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Memory, Recognition and Solidarity: the Victims of Eastern Antioquia As Communicative Citizens

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Memory, Recognition and Solidarity: the Victims of Eastern Antioquia As Communicative Citizens University of Huddersfield Repository Gómez, Camilo Tamayo Memory, Recognition and Solidarity: the Victims of Eastern Antioquia as Communicative Citizens Original Citation Gómez, Camilo Tamayo (2015) Memory, Recognition and Solidarity: the Victims of Eastern Antioquia as Communicative Citizens. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27006/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. 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For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Memory, Recognition and Solidarity: the Victims of Eastern Antioquia as Communicative Citizens Camilo Andrés Tamayo Gómez Centre for Research in the Social Sciences (CRISS) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Human and Health Sciences, The University of Huddersfield October – 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Copyright Statement………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 List of Figures, Maps and Tables……………………………………………………………………………………. 12 Chapter 1 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 Chapter 2 2. Literature Review: Civil Society, Citizenship and Human Rights from a Socio- Communicative Perspective………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 2.1 Theories of civil society……………………………………………………………………………………………..… 22 2.2 Civil society in contexts of armed conflict and post-armed conflicts………………………….… 27 2.3 Democratisation and civil society in Latin America……………………………………………………... 31 2.4 Civil society in Colombia……………………………………………………………………………………………... 38 2.5 Collective actions of victims’ social movements in Colombian civil society: memory, recoGnition and solidarity…………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 42 Chapter 3 3. Communicative Citizenship Framework…………………………………………………………………….. 46 3.1 The communicative citizenship field: concepts, dimensions and aims…………………………. 47 3.2 The concept of communicative citizenship………………………………………………………………….. 49 2 3.3 Communicative citizenship field and the public sphere……………………………………………….. 56 3.4 The public sphere and the cateGories of diversity, pluralism and Gender…………………..… 60 3.5 Three modes of communicative citizenship………………………………………………………………... 64 3.6 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68 Chapter 4 4. Anatomy of the Case Study……………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 4.1 Eastern Antioquia and the Colombian armed conflict……………………………………………….... 69 4.2 Communication, citizenship and collective action: the role of victims’ orGanizations in the midst of Eastern Antioquia’s armed conflict……………………………………………………………….. 73 Chapter 5 5. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79 5.1 Eastern Antioquia as a case study: aims and methodoloGical desiGn for this doctoral research……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79 5.2 MethodoloGical desiGn: an approach to research the communicative citizenship field in armed conflict and post armed conflict societies…………………………………………………………….… 81 5.3 Data analysis and research results………………………………………………………………………………. 82 Chapter 6 6. Memory as a battlefield: constructions of memory in Eastern Antioquia from a communicative citizenship perspective…………………………………………………………………………. 89 6.1 Construction of memory narratives from the victims' point of view in Eastern Antioquia: the struGGles to approach the past and the present………………………………………………………….. 90 6.2 Collective narratives and the ideoloGical operationalization of memory……………………. 100 6.3 The cases of the Association of Victims of Granada Town (ASOVIDA) and the Never Again Museum in Eastern Antioquia…………………………………………………………………………………………. 103 6.4 Conclusions. Construction of memory from a communicative citizenship perspective: an approach to understandinG expressive dimensions of social movement activism in armed conflict context……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110 3 Chapter 7 7. Politics of recognition in Eastern Antioquia: addressing victims’ struggles of recognition from a communicative citizenship perspective……………………………………………………………. 114 7.1 RecoGnition and the politics of respect: communicative citizenship actions against humiliation, injustice and discrimination in Eastern Antioquia………………………………………… 115 7.2 Humiliation, injustice and discrimination in the midst of the armed conflict in Eastern Antioquia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117 7.3 Mechanisms of recoGnition from a communicative citizenship perspective: the case of the Trails for Life and Reconciliation……………………………………………………………………………..… 122 7.4 A symbolic process of recoGnition: the case of the Garden of Memory of San Carlos town……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 125 7.5 RecoGnition as democracy: addressinG victims’ struGGles of political representation in Eastern Antioquia……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 129 7.6 The struGGles for political recoGnition in Eastern Antioquia: The cases of From the House to the Square and the Constituent Assemblies………………………………………………………………… 131 7.7 The case of the Constituent Assemblies in Eastern Antioquia; creatinG political recoGnition and participation ‘from below’ in the midst of the armed conflict……………….. 135 7.8 The StruGGles for RecoGnition and the Politics of RecoGnition in Eastern Antioquia; ConcludinG Remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 138 Chapter 8 8. Solidarity, social cohesion and public sphere: empowering victims through communicative citizenship actions in Eastern Antioquia……………………………………………… 141 8.1 Extrajudicial executions, enforced disappearances, and mass Graves: communicative citizenship strateGies based on social solidarity to search for missinG people in Eastern Antioquia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142 8.2 Collaborative cartoGraphies and social solidarity in Eastern Antioquia: the Cartography and Identification of Mass Graves project……………………………………………………………………….. 146 8.3 Civic solidarity from a communicative citizenship perspective: the case of the project Life and Mental Health Promoters (PROVISAME) in Eastern Antioquia………………………………….. 155 8.4 Conclusions. Solidarity, collective communicative citizenship actions and victims’ empowerment; a transformative lonG term process in Eastern Antioquia………………………. 162 4 Chapter 9 9. Conclusions. The rise of communicative citizenship: a new agenda for collective social action…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….… 164 9.1 Communicative citizenship field theory; concludinG remarks……………………………………. 164 9.2 Memory and the communicative citizenship field; concludinG remarks…………………….. 168 9.3 RecoGnition and the communicative citizenship field; concludinG remarks…………..…… 171 9.4 Solidarity and the communicative citizenship field; concludinG remarks…………………… 173 9.5 Final remarks: the beGinninG of a new research agenda to analyse collective social actions in fragile societies……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 177 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 178 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 184 5 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT i. The author of this thesis (includinG any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyriGht in it (the “CopyriGht”) and s/he has Given The University of Huddersfield the riGht to use such copyriGht for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teachinG purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the reGulations of the University Library. Details of these reGulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, desiGns, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property riGhts except for the CopyriGht (the “Intellectual Property RiGhts”) and any reproductions of copyriGht works, for example Graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property RiGhts and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the 6 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this doctoral research to my parents, María del Socorro and Alfonso, and my girlfriend Louisa for the unwavering support and encouragement during these years. From the bottom of my heart, thank you so much for your love, inspiration and vital encouraGement throuGhout my doctoral and life journeys. Your support and inspiration have influenced the individual I have become and the accomplishments I have obtained. I love you all. 7 ABSTRACT This doctoral research
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