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Chlorine Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Systems: Does Size Matter?
Chlorine stable isotopes in sedimentary systems: does size matter? Max Coleman Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, California, USA ABSTRACT: Stable isotope abundances vary because of size (atomic mass) differences. The chlorine stable isotope system was one of the first described theoretically, but had a slow, disappointment-strewn develop- ment, relative to other elements. Method improvement gave only small, but significant, differences (-1 %.) in compositions of geological materials. Eventually, brines and groundwater chlorides gave larger differences (-5%0). Physical processes like diffusion and adsorption, probably are the main controls of groundwater com- positions. In contrast, the processes producing brine compositions are still enigmatic and need further work for full understanding. Recent work on anthropogenic groundwater contaminants (chlorinated aliphatic hy- drocarbons and perchlorate) shows variations resulting from manufacturing processes; implying possibilities of tracing sources. However, they are subject to microbial degradation, producing much larger fractionations (115%0),but therefore offering better possibility of monitoring natural attenuation. So atomic size is important to give isotopic fractionation and the size of fractionation matters, allowing observation of otherwise unde- tectable processes. lecular and atomic weights by weighing the gases and relating them to the weight of hydrogen. All 1 INTRODUCTION atomic weights were integer multiples the weight of This paper aims to give a short and selective -
Appendices D Through I
Appendix D Operation & Maintenance Appendix D. Operation and Maintenance Plan Operation and Maintenance Plan This document presents the operation and maintenance (O&M) plan for Western Area Power Administration’s (Western) Sierra Nevada Region (SNR) transmission line systems. 1.0 Inspection/System Management In compliance with Western’s Reliability Centered Maintenance Program, Western would conduct aerial, ground, and climbing inspections of its existing transmission infrastructure since initial construction. The following paragraphs describe Western’s inspection requirements. Aerial Inspections Aerial inspections would be conducted a minimum of every 6 months by helicopter or small plane over the entire transmission system to check for hazard trees1 or encroaching vegetation, as well as to locate damaged or malfunctioning transmission equipment. Typically, aerial patrols would be flown between 50 and 300 feet above Western’s transmission infrastructure depending on the land use, topography, and infrastructure requirements. In general, the aerial inspections would pass over each segment of the transmission line within a one-minute period. Ground Inspections Annual ground inspections would check access to the towers/poles, tree clearances, fences, gates, locks, and tower hardware, and ensure that each structure would be readily accessible in the event of an emergency. They would allow for the inspection of hardware that would not be possible by air, and identify redundant or overgrown access roads that should be permanently closed and returned to their natural state. Ground inspections would typically be conducted by driving a pickup truck along the ROW and access roads. Detailed ground inspections would be performed on 20 percent of all lines and structures annually, for 100 percent inspection every 5 years. -
12 Natural Isotopes of Elements Other Than H, C, O
12 NATURAL ISOTOPES OF ELEMENTS OTHER THAN H, C, O In this chapter we are dealing with the less common applications of natural isotopes. Our discussions will be restricted to their origin and isotopic abundances and the main characteristics. Only brief indications are given about possible applications. More details are presented in the other volumes of this series. A few isotopes are mentioned only briefly, as they are of little relevance to water studies. Based on their half-life, the isotopes concerned can be subdivided: 1) stable isotopes of some elements (He, Li, B, N, S, Cl), of which the abundance variations point to certain geochemical and hydrogeological processes, and which can be applied as tracers in the hydrological systems, 2) radioactive isotopes with half-lives exceeding the age of the universe (232Th, 235U, 238U), 3) radioactive isotopes with shorter half-lives, mainly daughter nuclides of the previous catagory of isotopes, 4) radioactive isotopes with shorter half-lives that are of cosmogenic origin, i.e. that are being produced in the atmosphere by interactions of cosmic radiation particles with atmospheric molecules (7Be, 10Be, 26Al, 32Si, 36Cl, 36Ar, 39Ar, 81Kr, 85Kr, 129I) (Lal and Peters, 1967). The isotopes can also be distinguished by their chemical characteristics: 1) the isotopes of noble gases (He, Ar, Kr) play an important role, because of their solubility in water and because of their chemically inert and thus conservative character. Table 12.1 gives the solubility values in water (data from Benson and Krause, 1976); the table also contains the atmospheric concentrations (Andrews, 1992: error in his Eq.4, where Ti/(T1) should read (Ti/T)1); 2) another category consists of the isotopes of elements that are only slightly soluble and have very low concentrations in water under moderate conditions (Be, Al). -
Active Tectonics at Wheeler Ridge, Southern San Joaquin Valley, California
Active tectonics at Wheeler Ridge, southern San Joaquin Valley, California E. A. Keller* Environmental Studies Program and Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 R. L. Zepeda 1342 Grove Street, Alameda, California 94501 T. K. Rockwell Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 91282 T. L. Ku Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0740 W. S. Dinklage Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION where geomorphic surfaces are folded over the anticlinal axis (Zepeda et al., 1986). In addition, Wheeler Ridge is an east-west–trending Buried reverse faults associated with actively the 1952 Kern County earthquake was centered anticline that is actively deforming on the up- deforming folds are known to produce large earth- below Wheeler Ridge, but not on the Wheeler per plate of the Pleito–Wheeler Ridge thrust- quakes. Several recent, large California earth- Ridge thrust fault; therefore the potential earth- fault system. Holocene and late Pleistocene de- quakes are examples: M = 6.7, Northridge, 1994; quake hazard in the area is clear. formation is demonstrated at the eastern end M = 6.1, Whittier Narrows, 1987; MS = 6.4, The primary goals of the research at Wheeler of the anticline where Salt Creek crosses the Coalinga, 1983, and MS = 7.7, Kern County, Ridge are (1) to characterize the tectonic geomor- anticlinal axis. Uplift, tilting, and faulting, as- 1952. Detailed investigations of folding associ- phology; (2) to develop the Pleistocene chronol- sociated with the eastward growth of the anti- ated with concealed reverse faults are therefore ogy; and (3) to test the hypothesis that climatic cline, are documented by geomorphic surfaces necessary in order to better understand earthquake perturbations are responsible for most Pleistocene that are higher and older to the west. -
Summary of North American Blancan Nonmarine Mollusks1
MALACOLOGIA , 1966, 4(1): 1-172 SUMMARY OF NORTH AMERICAN BLANCAN NONMARINE MOLLUSKS1 D. W. Taylor U. S. Geological Survey, and Research Associate, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. A. ABSTRACT All known North American nonmarine mollusks of Blancan (late Pliocene and early Pleistocene) age have been here fitted into the available framework of associated fossils, physical stratigraphy and radiogenic potassium-argon dates. Many of the independently dated molluscan assemblages are so similar to other faunas that most of the fossils summarized can be assigned confidently to the Blancan age. These assignments permitted compilation of lists of last appear- ances of genera and families that are unknown during or after Blancan times. About 50-55 Blancan assemblages are known, and together with about 10-15 older or younger faunas included for convenience of discussion they are summarized under 57 local geographic headings (map, Fig. 1). For each local assemblage the following data have been given so far as possi- ble: location, previous references to mollusks, stratigraphic unit and most recent geologic maps, number of species of mollusks, mention of other fossils from the same locality or formation, age, institution where fossils are preserved, and most recent topographic maps. The detail of treatment varies widely, according to available information, progress of knowledge since previous liter- ature and the usefulness of new information. Lists of species are included usually only if the fauna is revised or first recorded in this paper, but the references to previous work are intended to be complete. The Blancan faunas from the Great Plains region (Nebraska, Kansas, Okla- homa, Texas), and from Arizona, are generally similar and include mainly widespread living species. -
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of 36Cl and 129I Analytical Aspects and Applications
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of 36Cl and 129I Analytical Aspects and Applications BY VASILY ALFIMOV ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 UPPSALA ISBN 91-554-6124-7 2005 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4725 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Häggsalen, The Ång- ström Laboratory, Uppsala, Friday, January 21, 2005 at 10:15 for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Alfimov, V. 2005. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of 36Cl and 129I: Analytical Aspects and Applications. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1. 81 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-6124-7 36 129 Two long-lived halogen radionuclides ( Cl, T1/2 = 301 kyr, and I, T1/2 = 15.7 Myr) have been studied by means of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the Uppsala Tandem Labo- ratory. The 36Cl measurements in natural samples using a medium-sized tandem accelerator (∼1 MeV/amu) have been considered. A gas-filled magnetic spectrometer (GFM) was proposed for the separation of 36Cl from its isobar, 36S. Semi-empirical Monte-Carlo ion optical calculations were conducted to define optimal conditions for separating 36Cl and 36S. A 180° GFM was constructed and installed at the dedicated AMS beam line. 129I has been measured in waters from the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. Most of the 129I currently present in the Earth’s surface environment can be traced back to liquid and gaseous releases from the nuclear reprocessing facilities at Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (France). -
Technical and Regulatory Guidance Environmental Molecular Diagnostics
Technical and Regulatory Guidance Environmental Molecular Diagnostics New Site Characterization and Remediation Enhancement Tools April 2013 Prepared by The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council Environmental Molecular Diagnostics Team ABOUT ITRC The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) is a public-private coalition working to reduce bar- riers to the use of innovative environmental technologies and approaches so that compliance costs are reduced and cleanup efficacy is maximized. ITRC produces documents and training that broaden and deepen technical knowledge and expedite quality regulatory decision making while protecting human health and the envir- onment. With private and public sector members from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, ITRC truly provides a national perspective. More information on ITRC is available at www.itrcweb.org. ITRC is a pro- gram of the Environmental Research Institute of the States (ERIS), a 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the District of Columbia and managed by the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS). ECOS is the national, nonprofit, nonpartisan association representing the state and territorial environmental commissioners. Its mission is to serve as a champion for states; to provide a clearinghouse of information for state envir- onmental commissioners; to promote coordination in environmental management; and to articulate state pos- itions on environmental issues to Congress, federal agencies, and the public. DISCLAIMER This material was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any war- ranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or use- fulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
The Isotope Effect: Prediction, Discussion, and Discovery
1 The isotope effect: Prediction, discussion, and discovery Helge Kragh Centre for Science Studies, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark. ABSTRACT The precise position of a spectral line emitted by an atomic system depends on the mass of the atomic nucleus and is therefore different for isotopes belonging to the same element. The possible presence of an isotope effect followed from Bohr’s atomic theory of 1913, but it took several years before it was confirmed experimentally. Its early history involves the childhood not only of the quantum atom, but also of the concept of isotopy. Bohr’s prediction of the isotope effect was apparently at odds with early attempts to distinguish between isotopes by means of their optical spectra. However, in 1920 the effect was discovered in HCl molecules, which gave rise to a fruitful development in molecular spectroscopy. The first detection of an atomic isotope effect was no less important, as it was by this means that the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium was discovered in 1932. The early development of isotope spectroscopy illustrates the complex relationship between theory and experiment, and is also instructive with regard to the concepts of prediction and discovery. Keywords: isotopes; spectroscopy; Bohr model; atomic theory; deuterium. 1. Introduction The wavelength of a spectral line arising from an excited atom or molecule depends slightly on the isotopic composition, hence on the mass, of the atomic system. The phenomenon is often called the “isotope effect,” although E-mail: [email protected]. 2 the name is also used in other meanings. -
Chapter 3 Exam Review KEY
Chapter 3 Exam Review KEY I. Atomic Theory 1. Explain the law of conservation of mass in your own words. F I V E MOD ELS OF T H E ATOM Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. 2. What were Rutherford’s two main conclusions about the structure of the atom? List the piece of evidence NUCLEAR MODEL: The atom can be SOthatLID SP supportsHERE MODE EACHL: The conclusion.atom is a divided into a nucleus and electrons. The solid sphere that cannot be divided up into nucleus occupies a small amount of space at smaller particles or pieces. the center of the atom. The nucleus is dense Evidence: Most of the α-particles passed right through the gold foil without deflection. and positively charged. The electrons circle around the nucleus. The electrons are tiny Conclusion: Most of an atom is composed of empty space. and negatively charged. Most of the atom is empty space. Evidence: Some were deflected somewhat, fewer were greatly deflected, and a very few Negative bounced back toward the source. electron Positive Conclusion: There is a dense positive nucleus. nucleus 3. Draw and describeLBCTCM_01_037 the atom model of each of the following scientists. a. Dalton PROTON MODEL: The atom can be divided PLUM PUDDING MODEL: The atomDalton can thought the atom was a solid sphere that was indivisible. into a nucleus and electrons. The nucleus be divided into a fluid (the “pudding”) and occupies a small amount of space at the electrons (the “plums”). The fluid spreads The Atomic Model Through Time center of theLBCTCM_01_036 atom. -
I Can Describe an Atom and Its Components I Can Relate Energy
Matter, part 2 ● I can describe an atom and its components ● I can relate energy levels of atoms to the chemical properties of elements ● I can define the concept of isotopes Isotopes ● Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers ○ All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons ○ The number of neutrons can vary ○ ex)Chlorine atoms have 17 protons but can have 18 or 20 neutrons. ■ There are chlorine atoms with mass #s of 35 and 37. (17+18=35, 17+20=37) Isotopes ● Atomic mass- the average of the mass numbers of the isotopes of an element. ○ Most elements are mixtures of isotopes ○ ex) Atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453, the average of the mass numbers of naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 Radioactive Isotopes ● Some isotopes are unstable and tend to break down ○ The isotope emits energy in the form of radiation ● The spontaneous process through which unstable nuclei emit radiation is called radioactive decay. Radioactive Isotopes ● In radioactive decay, a nucleus can... ○ lose protons and neutrons ○ change a proton to a neutron ○ change a neutron to a proton ● Because the # of protons identifies an element, decay changes the identity of the element Electron Energy Levels ● The exact position of an electron cannot be determined ○ Electrons occupy areas called energy levels ● The volume of an atom is mostly empty space ● The size of an atom depends on the number and arrangement of its electrons Electron Energy Levels ● The first energy level can hold 2 electrons ● The second energy level can hold 8 electrons ● The third energy level can hold 18 electrons ● The fourth energy level can hold 32 electrons. -
FRACTIONATION of STABLE CHLORINE ISOTOPES DURING TRANSPORT THROUGH SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANES by Darcy Jo Campbell a Thesis Submitt
Fractionation of stable chlorine isotopes during transport through semipermeable membranes Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Campbell, Darcy Jo. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 22:51:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191280 FRACTIONATION OF STABLE CHLORINE ISOTOPES DURING TRANSPORT THROUGH SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANES by Darcy Jo Campbell A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN HYDROLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1985 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re- quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. -
Lithologic Characteristics of Pliocene Rocks Cored at Elk Hills, Kern County, California
Lithologic Characteristics of Pliocene Rocks Cored at Elk Hills, Kern County, California GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1332-D Lithologic Characteristics of Pliocene Rocks Cored at Elk Hills, Kern County, California By WILLIAM M. BERRYMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1332-D A complete sequence of Pliocene rocks cored in Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 well324-19R is established as a reference section for subsurface Pliocene rocks in the Elk Hills oil field UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600064 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. 20402 Stock Number 2401-00317 CONTENTS Page Abstract...................................................................................................................... Dl Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of report ............................................................................................ 2 Drilling summary ............................................................................................ 4 Methods of investigation ................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ 5 Stratigraphy