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Política Internacional Año 4 - Número 7 - Enero/Mayo 2019 - Guatemala

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Política Internacional Año 4 - Número 7 - Enero/Mayo 2019 - Guatemala Política Internacional Año 4 - Número 7 - Enero/Mayo 2019 - Guatemala CONTENIDO Presentación 5 ARTICULOS • Fronteras Abiertas, Derechos Humanos y Justicia Global. 9 Juan Carlos Velasco • Migraciones y Apertura Cosmopolita de la Ciudadanía. 29 Javier Peña Echeverría • Migración Internacional y Derechos Fundamentales. 46 Elisabetta Di Castro • ¿Derecho de Fuga? Derecho de Migración y Nacionalidad Cosmopolita. 57 Victor Granado Almena • Perspectivas Internacionales Sobre Migración: Conceptualizar la Simultaneidad. 73 Peggy Levitt & Nina Glick Schiller • Los Movimientos Sociales Transnacionales como Actores del Sistema Internacional. 102 Samuel Noriega Labbé • El Desueto y la Importancia Legal de los Tratados Anglo-Españoles de 1783 y 1786 dentro del Reclamo Guatemalteco en el Diferendo Territorial, Insular y Marítimo. 132 Carlos Arturo Villagrán • La Civilización Maya: Aportes Científicos a la Humanidad. 146 Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda CONTENIDO COLABORACIONES • El Tratado de Libre Comercio Nueva Ventana por la Prosperidad Económica de la Región Centroamericana y Corea. 178 Seok-Hwa Hong • Nuevo Sistema de Gobierno Electrónico busca Mejorar el Servicio Público y la Confianza de los Ciudadanos en Corea del Sur. 180 Seok-Hwa Hong • Emigración, Medioambiente y Lucha contra la Violencia: Tres Importantes Ejes de la Política Exterior del Reino de Marruecos 182 Política Internacional - Año 4 - Número 7 - Enero/Mayo 2019 - Guatemala Presentación Este séptimo número de Política Internacional está dedicado fundamentalmente a la problemática migratoria y a la movilidad de las personas en un mundo cuya característica principal es – además de la globalización económica – la globalización humana como expresión de esa misma movilidad de los seres humanos sobre la tierra, el planeta que alberga a nuestra especie, movilidad que – por supuesto – no es algo novedoso si tomamos como punto de partida la aparición de homo sapiens en el continente africano hace unos 200,000 años. Lo novedoso – desde hace apenas unos 200 años – es el establecimiento de un orden internacional basado en la soberanía de los Estados nacionales – el orden de Westfalia – y la prevalencia del principio de territorialidad sobre el derecho de los seres humanos a decidir libremente su lugar de residencia y de trabajo como lo establece la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos aprobada por Naciones Unidas en 1948. Es por ello que el artículo del profesor Juan Carlos Velasco, del Instituto de Filosofía del Consejo Superior de Investigación Científica de España, sostiene que a pesar de las fronteras que dividen a la humanidad un mundo con “fronteras abiertas” aportaría el marco institucional más propicio para el respeto de los derechos humanos y la instauración de la justicia distributiva a nivel planetario, argumentando entre otras cosas que frente a la situación actual – que se caracteriza por la obstrucción sistemática de la libre circulación de personas – convendría afrontar de manera integral la cuestión de las migraciones internacionales adoptando una perspectiva cosmopolita que someta a una mirada crítica “la inquietante perspectiva que nos presenta la movilidad humana como una potencial amenaza para el orden establecido”. Por su parte, el profesor Victor Granado Almena, de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid nos dice que las migraciones transnacionales sirven como clave hermenéutica para reflexionar sobre la necesidad de una reforma del orden territorial mundial partiendo de los desajustes que se están generando. En este sentido para Granado la presencia cada vez mayor de personas fuera de sus Estados de procedencia está poniendo a prueba la realidad del respeto a los derechos humanos, el poder de control migratorio de los Estados nacionales y la vigencia de las categorías clásicas de la teoría política para comprender la globalización debido a que el desplazamiento global y el aumento de personas fuera de sus territorios de origen estan desafíando la estructura que ligaba territorialidad, soberanía y ciudadanía de modo que la movilidad de las personas debería entenderse esencialmente como ejercicio del derecho humano al libre tránsito en la era global. En cuanto al artículo de Javier Peña Echeverría – investigador de la Universidad de Valladolid – el mismo pretende mostrar cómo las migraciones contribuyen a transformar la realidad y la comprensión de la ciudadanía alterando “la composición social y cultural de las sociedades 6 Presentación receptoras, y la percepción de sus miembros sobre su condición de ciudadanos” al mismo tiempo que se sostiene que la ciudadanía podría hacer realidad los derechos de los migrantes como seres humanos, convirtiéndolos en derechos ciudadanos que se encuentren en condiciones de “romper el carácter particularista de la ciudadanía en el estado nacional, orientándola en un sentido cosmopolita”. Por su parte Elisabetta di Castro, profesora de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) afirma que para el abordaje del tema de la migración internacional se requiere partir del proceso de globalización y del orden mundial vigente de manera que el incremento del fenómeno migratorio permita a los gobiernos de los estados nacionales comprender apropiadamente la necesidad de defender de los derechos fundamentales de los migrantes. Para la doctora Di Castro dicha defensa debería ser entendida “desde una perspectiva que vaya más allá de los Estados y las ciudadanías jerarquizadas, con el fin de que se puedan llegar a establecer los instrumentos internacionales necesarios que garanticen institucionalmente el accionar de esos derechos” concluyendo su artículo con el planteamiento acerca de la pertinencia urgente de formular multilateralmente una política migratoria global que permita la gobernanza de la migración internacional. El Doctor Arturo Villagrán, en un artículo muy oportuno, ahora que Guatemala y Belice se disponen a someter su añejo diferendo a conocimiento de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, escribe acerca de los tratados Anglo-Españoles de 1783 y 1786 que como es ampliamente conocido constituyen una de las bases de la reclamación territorial de Guatemala dentro del diferendo territorial, marítimo e insular con Belice. Estos instrumentos históricos establecen lo que eventualmente – si así lo llega a declarar el alto tribunal de La Haya – podrían llegar a ser las fronteras legitimas de ese país vecino, dando cuenta de la usurpación territorial realizada por la Gran Bretaña después de la firma del tratado de cesión territorial de 1859, ya que a juicio del autor del artículo tales tratados no solo se mantuvieron vigentes hasta la independencia guatemalteca sino que nunca perdieron su vigencia ni cayeron en desuetudo, como han sostenido algunos juristas que apoyan las tesis del gobierno de Belice. Para finalizar con el tema migratorio – que como hemos dicho antes constituye el tema principal de este número de la revista – la distinguidas profesoras de la Universidad de Harvard Peggy Levitt (EE.UU) y de Manchester (Reino Unido) Nina Glick-Schiller, escriben sobre el tema de conceptualización de la simultaneidad en el marco de un estudio acerca de las perspectivas internacionales sobre migración explorando la teoría social y la metodología correspondiente a fin de explicar los elementos subyacentes en los diversos estudios sobre migración transnacional al mismo tiempo que se propone un acercamiento del campo social al estudio de la migración y se distingue entre las formas de ser y las formas de pertenecer a ese campo argumentando que la asimilación y los vínculos transnacionales duraderos no son incompatibles ni tampoco constituyen “términos de una oposición binomial”. En el campo de la teoría de las relaciones internacionales, en un interesante artículo teórico el joven académico guatemalteco Samuel Noriega Labbé afirma que en una realidad globalizada e interdependiente, el estricto comportamiento de los estados nacionales conforme al orden de Westfalia se encuentra en pugna con los nuevos actores y nuevas dinámicas transnacionales, es decir, con las dinámicas sociales que atraviesan las fronteras estatales. Para Noriega los movimientos sociales transnacionales han sido uno de ellos y han aportado una gran variedad de ejemplos en los cuales se manifiestan estrategias de movilización de recursos transnacionales a partir de las cuales Presentación 7 se han generado múltiples acciones colectivas que buscan solucionar los problemas de la población de cada país y es por ello que todo movimiento social transnacional puede definirse como “… un sujeto que puede ser abordado desde la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales, no solo por sus dinámicas transnacionales sino también por su aspiración y capacidad de poder participar en instituciones internacionales y así mismo, de poder influir en los resultados políticos”. Esta definición permite comprender a dichos movimientos como actores internacionalesno-estatales en el marco de lo que podría llegar a ser una “teoría transnacional de las relaciones internacionales”. Finalmente hemos incluido en este número dos colaboraciones de la embajada de Corea firmadas por el propio embajador Seok Hwa Hong acerca de la presencia de Corea en el proceso de integración centroamericana y sobre las modalidades y facilidades en la relaciones con las ciudadanía que presta el sistema de gobierno electrónico coreano. Y por ultimo una colaboración de la Embajada de Marruecos, la cual se refiere a “Emigración, Medioambiente y Lucha contra la Violencia: Tres Importantes
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