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Detailed Contents DETAILED CONTENTS List of Figures xxvi Preface xxvii About the Author xxxi CHAPTER 1 introduction: Journey Toward Theory Integration 1 Goals of the Book 2 Organization of the Book 3 Organization of the Chapters 6 Topics Covered in Chapter 1 6 The Four Forces in Psychotherapy 6 Definitions of Counseling and Psychotherapy 8 The Role of Theories of Psychotherapy 9 The Theory Battles in Psychotherapy 10 Managed Care and the Psychotherapy Theory Battles 10 Choosing a Theoretical Orientation to Therapy 12 Therapist Beliefs and Values: Relationship to Choosing a Theory 13 Stages in Choosing a Theoretical Orientation 14 Integrative Psychotherapy: The Focus of This Text 17 Definition of Integrative Psychotherapy 17 The Need for Cultural Diversity and Psychotherapy Integration 18 Psychotherapy Integration: Position or Process? 19 Questions to Consider in Developing Your Own Integrative Theory of Psychotherapy 20 Case Study: Justin 22 Summary 25 Discussion Questions and Exercises 25 Glossary of Key Terms 27 Websites 28 Journals 28 Annotated Bibliography 28 PARTI The First Force in Psychotherapy: Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Theories 29 CHAPTER 2 Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories 33 Sigmund Freud 33 Brief Biography (1856-1939) 34 Freud's View of Human Nature 36 Freud's Levels of Consciousness 37 Freud's Theory of Personality 38 Key Concepts of Sigmund Freud 39 Psychosexual Phases of Development 39 Oral Phase 40 Anal Phase 40 Phallic Phase 41 Latency Phase 41 Genital Phase 42 Development of Maladaptive Behavior 42 Freud's Psychoanalytic Approaches and the Therapeutic Process 43 The Process of Therapy 43 The Therapeutic Relationship 43 Role of the Therapist 44 Therapist's Coals 44 Role of the Client 44 Assessment and Diagnosis in Psychoanalytically Oriented Treatment 44 Phases of Psychoanalysis 46 Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques 47 Freud's Followers and the Movement Toward Psychodynamic Therapy 49 The Ego Psychologists 49 Object Relations School 50 Self Psychology and Relational Psychoanalysis 51 Carl Custav Jung 51 Brief Biography (1875-1961) 52 Jung and Freud 53 Jung's Legacy 54 Key Concepts of Carl Jung 54 Levels of Consciousness and the Collective Unconscious 54 Archetypes 55 Jung's Theory of Personality 57 Jungian Psychotherapy 58 Anna Freud 58 Erik Erikson 60 Donald Winnicott 62 Heinz Kohut 64 Multicultural Issues and Psychoanalysis 65 Limitations and Contributions of Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Approaches 65 Brief Psychodynamic Therapy 66 Case Study: Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapy Applied to Justin 66 Summary 69 Discussion Questions and Exercises 70 Glossary of Key Terms 70 Websites 73 Annotated Bibliography 74 CHAPTER 3 Adlerian Psychotherapy 77 Alfred Adler (1870-1937) 77 Key Concepts 79 View of Human Nature 79 Adler's Theory of Personality 80 Adler and Parenting Style 87 Adler's Theory of Life Tasks 87 Adler and Healthy Mental Development 87 Adler and Development of Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 88 The Therapeutic Relationship 90 Adlerian Therapy 90 Specific Therapy Techniques 94 Offering Encouragement 95 Asking "The Question" 95 Acting "As If" 95 Using Push-Button Technique 95 Catching Oneself 95 Task Setting 96 Brainstorming 96 "Spitting in the Client's Soup" 96 Multicultural Issues and Adlerian Therapy 96 Contributions of Adlerian Therapy 97 Limitations of the Adlerian Approach 97 Case Study: Justin From an Adlerian Perspective 97 Summary 100 Discussion Questions and Exercises 100 Glossary of Key Terms 105 Websites 106 Training Institutes 107 Interview and Research Instruments 107 Annotated Bibliography 107 PART II The Second Force in Psychotherapy: Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Therapy 109 CHAPTER 4 Behavior Therapy 111 The Behavioral Worldview 111 Behaviorism: History and Development 111 Contributions From John Watson (1878-1958) 112 Contributions From B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) 113 Joseph Wolpe (1915-1998) and Reciprocal Inhibition 114 Donald Meichenbaum 115 Behavioral View of Human Nature 116 Behavior Theory of Personality 117 Key Concepts of Behavior Therapy 117 Classical Conditioning 117 Operant Conditioning 118 Reinforcement 118 Extinction 118 Generalization 119 Discrimination 119 Shaping 119 Counterconditioning 119 Token Economies 120 Development of Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 120 The Therapeutic Relationship 121 Therapist Goals 121 Role of the Therapist 121 Behavioral Assessment: The Functional Assessment Model 122 Behavior Therapy Techniques 126 Relaxation Training Techniques 126 Reciprocal Inhibition and Systematic Desensitization 126 Exposure Therapies 128 Current Trends in Behavior Therapy 129 Multicultural Issues 129 Contributions and Criticisms of Behavior Therapy 129 Case Analysis: Justin and a Behavioral Therapist 130 Summary 133 Discussion Questions and Exercises 134 Glossary of Key Terms 136 Websites 136 Journals 138 Annotated Bibliography 139 CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Approaches to Therapy 141 Brief Historical Overview 141 Albert Ellis (1913-2007) and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 141 Theoretical Influences of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 143 Key Concepts of REBT 145 The Rational Emotive Behavior A-B-C Theory of Personality 147 REBT and the Therapeutic Process 148 REBT Counseling Techniques 150 Criticisms of REBT 151 Contributions of REBT 157 Albert Bandura (1925—): Social Modeling, Observational Learning, and Self-Efficacy 152 Bandura's Contributions to Control Therapy 155 Aaron Beck (1921 -): Cognitive Therapy and Depression 156 Key Concepts of Beck's Cognitive Therapy 157 Underlying Assumptions of Cognitive Therapy 161 The Therapeutic Relationship 161 Therapist Coals 161 The Role of the Cognitive Therapist 161 The Therapeutic Process 162 Cognitive Counseling Techniques 163 Comparison of Ellis's and Beck's Approach to Therapy 164 Summary of Bandura, Ellis, and Beck 164 Albert Bandura 164 Albert Ellis 164 Aaron Beck 165 Comparison With Behavioral and Psychoanalytic Approaches 165 Current Trends in Cognitive Therapies 166 Multicultural Issues 166 Contributions and Criticisms of the Cognitive-Behavioral Approach 166 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Cognitive Therapist 167 Summary 169 Discussion Questions and Exercises 170 Glossary of Key Terms 173 Websites 174 Journals 174 Annotated Bibliography 174 CHAPTER 6 Reality/Choice Therapy 177 Brief Overview: History and Development 177 View of Human Nature: Basic Needs 179 Key Concepts of Reality/Choice Theory 180 Perceived World 180 Our Quality World 180 The Comparing Place 181 Reality Therapy/Choice Theory and Maladaptive Behavior 182 Total Behavior 183 Control: A Key Component of Reality Therapy 184 The 10 Axioms of Choice Theory 184 Seven Deadly Habits and Seven Caring Habits 184 Coals of Reality/Choice Therapy 185 Reality/Choice Therapy and the Therapeutic Process 186 The Role of the Reality/Choice Therapist 186 Role of the Client 187 Reality Therapy Counseling Techniques 188 Reality/Choice Therapy and the Schools 189 Multicultural Issues 191 Contributions and Criticisms of Reality Therapy 192 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Reality Therapist 193 Summary 195 Discussion Questions and Exercises 196 Glossary of Key Terms 196 Websites 197 Annotated Bibliography 197 PART III The Third Force in Psychotherapy; Existential and Humanistic Worldviews 199 The Existential Worldview 199 The Humanistic Worldview 200 Abraham Maslow and the Humanist Tradition 201 Humanism: Its Professional Development 201 Merger of Existentialism and Humanism 203 Similarities Between Existentialism and Humanism 203 Differences Between Existentialism and Humanism 203 Choosing Existentialism or Humanism as a Psychotherapeutic Approach 204 CHAPTER 7 Existential Therapy 205 Historical Background of Existential Therapy 205 The Contributions of Rollo May (1904-1994): First Major American Existentialist 207 The Existential View of Human Nature 209 Key Concepts of Existential Therapy 210 Existentialism and Personality Development 214 The Authentic Existence: Healthy Psychological Development 214 The Existential View of Maladaptive Behavior 215 Existentialism and the Therapeutic Process 216 Therapist Coals 216 The Therapeutic Relationship 217 Existential Counseling Techniques 218 Victor Frankl (1905-1997) and Logotherapy 218 Frankl and the Search for Meaning 219 The Basic Premises of Logotherapy 220 Logotherapy and Maladaptive Behavior 221 Therapy Techniques and Logotherapy 222 Existentialism and the Schools 222 Multicultural Issues 222 Contributions and Criticisms of Existential Therapy 223 Case Analysis: Justin Working With an Existential Therapist 223 Summary 225 Discussion Questions and Exercises 225 Glossary of Key Terms 225 Websites 226 Journals 227 Annotated Bibliography 227 CHAPTER 8 Person-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers (1902-1987) 229 Carl Rogers: Brief Historical Overview 230 Carl and Helen Rogers, 1973 233 The Person-Centered View of Human Nature 234 Person-Centered Therapy and Personality Development 234 Healthy Psychological Development and the Fully Functioning Person 237 Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 237 Person-Centered Therapy and the Therapeutic Process 238 The Therapeutic Relationship: Conditions for Therapy 238 Coals of Therapy 240 Role of the Therapist 240 Role of the Client 241 Person-Centered Therapy Techniques 242 Rogerian Active Listening 242 Reflection of Feeling 243 Paraphrasing 243 Person-Centered Counseling and the Schools 243 Multicultural Issues 244 Contributions and Criticisms of Person-Centered Therapy 245 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Person-Centered Therapist 246 Summary 248 Discussion
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