DETAILED CONTENTS

List of Figures xxvi

Preface xxvii

About the Author xxxi

CHAPTER 1 introduction: Journey Toward Theory Integration 1

Goals of the Book 2 Organization of the Book 3 Organization of the Chapters 6 Topics Covered in Chapter 1 6 The Four Forces in 6 Definitions of Counseling and Psychotherapy 8 The Role of Theories of Psychotherapy 9 The Theory Battles in Psychotherapy 10 Managed Care and the Psychotherapy Theory Battles 10 Choosing a Theoretical Orientation to Therapy 12 Therapist Beliefs and Values: Relationship to Choosing a Theory 13 Stages in Choosing a Theoretical Orientation 14 Integrative Psychotherapy: The Focus of This Text 17 Definition of Integrative Psychotherapy 17 The Need for Cultural Diversity and Psychotherapy Integration 18 Psychotherapy Integration: Position or Process? 19 Questions to Consider in Developing Your Own Integrative Theory of Psychotherapy 20 Case Study: Justin 22 Summary 25 Discussion Questions and Exercises 25 Glossary of Key Terms 27 Websites 28 Journals 28 Annotated Bibliography 28 PARTI

The First Force in Psychotherapy: and Psychodynamic Theories 29

CHAPTER 2 Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories 33

Sigmund Freud 33 Brief Biography (1856-1939) 34 Freud's View of Human Nature 36 Freud's Levels of 37 Freud's Theory of Personality 38 Key Concepts of 39 Psychosexual Phases of Development 39 Oral Phase 40 Anal Phase 40 Phallic Phase 41 Latency Phase 41 Genital Phase 42 Development of Maladaptive Behavior 42 Freud's Psychoanalytic Approaches and the Therapeutic Process 43 The Process of Therapy 43 The Therapeutic Relationship 43 Role of the Therapist 44 Therapist's Coals 44 Role of the Client 44 Assessment and Diagnosis in Psychoanalytically Oriented Treatment 44 Phases of Psychoanalysis 46 Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques 47 Freud's Followers and the Movement Toward Psychodynamic Therapy 49 The Ego Psychologists 49 Object Relations School 50 Self and Relational Psychoanalysis 51 Carl Custav Jung 51 Brief Biography (1875-1961) 52 Jung and Freud 53 Jung's Legacy 54 Key Concepts of 54 Levels of Consciousness and the 54 Archetypes 55 Jung's Theory of Personality 57 Jungian Psychotherapy 58 58 60 62 64 Multicultural Issues and Psychoanalysis 65 Limitations and Contributions of Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Approaches 65 Brief Psychodynamic Therapy 66 Case Study: Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapy Applied to Justin 66 Summary 69 Discussion Questions and Exercises 70 Glossary of Key Terms 70 Websites 73 Annotated Bibliography 74

CHAPTER 3 Adlerian Psychotherapy 77

Alfred Adler (1870-1937) 77 Key Concepts 79 View of Human Nature 79 Adler's Theory of Personality 80 Adler and Parenting Style 87 Adler's Theory of Life Tasks 87 Adler and Healthy Mental Development 87 Adler and Development of Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 88 The Therapeutic Relationship 90 Adlerian Therapy 90 Specific Therapy Techniques 94 Offering Encouragement 95 Asking "The Question" 95 Acting "As If" 95 Using Push-Button Technique 95 Catching Oneself 95 Task Setting 96 Brainstorming 96 "Spitting in the Client's Soup" 96 Multicultural Issues and Adlerian Therapy 96 Contributions of Adlerian Therapy 97 Limitations of the Adlerian Approach 97 Case Study: Justin From an Adlerian Perspective 97 Summary 100 Discussion Questions and Exercises 100 Glossary of Key Terms 105 Websites 106 Training Institutes 107 Interview and Research Instruments 107 Annotated Bibliography 107 PART II

The Second Force in Psychotherapy: Behavior Therapy and 109

CHAPTER 4 Behavior Therapy 111

The Behavioral Worldview 111 Behaviorism: History and Development 111 Contributions From John Watson (1878-1958) 112 Contributions From B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) 113 (1915-1998) and Reciprocal Inhibition 114 Donald Meichenbaum 115 Behavioral View of Human Nature 116 Behavior Theory of Personality 117 Key Concepts of Behavior Therapy 117 Classical Conditioning 117 Operant Conditioning 118 Reinforcement 118 Extinction 118 Generalization 119 Discrimination 119 119 Counterconditioning 119 Token Economies 120 Development of Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 120 The Therapeutic Relationship 121 Therapist Goals 121 Role of the Therapist 121 Behavioral Assessment: The Functional Assessment Model 122 Behavior Therapy Techniques 126 Relaxation Training Techniques 126 Reciprocal Inhibition and Systematic Desensitization 126 Exposure Therapies 128 Current Trends in Behavior Therapy 129 Multicultural Issues 129 Contributions and Criticisms of Behavior Therapy 129 Case Analysis: Justin and a Behavioral Therapist 130 Summary 133 Discussion Questions and Exercises 134 Glossary of Key Terms 136 Websites 136 Journals 138 Annotated Bibliography 139 CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Approaches to Therapy 141

Brief Historical Overview 141 (1913-2007) and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 141 Theoretical Influences of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 143 Key Concepts of REBT 145 The Rational Emotive Behavior A-B-C Theory of Personality 147 REBT and the Therapeutic Process 148 REBT Counseling Techniques 150 Criticisms of REBT 151 Contributions of REBT 157 Albert Bandura (1925—): Social Modeling, Observational Learning, and Self-Efficacy 152 Bandura's Contributions to Control Therapy 155 Aaron Beck (1921 -): Cognitive Therapy and Depression 156 Key Concepts of Beck's Cognitive Therapy 157 Underlying Assumptions of Cognitive Therapy 161 The Therapeutic Relationship 161 Therapist Coals 161 The Role of the Cognitive Therapist 161 The Therapeutic Process 162 Cognitive Counseling Techniques 163 Comparison of Ellis's and Beck's Approach to Therapy 164 Summary of Bandura, Ellis, and Beck 164 Albert Bandura 164 Albert Ellis 164 Aaron Beck 165 Comparison With Behavioral and Psychoanalytic Approaches 165 Current Trends in Cognitive Therapies 166 Multicultural Issues 166 Contributions and Criticisms of the Cognitive-Behavioral Approach 166 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Cognitive Therapist 167 Summary 169 Discussion Questions and Exercises 170 Glossary of Key Terms 173 Websites 174 Journals 174 Annotated Bibliography 174

CHAPTER 6 Reality/Choice Therapy 177

Brief Overview: History and Development 177 View of Human Nature: Basic Needs 179 Key Concepts of Reality/Choice Theory 180 Perceived World 180 Our Quality World 180 The Comparing Place 181 /Choice Theory and Maladaptive Behavior 182 Total Behavior 183 Control: A Key Component of Reality Therapy 184 The 10 Axioms of Choice Theory 184 Seven Deadly Habits and Seven Caring Habits 184 Coals of Reality/Choice Therapy 185 Reality/Choice Therapy and the Therapeutic Process 186 The Role of the Reality/Choice Therapist 186 Role of the Client 187 Reality Therapy Counseling Techniques 188 Reality/Choice Therapy and the Schools 189 Multicultural Issues 191 Contributions and Criticisms of Reality Therapy 192 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Reality Therapist 193 Summary 195 Discussion Questions and Exercises 196 Glossary of Key Terms 196 Websites 197 Annotated Bibliography 197

PART III

The Third Force in Psychotherapy; Existential and Humanistic Worldviews 199

The Existential Worldview 199 The Humanistic Worldview 200 Abraham Maslow and the Humanist Tradition 201 Humanism: Its Professional Development 201 Merger of Existentialism and Humanism 203 Similarities Between Existentialism and Humanism 203 Differences Between Existentialism and Humanism 203 Choosing Existentialism or Humanism as a Psychotherapeutic Approach 204

CHAPTER 7 205

Historical Background of Existential Therapy 205 The Contributions of (1904-1994): First Major American Existentialist 207 The Existential View of Human Nature 209 Key Concepts of Existential Therapy 210 Existentialism and Personality Development 214 The Authentic Existence: Healthy Psychological Development 214 The Existential View of Maladaptive Behavior 215 Existentialism and the Therapeutic Process 216 Therapist Coals 216 The Therapeutic Relationship 217 Existential Counseling Techniques 218 Victor Frankl (1905-1997) and 218 Frankl and the Search for Meaning 219 The Basic Premises of Logotherapy 220 Logotherapy and Maladaptive Behavior 221 Therapy Techniques and Logotherapy 222 Existentialism and the Schools 222 Multicultural Issues 222 Contributions and Criticisms of Existential Therapy 223 Case Analysis: Justin Working With an Existential Therapist 223 Summary 225 Discussion Questions and Exercises 225 Glossary of Key Terms 225 Websites 226 Journals 227 Annotated Bibliography 227

CHAPTER 8 Person-Centered Therapy: (1902-1987) 229

Carl Rogers: Brief Historical Overview 230 Carl and Helen Rogers, 1973 233 The Person-Centered View of Human Nature 234 Person-Centered Therapy and Personality Development 234 Healthy Psychological Development and the Fully Functioning Person 237 Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 237 Person-Centered Therapy and the Therapeutic Process 238 The Therapeutic Relationship: Conditions for Therapy 238 Coals of Therapy 240 Role of the Therapist 240 Role of the Client 241 Person-Centered Therapy Techniques 242 Rogerian Active Listening 242 Reflection of Feeling 243 Paraphrasing 243 Person-Centered Counseling and the Schools 243 Multicultural Issues 244 Contributions and Criticisms of Person-Centered Therapy 245 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Person-Centered Therapist 246 Summary 248 Discussion Questions and Exercises 248 Glossary of Key Terms 249 Websites 250 Annotated Bibliography 251 CHAPTER 9 : (1893-1970) 253

Brief Overview: History and Development 253 Philosophical Roots for Cestalt Therapy 255 Influence of Gestalt Psychology 255 Gestalt Psychology's Concept of Figure-Ground 256 Gestalt Psychology's Concept of Closure 258 Influence of Existentialism on Gestalt Therapy 258 Emphasis on the Now 259 The Gestalt View of Human Nature 260 Human Nature and Contact 260 Meaning Making 260 Human Nature and Holism 261 Key Concepts of Gestalt Therapy 261 The Phenomenological Perspective: Awareness 261 Field Theory and Human Nature 262 Organismic Self-Regulation 262 Unfinished Business 262 Authenticity 263 Personality Development: Healthy Development 263 Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 265 Gestalt Therapy and the Therapeutic Process 267 Therapist Goals 263 The Therapeutic Relationship: Dialogues Between Therapist and Client 270 Role of the Therapist 271 Role of the Client 272 Gestalt Therapy Technigues: Exercises and Experiments 272 Multicultural Issues 275 Contributions and Criticisms of Cestalt Therapy 275 Contributions 275 Limitations 276 Case Analysis: Justin Working With a Gestalt Therapist 277 Summary 279 Discussion Questions and Exercises 280 Glossary of Key Terms 281 Websites 282 Journals 283 Annotated Bibliography 283 PART IV

The Fourth Force in Psychotherapy: Social Constructivism and Postmodernism 285

Postmodernism and the Road to Social Constructivism 286 George Kelly and Personal Construct Psychology 286 Relativism 287 Multiculturalism in Psychology 288 Differences Between Modern and Postmodern/Constructivist 288 A Strengths-Based Approach 289 Challenge to Empiricism 289 Criticisms of Postmodernism in Psychotherapy 290 The Postmodern Psychotherapies 291 Outline of Chapters in Part IV 291

CHAPTER 10 Multicultural Psychotherapy Theories 293

Eurocentric Psychotherapy Theories and Western Values 294 What Is Multicultural Counseling? 295 The Concept of Worldview 295 Culture: A Definition 296 Acculturation and Acculturative Stress 297 Multicultural Counseling: Five Emerging Theories 297 Sue, Ivey, and Pedersen's Multicultural Counseling Theory 298 Gonzalez, Biever, and Gardner's Social Constructionist Approach 299 Ho's Theory of Internalized Culture 300 Ramirez's Cognitive-Behavioral Multicultural Model 300 Coleman's With Diversity Counseling Model 301 Elsie J. Smith's Theory of Ethnic Identity Development 301 Ethnic Self-Schemas and Mental Health Issues 310 School Counseling Implications for Ethnic Identity Development 310 Culture and Racial/Ethnic Identity Development for Therapists 311 The Therapeutic Relationship in Culturally Diverse Settings 311 Role of an Effective Multicultural Therapist 312 Role of the Client 312 Therapeutic Process 312 Cultural Formulation in Understanding and Assessing Clients 313 Multicultural Counseling Techniques 314 Multicultural Competencies 315 The Social Justice Movement in Multicultural Counseling 318 Ethical Issues and Multiculturalism 319 Contributions and Limitations of Multiculturalism 320 Case Study: Justin from a Multicultural Perspective 321 Summary 323 Discussion Questions and Exercises 323 Glossary of Key Terms 324 Websites 325 Journals 325 Annotated Bibliography 325

CHAPTER 11 Transcultural Psychotherapy: Bridges to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 327 Commonalities Among Asian Theories of Personality and Psychotherapy 328 Influence of Buddha and Buddhist Principles of Living 329 Japanese Approaches to Psychotherapy 331 Naikan Psychotherapy 331 Ishin Yoshimoto (1916-1988) 332 Key Concepts of Naikan Therapy 332 Theoretical Basis of Naikan Therapy 332 The Therapeutic Process of Naikan Therapy 333 Role of the Naikan Guide-Therapist 335 Role of the Naikan Client 336 Therapy or Counseling Techniques 336 Theory Integration With Naikan Therapy and Western Therapy Models 336 Benefits and Limitations of Naikan 337 An Example of Naikan Therapy 337 Morita Therapy 338 ShomaMorita (1874-1938) 338 Key Concepts of Morita Therapy 339 Arugamama 339 Feelings Are Uncontrollable 339 Self-Centered ness and Suffering 340 The Therapeutic Process 340 An Example of Morita Therapy 341 Chinese Contributions to Psychotherapy: Mindfulness 342 Definition of Mindfulness 342 Key Concepts of Mindfulness 344 Intention, Attention, and Attitude 344 The Therapeutic Process 345 Role of the Mindful Therapist 345 Mindfulness and Mental Health 347 Mindful Therapy Techniques 348 The Integration of Mindfulness With Other Psychotherapy Models 349 African Approaches to Healing and Psychotherapy 350 Ma'at African Philosophy 350 The Many Roles of African Healers and Indigenous Doctors 353 Arab Approaches to Psychotherapy 354 Arab Muslim: Collective Culture 354 Personality Development 355 Counseling Arab Muslims 356 Case Study: Justin From a Transcultural Perspective 356 Discussion Questions and Exercises 359 Glossary of Key Terms 360 Websites 360 Journal 361 Annotated Bibliography 361

CHAPTER 12 and Lesbian and Cay Therapy 363

Feminist Therapy 363 Four Main Philosophies of Feminists 365 Rationale for a Specialization in Therapy for Women 366 Traditional Theories Versus Feminist Therapies: Six Characteristics 367 Key Concepts of Feminist Therapy 367 View of Human Nature 367 Sex Role Stereotypes and Androgyny 367 Gender Schema Therapy 368 Gender Role Stereotyping Across Cultures 368 Differences Between the Terms Sex and Gender 368 The Social Construction of Gender 368 Gender and Power Differentials 369 Feminist Therapy Approaches 370 The Therapeutic Relationship 371 Techniques of Feminist Therapy 373 Relational-Cultural Theory: The New Feminist Psychotherapeutic Approach 374 Feminist Therapy and Multicultural Therapy 376 Contributions and Criticisms of Feminist Therapy 376 Integration of Feminist Therapy With Other Approaches 376 Gay and Lesbian Therapy 377 Key Concepts of Gay and Lesbian Therapy 377 A Definition of Terms: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender 377 Discrimination Against Gays and Lesbians 377 What Is Heterosexism? 378 What Is Homophobia? 378 Sexual Orientation Development 379 LGBT Youth and Schools 379 Coming Out and Gender Identity Development for Gays and Lesbians 381 Class Gender Identity Development Model for Gays and Lesbians 383 Reparative Therapy and Sexual Conversion Therapy 384 The Therapeutic Process in Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy 385 Gay Affirmative Psychotherapy 387 LCBT-Specific Psychotherapy Treatment 388 A Short Therapeutic Model for Working With Cay Men and Lesbians 389 Case Study: Justin From a Feminist Perspective 389 Summary 392 Discussion Questions and Exercises 392 Glossary of Key Terms 394 Websites 396 Journal 397 Annotated Bibliography 397

CHAPTER 13 Solution-Focused Therapy 399

Solution-Focused Therapy and Social Constructivism 399 Brief Biography of Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer 400 Brief Historical Overview of Solution-Focused Therapy 401 View of Human Nature 403 Solution-Focused Therapy and Personality Development 404 Key Concepts of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) 404 Solution-Focused Therapy and the Therapeutic Process 406 The Therapeutic Relationship and Therapists' Functions 407 Brief Therapy: Number of Sessions for Solution-Focused Therapy 409 Goals 409 Role of the Client 410 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques 411 Single Successful Sessions 414 Multicultural Issues and the Solution-Focused Counselor 415 Contributions and Criticisms of Solution-Focused Therapy 415 Contributions of Solution-Focused Therapy 415 Limitations and Criticisms of Solution-Focused Therapy 417 Case Study: Justin From a Solution-Focused Perspective 417 Summary 420 Discussion Questions and Exercises 420 Glossary of Key Terms 422 Websites 423 Annotated Bibliography 423

CHAPTER 14 425

Brief Overview: Narrative Therapy 425 Narrative Therapy and Personality Development 428 Key Concepts of Narrative Therapy 428 The Story as the Basic Unit of Experience 429 Components of a Story or Narrative 430 Alternative and Preferred Stories 431 Thin and Thick Descriptions of Stories 431 Maladaptive Behavior or Psychopathology 432 The Therapeutic Relationship 433 The Therapeutic Process 433 Coals in Narrative Therapy 436 The Role of the Therapist 437 The Role of the Client 437 Narrative Counseling Techniques 437 Multicultural Issues and Narrative Therapy 438 Contributions and Criticisms of Narrative Therapy 439 Case Study: Justin Working With a Solution-Focused and a Narrative Counselor 440 Summary 443 Discussion Questions and Exercises 443 Glossary of Key Terms 444 Websites 445 Annotated Bibliography 446

CHAPTER 15 Integrating Spiritual/Religious Issues During Psychotherapy 447

Introduction 447 Integration of Spirituality/Religion in Psychotherapeutic Approaches 448 National Data on Americans and Importance of Spirituality 449 Definitions of Important Terms: Spiritual/Religious 450 Brief Historical Overview of Spirituality and Religion in Psychotherapy 450 Key Concepts in Spirituality/Religion 452 A Spiritual Mindset 452 Fowler's Theory of Faith Development 452 Spirituality and the Therapeutic Relationship 454 Therapist Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills Related to Spiritual Matters 454 The Role of the Therapist 456 Spiritual Assessment: Listening for Clients' Spiritual Language 456 Client Intake Forms and Assessment of Religious/Spiritual Issues 459 Spiritual Assessment Instructions 459 Spirituality and the Therapeutic Process 459 Therapeutic Treatment Coals and Spirituality 460 Spiritual Techniques 460 Spiritual Cenogram 460 Guided Spiritual Journafing 461 Spiritual Autobiography 462 Categories for Writing Spiritual Autobiographies 462 The Exceptional Human Experience 462 Spiritual Letters 462 Spiritual Life Maps 462 Bibliotherapy 463 Forgiveness and Gratitude Exercises 463 Manualized Treatment Approaches 463 Ethical Issues in Integrating Spirituality and Psychotherapy 464 Case Study: Justin From a Spiritual Perspective 465 Summary 467 Discussion Questions and Exercises 468 Glossary of Key Terms 469 Websites 469 Journals 470 Annotated Bibliography 470

CHAPTER 16 Strengths-Based Therapy 473

Brief History and Overview 473 The Strengths-Based Therapy Model: Elsie J. Smith 474 Core Concepts in the Strengths-Based Therapy Model 474 Definition of Strength 474 Strength Estrangement 477 Managing Weaknesses 477 Strengths Development Theory 478 Strengths Development States 478 Categories of Strength 481 Theoretical Framework for Strengths-Based Therapy 482 Adaptive Mental Health 485 Maladaptive Behavior 485 Personality Development 485 The Role of the Client 485 Why Use a Strengths-Based Approach to Therapy and Counseling? 487 Stages of the Strengths-Based Therapy Model 487 Therapist Statement for Strength Assessment 490 Relational Strengths. 491 Clinician Identification of Client Strengths 491 Research on Strengths Approach 499 Multicultural Considerations 499 Role of the Therapist and the Strengths-Based Competence Continuum 499 Case Study: Justin From a Strengths-Based Therapy Perspective 500 Summary 504 Discussion Questions and Exercises 505 Glossary of Key Terms 505 Websites 506 Annotated Bibliography 506 CHAPTER 17 Approaches 509

Brief Historical Overview 509 Definition and Function of a Family 510 Qualities of Healthy Families 510 Similarities and Differences Between Family Therapy and Individual Therapy 511 Postmodernism and Family Therapy 511 , Clinics, and Family Therapy (1870-1937) 512 The Adlerian Family Therapist's Role 513 Treatment Process in Adlerian Family Therapy 513 Parental Mistaken Coals 517 The Family Constellation 517 Family Change and the Open Forum 518 Adlerian Parenting Skill Training 518 Murray Bowen and Multigenerational Family Therapy (1913-1990) 519 Key Concepts 520 Goals of Family Therapy 524 Development of Behavior Disorders Within the Family 524 Treatment Process 524 The Role of the Therapist 525 Techniques and Rules for Bowenian Family Therapy 525 Going Home Again 526 Detriangulation 526 Talk to the Therapist, Not to Each Other 526 Person-to-Person Relationship 526 Asking Questions 526 Case Illustration From a Bowenian Family Therapy Approach 527 The Experiential Family Therapists 528 529 530 Key Concepts of Experiential Family Therapy 530 Satir and Communication Family Therapy 531 Goals of Therapy 531 Treatment Process 531 Satir's Family Therapy Techniques 531 Whitaker's Experiential Therapy 532 The Role of the Therapist and Whitaker 533 Whitaker and the Treatment Process 534 Whitaker's Therapy Techniques 534 Case Illustration of the Experiential Approach to Family Therapy 534 Limitations of the Experiential Approach to Family Therapy 535 Structural Family Therapy: 536 Key Concepts of Structural Family Therapy 536 Goals of Therapy 538 The Treatment Process 538 The Role of the Structural Therapist 539 Techniques of Structural Family Therapy 539 Case Illustrations of Structural Family Therapy 540 Strategic Family Therapy: Jay Haley 542 Key Concepts of Strategic Family Therapy 543 Goals of Strategic Family Therapy 544 Treatment Process 544 Haley and Working With Children 545 Multicultural Issues in Family Therapy 546 Contributions of Family System Approaches to Therapy 547 Limitations of Family System Approaches to Therapy 548 Case Study: Justin and Family Therapy 548 Summary 550 Discussion Questions and Exercises 551 Glossary of Key Terms 552 Websites 553 Journals 554 Annotated Bibliography 554

CHAPTER 18 Comparing and Contrasting the Theories of Psychotherapy 557

Introduction 557 Worldview of Theories of Psychotherapy 558 Key Concepts of Theories of Psychotherapy 558 Goals of Therapy 564 Role of the Therapist 567 Therapy Techniques 569 Multicultural Issues 571 Forming a Multicultural Conceptualization of Clients 571 Future Outlook of Theoretical Approaches 574 Top Five Ways to Determine Your Theoretical Orientation to Psychotherapy 576 No. 1 Way to Determine Your Counseling Orientation: Make an Intentional Theoretical Choice 576 No. 2 Way to Determine Your Counseling Orientation: Know Your Own Personality Characteristics 577 No. 3 Way to Determine Your Counseling Orientation: Take the Theoretical Orientation Scale 578 No. 4 Way to Determine Your Counseling Orientation: Know at Least One Theory of Human Development 582 No. 5 Way to Determine Your Counseling Orientation: Know Your Personal Values and Your Preferred Helping Style of Relating to Others 583 Summary 583 Discussion Questions on Theories of Psychotherapy 584 CHAPTER 19 Integrative Psychotherapy: Constructing Your Own Integrative Approach to Therapy 585

Introduction 585 Brief Historical Overview of the Integrative Movement 586 Definition of Integrative Psychotherapy 587 Pathways to Psychotherapy Integration 587 Definition of Eclecticism 588 Theoretical Integration 588 Assimilative Integration 588 The Common Factor Approach 588 Multitheoretical Approaches 589 The 589 Brooks-Harris' Multitheoretical Model 590 Evidence-Based Therapy and Integrative Practice 592 Helping Skills Approach to Integration 593 The Outlook for Psychotherapy Schools and Therapy Integration 593 Toward Developing Your Own Approach to Integrative Psychotherapy 594 Guideline Questions to Help You in Choosing a Therapy Orientation 595 Stages of Professional Development as a Therapist 599 The Reflective Practitioner and Therapist Effectiveness 600 The Therapist's Implicit Theory as Opposed to Explicit or Formal Theory 601 Case Study: Justin and Integrative Treatment Planning 603 Summary 608 Discussion Questions and Exercises 609 Glossary of Key Terms 610 Websites 610 Annotated Bibliography 611

Photo Credits 613

References 615

Index 645 LIST OF FIGURES

Note: The copyright holder for the following figures is Elsie Jones-Smith.

Lifestyle Assessment 101 -103

ABC Observation Form 124

Functional Assessment Interview Form 125

Levels of Being-in-the-World 211

Lived Experiences Within the World 429

Client Bill of Rights for Treatment 485-486

Comparison of the Strength Perspective and the Deficit Perspective 486-487

Strengths-Based Therapy Model 488

Strength Assessment Procedures 490

Ways to Ask Questions About a Client's Strengths 490

Model for Assessing Clients' Strengths and Barriers 492

Strength Competency Questionnaire 494

Strength Chart 498

Worldview Framework 597

Child and Adolescent Intake Form 604-607

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