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This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non- commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. 'THE 1902 EDUCATION ACT AND ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS: A STUDY OF A COMMUNITY'S EFFORTS TO GAIN AND TO PRESERVE DENOMINATIONAL EDUCATION IN ITS SCHOOLS. ' PRESENTED BY JOHN CASHMAN. DEGREE: Ph. D. 1985. , VC7LVME OIJ% The Thesis is dedicated, with respect and gratitude, to the memory of Dr. Marjorie Cruickshank, Ph. D., M. A., Reader in Education the University at of Keele, who from 1978 was my Tutor to 1983, and who died on 27th. December, 1983, before the Thesis was presented. ABSTRACT. By 1902, a quarter of a million children were attending Catholic elementary schools in England and Wales. The thesis suggests that the initial impetus for the founding of these schools was the desire of the Catholic immigrant community to manifest its identity in an alien and hostile environment. The presence of the Irish Nationalist Members of Parliament at West- minster encouraged the Catholic community by defending its schools whenever education issues were raised. The Cross Commission, 1885 - 1888, established to examine the working of the Education Acts, emphasised the inevitability of the demise of the voluntary school system, unless it was assisted financially to compete with the board schools. The use of the Catholic vote to safeguard the schools became an issue in specific election campaigns. When the Liberal/Nonconformist Government was returned in 1905, the settlement achieved in 1902 became an immediate target for amendment legislation. Efforts made in 1906 and 1908 to intro- duce changes on a national scale were unsuccessful. When the out- break of war in 1914 halted legislation on purely domestic issues, the prospect for the success of even a modest measure, confined to single-school areas, had become remote. The difficult role of the Irish Nationalists, anxious to persuade the Liberal Government to introduce a Home Rule for Ireland Bill, and, at the same time, to preserve the advantages of the 1902 settlement for the Catholic schools, is examined in some detail. Finally, the problem of the education of the Catholic teachers to staff the Catholic elementary schools when there were very limited opportunities for Catholic children to attend recognised Catholic secondary schools are examined. The fact that, by 1914, alone of the voluntary schools, the population of the Catholic elementary schools was still increasing in size, yet there was an adequate supply of qualified Catholic teachers to staff the schools, suggests that the problem had been solved successfully. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to express my thanks for the assistance given to me in the preparation of the Thesis by the Following: (Rev. ) Professor A. Chapeau, Universite Catholique de 1'Ouest, Angers, France. John Farrell, Esq. M. A. University of Bristol Library. Rev. Fr. J. A. Harding, S. T. L., St. Bernadette Church, Whitchurch, Bristol. Rev. Fr. G. Leyden, Diocese of Clifton Archives. Rev. Fr. McEvilly, Archdiocese of Birmingham Archives. Mrs. Barbara Moore, St. Mary's Church, Cadogan Street, London. SW 3. V. Rev. Fr. Pontifex, O. S. B., Downside Abbey Library. Dr. Audrey Roberts, M. B., Ch. Be, Arundel, Sussex. Miss Elizabeth Poyser, M. Litt. Westminster Diocesan Archivist. Dr. David Selby, Ph. D., M. A., University of York. Dr. C. A. Wringe, Ph. D., M. A., University of Keele. I would like to express my thanks to the staffs of the following establishments for their co-operation and assistance in my researchs The Arundel Castle Archives, Arundel. The City of Birmingham Public Libraries Department. The University of Birmingham Library. The British Library (Newspapers), Colindale. The British Library (Printed Books) Bloomsbury. The British Library of Political and Economic Science, Portugal Street, WC 2. The City of Bristol Archives. The Central Reference Library, Bristol. The Bound Newspaper Library, Bristol. The Wills Memorial Library, University of Bristol. The School of Education Library, University of Bristol. Holy Cross Primary School, Bristol. SS. Peter and Paul Primary School, Bristol. St. Peter's Primary School, Cardiff. The Catholic Education Council, London. The Glamorgan Archive Service. The Gloucestershire Record Office. The Department of Education, University of Keele. The University Library, University of Keele. The Public Record Office, Kew. The City of Leeds Central Reference Library. The Brotherton Library, University of Leeds. The City of Liverpool Central Reference Library. The Greater London Record Office. The City of Manchester Central Reference Library. The City of Sheffield Central Reference Library. The University Library, University of Sheffield. The Department of Education and Science Library, Elizabeth House. ERRATA. 49. P, Fn. 2. Omit 'attended the same school. ' Mr, Gladstone was at school at Eton, Cardinal Manning at Harrow, 82. P. Fn-5. Line 2 should read, 'there were no board schools at the I time .... P. 107. Fn. 5. Line 2 should read, 'during most of its existence. ' T. P. O'Connor represented the constituency from 1885 until 19290 David Logan was the Member from 1929 until 1964. The constituency was merged with Liverpool (Exchange) constituency in 1974. P. 158. Fn. 4 and P. 287. Fn. l. The Hon. Charles Russell (1863-1928) (1832 was the second son of Lord Russell of Killowen - 1900). Lord Russell, who became Lord Chief Justice, had been Liberal M. P. (1885,1886 for Dundalk (1880 - 1885) and for South Hackney - 1892). P. 272. Fn. (3) The Tablet, 23rd. February, 1907, p. 310. Fn. (4) The Tablet, 2nd. February, 1907, p. 191. P. 299. Line 15 should read, 'There would be no objection to a Clause..... ' P. 423. Line 5 should read, 'Such Centres are listed on p. 425. John Cashman. January, 1986. PAGE INTRODUCTION. 1. THE CATHOLICS IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 5" SECTION 1. THE CROSS COMMISSION. The Origins of the Cross Commission, 1885. ý2. Catholic Elementary Schools under the Liberal Government, 1880 - 1885.28. The Catholic Hierarchy and the Catholic Poor School Committee. 36. The Catholic Church and the Liberal Party, 1880 - 1885.48. The General Election of 1885: the Catholic Vote and the Schools Issue. 52. The Royal Commission 'to Inquire into the Working of the Education Acts, England and 72. Wales. ' The Report of the Cross Commission, 1888.78. Conclusion. 86. SECTION 2. POLITICAL FACTORS AND THE FATE OF THE VOLUNTARY SCHOOLS, 1666 - 1902. The Withdrawal of the 1889 Elementary School Code. 88. The Technical Instruction Act, 1889, and the Weakness of the School Board System. 93. The Free School Act, 1891.102. Sir John Gorst's Bill, 1896.118. The Voluntary Schools Act, 1897, and the Catholic Schools. 125. The Cockerton Case and the Resulting Legislation. 139- Conclusion. 145. SECTION 3. THE 1902 EDUCATION ACT. The Background to the 1902 Education Act. 147. The Preparation of the 1902 Education bill. 151. CONTENTS - continued. The 1902 Education Bill in Parliament. 155. The 1902 Education Act in Operation. 179" Conclusion. 205. SECTION 4. POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND THE ATTACKS ON THE 1902 SETTLEMENT. The Background to the 1906 Education Bill. 206. The 1906 Education Bill in Parliament. 226. Divisions among the Catholics in 1906.233. Lord Ripon's Role in the Debate. 235. The End of the 1906 Education Bill. 239. The Aftermath of the 1906-Education Bill: the Correspondence between Archbishop Bourne 257" and the Duke of Norfolk. McKenna' s 'Little Bill. ' 274. Catholic Schools or Home Rule? The By-Elections at Manchester N. W. and Wolverhampton. 278. The McKenna-Runciman Bill, 1907-1908.287. Archbishop Bourne and the 1908 Proposals. 314. The End of the 1908 Education Bill. 320. ConclusLon. 332. SECTION 5. THE FINAL PHASE - THE SINGLE-SCHOOL AREA GRIEVANCE. The Single-School Area Difficulty. 334. The Croydon Marks Bill, 1912.337" The Croydon Marks Bill, in Parliament. 343" The Pease Education Proposals, 1912 - 1914.348. The Catholic Elementary Schools in 1914.359. SECTION 6. PUPIL-TEACHERS AND TEACHERS IN THE CATHOLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, 1660 - 1914. The Education of Catholic Pupil-Teachers. 362. Catholir_ TPachera their Trainino and ---- ---- - 372. Colleges, 1880 - 1914. Catholic Teacher Training, 1914.390. Conclusion. 392. CONTENTS - continued. APPENDICES. 1. The Errington Letter. 399. 2. The Parnell Manifesto, November, 1885.402. 3. The Appointment of Bernard Molloy as a Member of the Cross Commission. 404. 4. Cardinal Manning and Rev. Dr. Dale. 405. 5. The 1889 Elementary Education Code and the 1890 Elementary Education Code. 406. 6. Minimum Concessions Required for the Acceptance of the 1906 Education Bill as stated by the Archbishop of Westminster, the Irish Nationalist Members and the Catholic Peers. 408. 7. Tenures and Trusts of Roman Catholic Schools. 410. 8. 'Considerations Arising out of the Educ- ation Debate, 1906. ' (Monsignor Brown's Memorandum of 13th. February, 1907. ) 411. 9. Elementary Education Bill (England and' Wales) 1908. 413. 10. The 1908 Education Bill: Different versions of the Cost of Maintenance in the Catholic Elementary Schools. 414. 11. The 1908 Education Bill: Proposals for a Sliding-Scale of Grants for Contracting-Out Schools. 420. 12. 'Brief Notes on the Education Settlement Committee's Proposals. ' (R. L. Morant's Memorandum of November, 1911. ) 421. 13. Recognised Catholic Secondary Schools, 1906.423. LIST OF SOURCES AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 426. 1 INTRODUCTION. In 1965, two American sociologists, C. Y. Glock and R. Stark, published their research findings on the place of religion in society. (1) They suggested that 'religion functions to compensate persons for deprivations for which direct means of resolution are not available...
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