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The Battle That Made Britain? The battle that made Britain? A study of the historiographical debate on the significance of the Battle of Culloden in 1746 for Scotland, Britain and the world Sunniva Christina Ruthven Hatlestad-Hall Master’s thesis in History at the Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Autumn 2019 II The battle that made Britain? A study of the historiographical debate on the significance of the Battle of Culloden in 1746 for Scotland, Britain and the world III Ó Sunniva Christina Ruthven Hatlestad-Hall 2019 The battle that made Britain? A study of the historiographical debate on the significance of the Battle of Culloden in 1746 for Scotland, Britain and the world Sunniva Christina Ruthven Hatlestad-Hall http://www.duo.uio.no Print: Webergs Printshop, Oslo Illustration: Traditional depiction of the Battle of Culloden in 1746 called An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745 by David Morier (source: Wikimedia Commons) IV Abstract On the morning of 16th April 1746, the Jacobites fought a British army supported by the Government on Culloden Moor in northern Scotland. The battle was short, but brutal. Still, many historians claim that the battle was of major importance for consecutive Scottish, British and international politics, as well as the subsequent social and cultural development in Scotland. This thesis attempts to answer to what extent historians perceive the Battle of Culloden as significant, by exploring the political, social and cultural implications of the battle. It also tries to establish whether or not Culloden was ‘the battle that made Britain’. This is done by identifying three distinct scholarly views in the historiographical debate, categorising relevant historians within these traditions, and accordingly, using this as a basis for the discussion on the various claimed consequences of Jacobitism and Culloden. The conclusion drawn is that historians to a large extent perceive Culloden as a battle that accelerated and intensified important political, social and cultural developments of the subsequent period. For instance, Culloden is given credit for the defeat of the last domestic contestation of the 1707 Act of Union, the consolidation of the Union of Great Britain, the end to the clan system in Scotland, and for contributing to the forging of the British Empire and the development of Britain as a dominant world power. Most historians thus regard Culloden as a significant battle. The thesis also concludes that the Battle of Culloden was a catalytic factor in the creation of the British state, and consequently, definitely was ‘the battle that contributed to the making of Britain’. V VI Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor at the University of Oslo, Hans Jacob Orning, for excellent guidance and advice in this process. Thank you for letting me explore a topic I am very interested in and passionate about, and for believing in my project. We have had many invaluable talks and mail correspondences, helping me find my way in this bewildering world of Master’s thesis work and writing. I would also like to thank my amazing husband, Christoffer. Thank you for motivating me, for believing in me and for inexhaustible support. I would also like to thank you for bearing with me when I have been ranting over the complexity of this historiographical debate and all its controversies and disagreements. Thank you for proof reading parts of my thesis, for valuable discussions on the topic, and for always being ready to give me a hug whenever I need one. Thank you to my fantastic parents, Kristin and Jonathan, for endless support and encouragement. You have seemed genuinely interested in my thesis and have at times been more thrilled than I to discuss the Battle of Culloden. A special thanks to you both for proof reading parts of my thesis and giving useful comments. Thank you for always being there for me, especially these last few weeks. Last, but not least, thank you to my two brothers and my friends for putting up with me in this stressful and demanding period. Thank you for your caring messages and phone calls, and for much needed breaks from studying. Sunniva C. R. Hatlestad-Hall November 2019 VII VIII Figures Figure 1: Culloden Moor today………………………………………………………………..6 Figure 2: Illustration of Charles Edward Stuart…………………………………………….....6 Figure 3: Memorial on Culloden Battlefield…………………………………………………95 IX X Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Presentation and research questions ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Historical background ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 Who were the Jacobites? ................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 The Jacobite conflict ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 The Battle of Culloden in 1746 ......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Historiography and theory ................................................................................................. 7 1.3.1 The Whig approach ........................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 The romantic approach ................................................................................................... 10 1.3.3 The revisionist approach ................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Method ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.5 Structure of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 13 2 Political implications for Scotland ............................................................................... 15 2.1 Chapter introduction ........................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Prevalence of Jacobitism in Scotland 1688-1746: The Highlands vs. the Lowlands ... 16 2.3 Was the Battle of Culloden in 1746 the end of the Jacobite movement in Scotland? . 23 2.4 Further consequences for Scottish politics ...................................................................... 30 2.5 Chapter conclusion ............................................................................................................ 32 3 Political implications for the British Isles .................................................................... 34 3.1 Chapter introduction ........................................................................................................ 34 3.2 Prevalence of Jacobitism in the British Isles 1688-1746 ................................................ 35 3.3 What happened to the Jacobite movement in Ireland, Wales and England after the Battle of Culloden in 1746? ............................................................................................................ 41 3.4 Further political consequences for the Union of Great Britain and the British state . 43 3.5 Chapter conclusion ............................................................................................................ 48 4 International political implications .............................................................................. 51 4.1 Chapter introduction ........................................................................................................ 51 4.2 Prevalence of Jacobitism internationally 1688-1746 ...................................................... 52 4.2.1 Involvement of foreign powers in the Jacobite conflict .................................................. 53 4.2.2 True or false Jacobites? ................................................................................................... 56 XI 4.3 What happened to international Jacobitism after the Battle of Culloden in 1746? .... 60 4.4 Further consequences for international political affairs ............................................... 62 4.5 Chapter conclusion ............................................................................................................ 66 5 Social and cultural implications for Scotland ............................................................. 68 5.1 Chapter introduction ........................................................................................................ 68 5.2 Immediate aftermath of the Battle of Culloden in 1746 ................................................ 69 5.2.1 Was Culloden the death of clanship? .............................................................................. 72 5.2.2 The end of the Highland way of life? ............................................................................. 75 5.2.3 Did a planned extinction of native Scottish Celts follow the Jacobite defeat at Culloden? 77 5.2.4 Did Culloden put an end to a distinct Scottish identity? ................................................. 81 5.3 The Scottish Clearances .................................................................................................... 82 5.4 Chapter conclusion ............................................................................................................ 87 6 Conclusion
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