticulate sandridges.....................................................................................................90 3.2.3.6. Rim pattern o f sandridges.............................................................................................91