Henry Edward Manning and the Teaching Office of the Church
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THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL HENRY EDWARD MANNING AND THE TEACHING OFFICE OF THE CHURCH being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by Rev. Jose Santiago Pereira, M.A. (U. of Navarre, Spain) July, 1995 Summary of Thesis submitted for PhD degree by Rev. Jose Santiago Pereiro on Henry Edward Manning and the Teaching Office of the Church Manning considered that the end of education was the formation of man, helping him achieve his full stature. From a Christian perspective, this implied a remoulding of man's mind, heart and will after the perfect model of humanity as found in Jesus Christ. He is not only the example but also the author of that transformation: Christ's revelation is the only key for the human intellectual to have access to divine truth, and his grace is the only hand which can truly transform the human heart; they changed man into the likeness of God. It was, therefore, of paramount importance, for the process of education, to be able to establish the test to identify with certainty divine truth and to distinguish it from error. In the mid 1840s he found that the Anglican Rule of Faith - Scripture interpreted by Tradition - provided him with an incomplete answer. Who was the judge to apply that rule without error? In 1847 he discovered that the Holy Spirit, who had led the Apostles into the full truth, was stilI the teacher of the Church: a divine, and therefore infallible teacher, teaching through a human voice. Next it was necessary to determine which one was the Church where the Holy Spirit dwelt. Manning concluded that it was the Catholic Church; there it was that the Holy Spirit spoke by the voice of its legitimate Pastors, specially through the Pope. Manning knew that, within the Catholic Church, some of these truths had not been as solemnly defined or were as universally accepted as he would have desired. He constantly preached those vital principles, and had to defend them not only against Anglicans but also against a few Catholics who did not have a clear perception of them. Once the Vatican Council was convoked, he made it his aim to have those principles clearly and solemnly defined. Only then would they shine in all their splendour and produce their full fruits. 1. ABBREVIATIONS Appendix H.E. Manning, The Rule of Faith. Appendix to a Sermon (London, 1838). APUC H.E. Manning, The Reunion of Christendom. A Pastoral Letter [dated Epiphany 1866] (London, 1866). ASer H.E. Manning, Sermons, Vol. I (3rd ed., London, 1844) (First 1842) Vol. II (5th ed., London, 1849) (First 1844?) Vol. III (4th ed., London, 1850) (First 1847?) Vol. IV (2nd ed., London, 1850) (First 1850). eSer H.E. Manning, Sermons on Ecclesiastical Subjects, Vol. I (Dublin, 1869) Vol. II (London, 1872) Vol. III (London, 1873). E&C H.E. Manning, England and Christendom (London, 1867). I. Preface II. The Crown in Council, on the Essays and Reviews. A letter to an Anglican Friend (dated 8 March, 1864) III. The Convocation and the Crown in Council (dated 25 July, 1864). English Church H.E. Manning, The English Church: its succession and witness for Christ (London, 1835). Four Evils H.E. Manning, The Four Great Evils of the Day (8th Edition, London, n.d.) (First 1871). Grounds H.E. Manning, The Grounds of Faith (new ed., London, 1856) (First 1852). w The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman Vols. I-VI, eds. I. Ker, T. Gornall, G. Tracey (Oxford, 1978-84) Vols. XI-XXXI, eds. C.S. Dessain, E.E. Kelly, T. Gornall (London, 1961-72; Oxford, 1973). Manning Mss. Bod. Manning Papers at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Pitts. Manning Papers at Pitts Theological Library, Emory Univ., Atlanta (U.S.A.). West. Manning Papers at Westminster Diocesan Archive, London. M J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, vols. XLIX-LIII (Arnhem & Leipzig, 1923-1927). Miscellanies H.E. Manning, Miscellanies, Vols. I-II (London, 1877) Vol. III (London, 1888). P E.S. Purcell, Life of Cardinal Manning, 2 vols. (4th ed., London, 1896). Privilegium H.E. Manning, Petri Privilegium. Three Pastoral Letters to the Clergy of the Diocese (London, 1871). I. The Centenary of Saint Peter and the General Council (September 8, 1867) II. The Oecumenical Council and the Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff (Rosary Sunday, 1869) III. The Vatican Council and its definitions (Feast of St. Edward the Confessor, 1870) Rule H.E. Manning, The Rule of Faith (London, 1838). TM H.E. Manning, The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost, or Reason and Revelation (6th ed., London, 1909) (First 1865). True H.E. Manning, The True Story of the Vatican Council (2nd ed., London, n.d.) (First 1877). Unity H.E. Manning, The Unity of the Church (London, 1842). VM J.H. Newman, The Via Media of the Anglican Church, 2 vols. (new ed., London, 1897). Workings H.E. Manning, The Workings of the Holy Spirit in the Church of England. A letter to the Rev. E.B. Pusey, D.D. (London, 1864). 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 6 I. A TIME FOR BUIWING,' MANNING'S VIA MEDIA 12 1. Reading himself into High Church views 2. The Rule of Faith 3. The Roman Rule of Faith: the Infallibility of the Church 4. An Infallible Rule or an Infallible Church? 5. The Unity of the Church 6. First Clouds II. CALLING FIRST PRINCIPLES INTO QUESTION 43 A. A time of crisis I. The events of 1843 to 1845 2. The Development of Doctrine B. A book on infallibility 1. The Church as the Mystical Body of Christ 2. The Unity of Life of the Mystical Body of Christ 3. The Infallibility of the Mystical Body of Christ 4. The nature of the act of Faith 5 Butler and the Analogy of nature III. CONVERSION: TO ADD, TO DEVELOP, TO PERFECT' 82 1. Deep convictions militant against the heart 2. The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Crown; conversion to Rome 3. Faith and Reason 3 IV. THE CHURCH AND THE POPE; MANNING'S CATHOLIC ECCLESIOLOGY O~~8~ 1m 1. The Holy Spirit in the Church: The Mystical Body of Christ 2. The endowments of the Church: Infallibility 3. The Church as the Interpreter of Holy Scripture 4. Faith's Formal Object 5. Infallibility in the Church and in its various members 6. The Infallibility of the Pope 7. Faith or Rationalism 8. The Development and Forms of Rationalism V. 'ENGLAND AND CHRISTENDOM' 137 1. The Anglican Reformation 2. Schism and Heresy 3. The Establishment: Nessus' Shirt? 4. A Bulwark against Infidelity? 5. An 'Eirenicon' and the A.P. U. C. VI. CONFLICTS AT HOME 169 1. The spirit of 'The Rambler' and The Home and Foreign' 2. History and Faith 3. Ward on Infallibility 4. 'Idealism in Theology' 5. Manning and Ward 6. 'The Catholic Spirit' 7. 'The Catholic Spirit' and University Education 4 VII. mE PREPARATION" OF mE COUNCIL 209 1. The Agenda for the Council 2. The Jubilee of 1867 and Fr. Liberatore's vow 3. A Pastoral on the Pope's Infallibility 4. The opportuneness of the definition of Papal Infallibility 5. Gallicanism 6. A controversy on the way to the Council VIII. mE FIRST VATICAN COUNCIL 236 A. The Constitution on Catholic Faith B. The Path to the Definition of Papal Infallibility I. The introduction of the subject in the Council 1. Petitions for its inclusion in the schema 'De Ecclesia' 2. The new chapter on the Pope's Infallibility 3. Moves to change the order of the debates II. The Definition 1. The Minority's fears 2. A personal Infallibility 3. The Object of Faith and the Object of Infallibility 4. An 'absolute' and 'separate' infallibility? CONCLUSIONS 285 ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all who, with their ideas and encouragement, have made this study possible. The years spent researching Manning's intellectual development are full of warm memories of those who had given me a generous share of their time and knowledge, and, in particular, of their friendship. Special mention should be made of the Rt. Rev. Dr. Geoffrey Rowell, Dr. Sheridan Gilley and Dr. Peter Nockles. The Newman-Manning'Symposiums, organised by Prof. Biemar and Prof. McClelland in Freiburg in 1993, 1994 and 1995, offered me the opportunity to learn much from them, besides enjoying their company. I have a very special debt of gratitude to Dr. Peter Erb, of Wilfrid Laurier University (Ontario), who made available to me the Gladstone-Manning correspondence which he is editing; he was also patient enough to go over the draft text of the first chapters of the thesis, making some very useful suggestions. I must also thank Mr. Andrew Hegarty for having helped me revise chapters four to eight. Dr. Jean Garnett gave me useful leads when studying Butler's influence on Manning and on some of his contemporaries. Last, but obviously not least, I wish to thank Prof. Vincent Alan McClelland. He introduced me to the subject, and, with his stupendous familiarity with Manning and his time, has been a sure guide and helped me avoid many a pitfall, beside being a continuous source of encouragement and assistance in the past few years. It is thanks to him that the thesis has been such an enjoyable experience for me. No amount of help can completely eliminate personal errors and mistakes: of them all I take full and sole responsibility. 6 INTRODUCTION Manning was introduced into the subject of education by Bishop Otter in the late 1830s.