Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 Advanced Principles of Counseling and Psychotherapy Advanced Principles of Counseling and Psychotherapy covers advanced helping-skills topics, including inductive reasoning, Socratic questioning, working with double-binds, and creating second-order change. The ultimate expression of these is in the use of para- doxical interventions, including the use of humor. Professors and students alike will find that Advanced Principles of Counseling and Psychotherapy is not just a guide to training; it provides an in-depth understanding of material covered in introductory courses and supplements the material students will cover in practicum and internship. Gerald J. Mozdzierz, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences at Loyola University and also maintains a private practice. Paul R. Peluso, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Counselor Education at Florida Atlantic University. He is the coauthor of fi ve books and author of numerous articles and book chapters. Joseph Lisiecki, LCSW, has 32 years of clinical experience at Hines VA hospital in Illinois. Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 Advanced Principles of Counseling and Psychotherapy Learning, Integrating, and Consolidating the Nonlinear Thinking of Master Practitioners Gerald J. Mozdzierz, Paul R. Peluso, and Joseph Lisiecki Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Gerald J. Mozdzierz, Paul R. Peluso, and Joseph Lisiecki The right of Gerald J. Mozdzierz, Paul R. Peluso, and Joseph Lisiecki to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. The purchase of this copyright material confers the right on the purchasing institution to photocopy pages which bear the photocopy icon and copyright line at the bottom of the page. No other parts of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mozdzierz, Gerald J., 1940– Advanced principles of counseling and psychotherapy : learning, integrating, and consolidating the nonlinear thinking of master practitioners / by Gerald J. Mozdzierz, Paul R. Peluso, and Joseph Lisiecki. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Psychotherapy. 2. Counseling. 3. Counseling psychology. I. Peluso, Paul R. II. Lisiecki, Joseph. III. Title. RC480.5.M688 2014 616.89′14—dc23 2013046439 ISBN: 978-0-415-70463-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-70465-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-76189-2 (ebk) Typeset in Minion by Apex CoVantage, LLC Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 GJM —This book is dedicated specifi cally to Felix and Genevieve Mozdzi- erz, whose devotion to parenting, guidance, and support provided the foundations for learning, hard work, and contributing; it is in general dedicated to those teachers and supervisors who served as mentors of great humanity, wisdom, and patience. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Drs. Paul Von Ebers, Bernard Shulman, Roy Brener, and Jef- frey Levy for their particularly encouraging mentorship. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Charlene Greco Mozdzierz, without whose coopera- tion none of my contributions to this work would have been possible. She gave of her time, supplied encouragement through long stretches at the computer, and, most of all, she gave understanding. PRP —To Roy M. Kern, Augustus Y. Napier, Jon Carlson, John Gottman, and Paul Ekman, my teachers, my mentors, my colleagues, and my friends. Many thanks for all the lessons I have learned. JL —To Jack Cowen, Kurt Adler, and all of our other mentors, colleagues, clients, friends, and family who inspired us. Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: “Pass on What You Have Learned . ” 1 The Three Dimensions of Learning to Be a Master Therapist 1 Nonlinear Thinking and Master Practitioners 2 The Seven Essential Domains of Expertise 4 Introducing the Seven Domains of Competence 5 Developmental Processes 7 The Level 1 Practitioner 8 The Level 2 Practitioner 8 The Level 3 Practitioner 9 The Purpose of This Text 10 Development of Mastery and “Deliberate Practice” 10 How Will We Do This? 12 Clinician Attitudes and Dispositions 13 Deliberate Practice Elements 13 Case Examples 14 Nonlinear Thinking Exercises 14 Examples of Masters at Work 14 Summary 15 Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 1 Advanced Nonlinear Thinking 16 Advanced Nonlinear Thinking 17 Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning 17 Deductive Reasoning 18 Inductive Reasoning 19 Inductive Reasoning and the Use of Analogies 21 Double-Binds 22 The Socratic Method 29 Socratic Questioning in Therapy 30 viii Contents Elements of the Socratic Method: Inductive Reasoning, Universal Defi nitions, Self-Improvement, and Clarifi cation of Virtues/Values 32 Therapist Qualities and the Socratic Method 35 First- and Second-Order Change 39 Second-Order Change 40 Deliberate Practice, Expertise, and Creativity 45 Creativity and Expertise 46 Conclusion 47 2 The Basics of Paradoxical Interventions and the Neutralizers 48 What Is a Paradox? 49 From the Practitioner’s Perspective 49 From the Client’s Perspective 50 Reframing: The Essential Precursor to Paradoxical Intervention 56 Mindfully Being Alert for Opposites 58 Looking for Positive Meanings in the Negative 58 Advocating (Benignly) for the Status Quo 59 Searching for Previous Solutions 59 Advanced Nonlinear Thinking and Paradoxical Interventions 60 Categories of Paradoxical Intervention 63 Neutralizers: The Primary Paradox 65 How Neutralizers Work 65 Neutralizing Disparaging Comments 66 Neutralizing Aggrandizing Comments 69 Power Struggles, Ambivalence, and Precontemplators 69 Dealing With Precontemplators/Mandated Clients 72 Neutralizing Client Compliments, Exaggerated or Otherwise 73 Conclusion 76 3 The Use of Tranquilizer Paradoxical Interventions 77 Defi nition 77 Tranquilizers and Advanced Nonlinear Thinking 78 Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 Types of Tranquilizers 79 Permission 79 Postponement 83 Prohibition 87 Persuasion 91 Summary 95 4 The Use of Energizer Paradoxical Interventions 97 The Energizers 97 Advanced Nonlinear Thinking and Energizers 101 Contents ix Nonlinear Listening and Energizers 102 Types of Energizers 103 Prosocial Redefi nition 103 Practice 109 Pedagogism 113 Summary 116 5 The Use of Challenger Paradoxical Interventions 117 Nonlinear Listening and Challengers 118 Advanced Nonlinear Thinking and Challengers 118 Types of Challengers 118 Proportionality 119 Prescription 123 Prediction 128 Positive Provocation 132 Conclusion 137 6 Humor in Therapy: A Special Case of Paradoxical Intervention 138 Humor: Linking the Tragic to the Comic 138 Why and How Humor Works 139 Incongruity 139 Timing 141 Benefi ts of Humor 142 The Benefi ts of Laughter 143 Our Nonlinear Brain: Neurobiology of Humor 144 History of Humor and Psychotherapy 146 Humor and Other Domains 147 Humor and Nonlinear Listening and Responding (Domain 1) 148 Humor and Assessment (Domain 2) 148 Humor and the Therapeutic Relationship (Domain 3) 149 Humor and Schema Dynamics (Domain 4) 149 Humor and Emotions (Domain 5) 150 Downloaded by [New York University] at 01:49 15 August 2016 Humor and Resolving Ambivalence (Domain 6) 150 Humor and Irony 150 Humor and Advanced Nonlinear Thinking 152 Using Humor to Describe Advanced Nonlinear Thinking 154 “Spitting in the Client’s Soup” as a Way to Get Out of Double-Binds 154 Humor: A Special Case of Paradoxical Intervention 156 Humor and Neutralizers 156 Humor and Tranquilizers 159 Humor and Energizers 159 Humor and Challengers 160 x Contents The Clinical Use of Humor 161 Humor to Build Rapport 162 Humor to Relieve Tension 164 Humor to Bring Awareness 165 Warnings/Caveats About Humor 168 In the Early Stages of Therapy 168 Loss and Uncertainty 168 Possibility of Self-Injury and Violence 168 Dire/Desperate Client Circumstances 169 Conclusion 169 7 Final Thoughts 171 Back to the Movies 171 Mastery? There’s an App for That! 176 Personal Characteristics of Master Therapists 178 The Cognitive Domain 178 The Emotional Domain 178 The Relational Domain 179 Applying Linear and Nonlinear Thinking to Ethical Practice 182 Ethical Practice and the Disengagement/Engagement Hypothesis 183 Autonomy: Respect for the Individual 184 Fidelity: Respect for the Truth 184 Nonmalefi cence: “Do No Harm” 184 Justice: Doing What Is Right 185 Benefi cence: Doing What Is Good 185 Advanced Nonlinear Thinking, Paradoxical Interventions, and Resolving Ethical Dilemmas 186 Conclusion: “Think Different . .” 187 References