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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA the Cultural Transition

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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA the Cultural Transition THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA The Cultural Transition and the Attitudes of Polish Immigrant Families Towards Divorce and Parental Authority in the United States, 1931-1940 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of History School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Stanisław Hajkowski Washington, D.C. 2010 The Cultural Transition and the Attitudes of Polish Immigrant Families Towards Divorce and Parental Authority in the United States, 1931-1940 Fr. Stanisław Hajkowski, S.Chr. Director: Leslie Tentler, Ph.D. Preaching the Gospel to the poor has always been emphasized by Christianity and the development of the radio at the beginning of the Twenties created a new, powerful tool to use for this task. Many leaders of religious communities noticed in the new invention an opportunity and used radio broadcast to both convert the unbelievers and provide teaching and support to faithful. The historical literature on early twentieth- century radio preachers in the United States includes numerous studies on Protestant and Catholic radio preachers; for example, a Protestant minister, S. Parkes Cadman began using radio broadcasts in 1923 and reached an audience of five million and in the 1930s, a famous radio evangelist, the Roman Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin, had forty million listeners tuning in to his programs. In English historical literature very little attention has been given so far to Father Justyn Figas, a Conventual Franciscan, who began his broadcasting career in 1926 and, by the end of Thirties he had an audience of close to three million listening to his broadcasts. Father Justyn’s programs, delivered in Polish, were addressed mainly to the Polish immigrants in the United States. This dissertation examines Father Justyn’s radio talks and questions from the listeners to show the change in the attitudes of the first and second generation of Polish immigrants in the Thirties towards marriage unity and parental authority, the key values of the Christian family. In the new social and cultural environment the immigrant family acted like a sensitive barometer registering the social, cultural and religious pressures of the time. After analyzing the materials available in the Archives in Athol Springs, New York about Father Justin’s Rosary Hour, this dissertation concludes that the immigrant family, often based on the patriarchal authority of the father supported by society and the Church, had no chance of surviving in the liberal American cultural environment. However, the values of parental authority and marriage unity were still practiced by these immigrant individuals and families who absorbed into their value system an appreciation for “wise” enculturation into the new society and education. This dissertation by Stanisław Hajkowski, S.Chr. fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in United States Catholic History approved by Leslie Tentler, Ph.D., as Director, and by Christopher Kauffman, Ph.D. and Timothy Meagher, Ph.D. as Readers. _______________________________________ Leslie Tentler, Ph.D., Director _______________________________________ Christopher Kauffman, Ph.D., Reader _______________________________________ Timothy Meagher, Ph.D., Reader ii The family, which is founded and given life by love, is a community of persons: of husband and wife, of parents and children, of relatives. Its first task is to live with fidelity the reality of communion in a constant effort to develop an authentic community of persons. The inner principle of that task, its permanent power and its final goal is love: without love the family is not a community of persons and, in the same way, without love the family cannot live, grow and perfect itself as a community of persons. Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio John Paul II iii Table of Contents Foreword…………………………………………………………………………. vii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… xix I. A Stepping Stone: The Polish emigrants in Northwest England & their religious culture………………………………………….. 1 Summary…………………………………………………………………. 58 II. Father Justyn and the Rosary Hour: An overview of the role of the Rosary Hour and its founder……………………………… 64 a) Father Justyn and his audience………………………………………. 65 b) The beginning of a broadcasting career……………………………… 74 1. Themes of the new Radio program………………………………. 77 2. Overview of the radio topics until 1940…………………………. 82 3. Mechanics and structure of the radio program…………………… 85 c) Threats to the family and community………………………………... 89 1. External threats…………………………………………………… 89 2. Internal threats……………………………………………………. 91 Summary………………………………………………………………….. 93 III. Vision of the Polish family: Reconstructing of the family in the American environment 1931-1932………………………… 95 Faith as a family value……………………………………………………. 96 - Feedback from the radio listeners…………………………………….. 101 - Questions regarding faith……………………………………………... 103 Marriage unity..…………………………………………………………... 107 - Questions regarding divorce………………………………………….. 108 - Questions regarding mixed marriages………………………………… 109 Parental authority…………………………………………………………. 112 - Questions related to the problem of parental authority………………. 114 Patriotism…………………………………………………………………. 116 - Questions related to patriotism……………………………………….. 118 Work……………………………………………………………………… 122 - Questions related to work…………………………………………….. 128 Soberness…………………………………………………………………. 131 - Questions related to soberness………………………………………... 131 Summary………………………………………………………………….. 133 iv IV. Faith and marriage: Reinforcing the Christian values among the Polish-Americans……………………………………………... 135 Faith………………………………………………………………………. 136 Superstition……………………………………………………………….. 169 Marriage unity…………………………………………………………….. 174 Summary………………………………………………………………….. 194 V. Gender: Family threats and alterations in the woman’s traditional roles… 195 a) Divorce……………………………………………………………….. 196 b) Desertion……………………………………………………………… 200 c) Mixed marriages………………………………………………………. 205 d) Birth control…………………………………………………………... 211 e) Abortion………………………………………………………………. 217 Summary………………………………………………………………….. 221 VI. The time of change: Polish and American identity………………………. 223 The role of the Polish clergy in the dispute on Polish and American identity in the United States……………………………………… 227 a) Polish identity………………………………………………………... 229 1. Dual loyalty………………………………………………………. 237 2. Polish movement for the ethno-national dioceses………………... 243 b) American identity…………………………………………………….. 247 c) Directions chosen at the Congress of the Polish-American Priests…... 252 d) Other Polish nationality organizations………………………………... 254 e) The state of Polish-American community after the P.P.A. Congress… 255 The issue of dual identity on the Rosary Hour…………………………… 259 a) Polish patriotism……………………………………………………… 259 b) American patriotism………………………………………………….. 295 Summary…………………………………………………………………. 318 VII. Contending with two cultures: the reaction of the first and second generation of Polish immigrants……………………... 320 Parental authority1932-1940……………………………………………... 321 The standpoint of the second generation of Polish-Americans 1932-1940 352 Summary…………………………………………………………………. 389 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….. 392 v Appendix: A Letters pertaining to the Polish missions in Northwest England, 1882-1884 400 B1 Questions pertaining to faith, 1931-1932…………………………………… 408 B2 Questions pertaining to patriotism, 1931-1932…………………………....... 410 C1 Questions pertaining to faith, 1932-1940…………………………………… 411 C2 Questions pertaining to superstition, 1931-1940…………………………… 422 C3 Questions pertaining to marriage, 1932-1940………………………………. 425 D Questions pertaining to new attitudes towards marriage, Family and gender relations, 1931-1940…………………………………… 434 E1 Questions pertaining to Polish patriotism, 1932-1940……………………... 446 E2 Questions pertaining to American patriotism and social issues, 1932-1940 451 F Questions regarding parental authority and the standpoint of the second generation, 1932-1940………………………………………. 458 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. 473 vi Foreword The historic St. John the Evangelist Church, 9700 Rosensteel Ave., Silver Spring, Maryland, stands about one hundred yards from a replica of the Carroll Chapel. Originally built in 1774 by Rev. John Carroll, S.J., the church is close to his family home in Rock Creek, or Forest Glen as the area is currently known. In 1786 Father Carroll moved to Baltimore and three years later he was consecrated the first bishop in the United States. The historic place in Silver Spring where Father Carroll created a place of worship for Catholics spread out in a wide area across Maryland and Virginia and beyond, is sometimes referred to as the “Cradle of the United States Catholic Hierarchy.” The present St. John the Evangelist Church was erected in 1893. Upon entering the church one can see a beautiful simple architecture with wooden beams supporting the ceiling, and stained glass windows on both sides. In the sanctuary at the right side of the altar stands the flag of the United States of America while on the left side is found the flag of the Republic of Poland. Two pictures, which do not quite go along with the interior decoration of the church, hang on the front wall: Our Lady Queen of Poland on the left and St. Maximilian Kolbe on the right side. These new items were added to this historic place after Karol Cardinal Wojtyła of Kraków visited the United States in 1976. He wrote a letter to Cardinal
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