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The Management and Promotion of Tithorea's Trail at the Parnassos

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The Management and Promotion of Tithorea's Trail at the Parnassos The management and promotion of Tithorea’s trail at the Parnassos National Park for the sustainable touristic development of the region Αr. Mertzanis1*, T. Lanara2, N. Tsaprounis2, G. Varvarigos2, As. Mertzani4 and T. Tsitsoni 2,3 1Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Hellas, Department of Forestry and Management of Natural Environment, 36100, Karpenisi, Greece 2Parnassos National Park Management Body, 35002, Amfiklia, Greece 3Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece 4National Technical University (NTUA), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Zografou Campus, Heroon Polytechniou 9, GR-15780, Zografou, Greece *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], Tel +30 22370 23282, Fax: +3022370 24035 Abstract The trails and especially the so-called “thematic trails” such as the “Nature Trails”, “Geological Trails”, etc, besides the outdoor recreation and physical activity that offer to a modern man, they are also significantly “tools”, used by the specialists for highlighting the characteristics of the natural environment, the geological-geomorphological characteristics, as well as the historical background and tradition of certain areas. Typical example of this is the northeastern side of Parnassos National Park, which is traversed by the Tithorea’s trail, at the “Aesthetic forest of Tithorea, near the village of Tithorea. The purpose of the present research is to highlight the specific characteristics of Tithorea’s trail concerning biodiversity, landscape, geomorphology, history and culture, as well as to offer proposals about its management in the protected area of Parnassos National Park. The management and promotion of Tithorea’s trail could become a model for alternative forms of tourism in mountainous areas and it will help to integrate the protected area in the wider ecological, economic and social environment for the sustainable development of the region. Keywords: Aesthetic forest; Mt Parnassos; National Park; nature trail; Tithorea’s trail. 1. INTRODUCTION The appropriate signage and maintenance are prerequisites for the safe use of the trails. Consequently, trails have to be managed systematically, namely to be maintained in a satisfactory level of cleanliness and safety conditions. This applies to the maintenance of constructions too. The proper design and construction of new trails or “improved” routes in the pre-existing trails can reduce the cost of maintenance and management while increasing the promotion of the surrounding area and the quality of information provided to the visitor. Combining the above can create favorable conditions for the attainment of the purposes the trail is created for. The right timing and frequency of the maintenance checks are some more of the needed actions. According to M.A.R.D. & E -Department of Forests (2011), the only way to maintain appropriate service levels is developing an annual program of inspection, maintenance and cleaning for each trail. Sign maintenance is critical to the operation of a quality trail system. Well maintained signs that are repaired promptly convey a sense of pride and reduce further vandalism. Signs are a highly visible representation of the quality of the trail. Their maintenance or lack of maintenance leaves the visitor with a positive or negative impression about the trail. Signs convey many kinds of information and it is critical that they be in good shape [2]. The maintenance cost of various constructions, signs etc., as well as the cost of cleaning can be reduced if the visitors are prompted to avoid vandalism and misuse of the constructions (boardwalks, wooden steps, information signs, kiosks, destination signs, etc.). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Environmental Management, 746 Engineering, Planning & Economics ISBN: 978-960-6865-87-9, Mykonos island, Greece , June 14-18, 2015 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Geographical location of the study area A dense network of trails can be found at Mt Parnassos (Figure 1). Tithorea’s trail, the subject of this present research, is located in the eastern side of Mt Parnassos in Central Greece, in the prefecture of Fthiotida. Mt Parnassos, with its highest peaks Liakoura (2,456 m), Kalogiros (2,397 m), and Gerontovrachos (2.396 m), is one of most impressive and steep mountains of Roumeli (Central Greece) (Figure 2). The main nearby villages are Tithorea (or Velitsa), Amfiklia, Agia Marina, Kato Tithorea and Elatia. Figure 1: Map of the hiking trails in the protected area of Parnassos National Park. Tithorea’s trail (Route I) starts from the square of Tithorea village (Plakoto’ square) and ends after 2 hours to the Cave of Od. Androutsos. Reaching the point (384013,085 Χ 4270971,789 Υ), a hiker can follow the route (Route II) that leads to Liakoura peak, after of 5-6 hours of hiking. Eastern Parnassos and especially Tithorea’s trail, is accessible to the visitor that comes from Athens via Kastro and Tithorea (or Velitsa) Village, where the trail starts. A trip from Athens to Tithorea is 165 km long (around 1h50 by car), while from Lamia to Tithorea is 60 km long (around 1h by car). 2.2 Investigation method For the depiction of the environmental situation (vegetation, flora, fauna, geology, geomorphology, water resources, landscape), history and mythology, of Mt Parnassos and of the Tithorea’s trail, involved a series of different stages: the study of bibliographical references, systematic in situ observations (field-work), measurements using the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signals, observation and direct digitizing on the basis of different aged aerial photos and satellite images (Google Earth). Topographical maps have been used as well (Hellenic Military Geographical Service, scale 1:50.000 and 1:100.000), geological maps (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, scale: 1:50.000), hydrological data and forest maps of vegetation and land uses (Ministry of Reconstruction of Production, Environment & Energy, scale: 1:200.000). All primary data were imported in an apposite database and were transferred in topographical map and 747 onto satellite images (Google Earth) using ArcGIS for Desktop 10.2.2. Measurements were taken using the Trimble Juno 3D Series embedded with software ArcPAD 10.2. 2.3 Institutional frame of the region - Mt Parnassos Protection status Mt Parnassos includes areas that are covered by a protection status at a National and Community level [3,4]. These are more specifically the following: a. The Parnassos National Park, founded in 1938, for the protection of the mountain’s rich natural beauty. b. The Aesthetic Forest of Tithorea (200ha), for its special natural beauty and ecological importance. c. The Special Protection Area (SPA)-“Oros Parnassos” Code GR 2410002, for the protection of birds (NATURA 2000). d. The Special Area of Conservation (SAC)-“N.A. Parnassos-Ethnikos Drymos Parnassou-Dasos Tithoreas” Code GR 2450005, for the protection of types of habitats and species of flora and fauna (NATURA 2000) and e. The Parnassos National Park Management Body, founded in 2002, aiming mainly to the protection, conservation and sustainable management of the above mentioned protection areas. Figure 2. The north-eastern view of Mt. Parnassos. Tithorea village, Kahala gorge, Aesthetic Forest, and the peak Liakoura (2,456 m), can be seen here (Photo by Mertzani As.). 2.4 Vegetation - Flora - Fauna The vegetation zones encountered at the study area are: a. Quercetalia pubescentis (or deciduous broadleaf zone), consisting mostly of Quercus genus.forests. b.Quercetalia ilicis, consisting mostly of phrygana and maquis vegetation. The main plant species that occur in the study area are: kermes oak (Quercus coccifera), holm oak (Quercus ilex), downy oak (Quercus pubescens), fir (Abies cephalonica), jerusalim sage (Phlomis fruticosa). At the Kahala gorge and the rocky outcrops of the area a large number of rare and endangered plant species are found that are included in Annex II of Directive 92/43 / EEC. The mountain of Parnassos is also important for the significant number and variety of protected avifauna species, particularly birds of prey. In Annex I of the Directive 2009/147/EC thirty eight (38) birds of the region are listed. As for other fauna species, four (4) mammals (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus hipposideros, Myotis blythii, Myotis myotis), two (2) amphibians (Bombina variegata, Triturus cristatus), two (2) reptiles (Testudo hermanni, Testudo marginata) and one (1) invertebrate (Lucanus cervus), are listed in Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC. More common species such as the fox (Vulpes vulpes), weasel (Mustela nivalis), marten (Martes foina), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and wolf (Canis lupus) are also present at the area. 2.5 Geological setting – Geomorphology - Water resources The morphology of the land relief, in the wider region of the Parnassos National Park, is defined by the mountainous massif of Parnassos with steep slopes, gorges and intense morphological contrasts. Mt Parnassos is the third highest mountain in Central Greece (Sterea Ellada), after the mountains Gkiona (Pyramida 2,510 m) and Vardousia (Korakas 2,495 m). The dominant structural elements are its limestone steep tops, with highest peaks Liakoura (2,456 m), Kalogiros (2,397 m), and Gerontovrachos (2.396 m). The area is dominated by very intense relief (steep sloping hillsides, 748 cliffs), and numerous caves at the slopes of the Kahala gorge (once used by the villagers as sheepfolds) (Figures 3a,b). Dolomites are found south of Tithorea. On a steep slope of the Kahala gorge, the cave of Odysseas Androutsos is located, where one can see a natural arc with an aperture of 10 m (Figures 4a,b). Within the cave, smaller caverns interconnected by small tunnels are found. Figures 3a,b. The Kahala gorge and a waterfall (Photos by Lanara T.). The diverse geological formations and the presence of limestones define the flow of the surface water as well as its subterranean movement, within the “labyrinthine” network of sinkholes and caves. A large part of the northeastern Mt Parnassos, is draining in the hydrologic basin of Kahala river.
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