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Migrations Albanaises En Grèce : Stratégies Migratoires Et Modes D’Adaptation

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Migrations Albanaises En Grèce : Stratégies Migratoires Et Modes D’Adaptation Migrations albanaises en Gr`ece: strat´egiesmigratoires et modes d'adaptation.Le cas de Thessalonique Kokkali Ifigeneia To cite this version: Kokkali Ifigeneia. Migrations albanaises en Gr`ece : strat´egies migratoires et modes d'adaptation.Le cas de Thessalonique. Sciences de l'Homme et Soci´et´e.Universit´eParis VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2008. Fran¸cais. <tel-00385301> HAL Id: tel-00385301 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00385301 Submitted on 18 May 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 INSTITUT FRANÇAIS D’URBANISME Ecole Doctorale Ville et Environnement Laboratoire Théories Des Mutations Urbaines UMR CNRS 7136 Migrations albanaises en Grèce : stratégies migratoires et modes d’adaptation Le cas de Thessalonique Thèse de Doctorat Discipline : Etudes Urbaines, Aménagement et Urbanisme Présentée et soutenue par Ifigeneia – Evlampia KOKKALI sous la direction de Monsieur François ASCHER Jury : François ASCHER Alain BOURDIN Hervé DOMENACH Byron KOTZAMANIS Thomas MALOUTAS Paris, septembre 2008 UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 INSTITUT FRANÇAIS D’URBANISME Ecole Doctorale Ville et Environnement Laboratoire Théories Des Mutations Urbaines UMR CNRS 7136 Migrations albanaises en Grèce : stratégies migratoires et modes d’adaptation Le cas de Thessalonique Thèse de Doctorat Discipline : Etudes Urbaines, Aménagement et Urbanisme Présentée et soutenue par Ifigeneia – Evlampia KOKKALI sous la direction de Monsieur François ASCHER Paris, septembre 2008 avant propos Ce travail de recherche se veut avant tout un travail exploratoire consacré à des pratiques et attitudes migratoires sinon atypiques du moins insolites. Il tente, avec modestie, mais aussi avec conviction, d’en proposer une lecture, sa lecture. Son objet est plus particulièrement de repérer les stratégies et les modes d’adaptation qui se retrouvent chez les migrants albanais en Grèce, en particulier à Thessalonique, et de délimiter le terrain de la recherche que suscite leurs migrations. Les migrants albanais qui ont participé à l’enquête empirique sur laquelle cette recherche s’appuie sont les premiers que je tiens à remercier pour leur collaboration et le temps qu’ils m’ont accordé. Je veux aussi exprimer ma gratitude à tous ceux qui m’ont soutenue dans ce cheminement difficile qu’est l’élaboration d’une thèse de doctorat : mes parents pour leur soutien psychologique et financier, mon frère Giorgos pour son aide précieux en informatique, mes amis tant en Grèce qu’en France pour leurs encouragements incessants, aussi bien que mes collègues du Laboratoire Théories et Mutations Urbaines, pour leur solidarité. Je tiens également à remercier mes cousines Ariadna, Claudia et Alexia pour leurs corrections linguistiques, grâce auxquelles mes propos ne seront pas trahis par l’insuffisance de mon français. Je n’oublie pas, pour la correction de ma thèse, les efforts assidus d’Irène, que je remercie également. Je remercie beaucoup Monsieur Alain Bourdin, Monsieur Hervé Domenach et Monsieur Thomas Maloutas pour avoir accepté participer à mon jury. Je voudrais très chaleureusement remercier Monsieur Byron Kotzamanis, mon ancien professeur à l’Université de Thessalie, dont les remarques discrètes et judicieuses ont rendu mon travail à la fois plus concret et plus juste. Les discussions fertiles que j’ai eues avec lui m’ont parfois empêchée de m’égarer et m’ont évité bien des embûches. Enfin et surtout, je voudrais adresser mes plus vifs remerciements et ma profonde gratitude à mon directeur de thèse, Monsieur François Ascher pour son accueil, son soutien et ses encouragements, qui ne se sont pas démentis dans les moments les plus difficiles. Son attention, ses appréciations, ses indications précieuses n’a cessé, au long de ma thèse, de guider mes pas. Ifigeneia Kokkali Paris, septembre 2008. TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES TABLEAUX, FIGURES, GRAPHIQUES ET IMAGES ........................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 10 OBJET DE LA RECHERCHE ........................................................................................................ 12 HYPOTHESES DE TRAVAIL ....................................................................................................... 14 SOURCES ET METHODES .......................................................................................................... 21 PLAN DE LA THESE................................................................................................................... 28 PARTIE I : MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES ET IMMIGRATION EN GRECE ................................................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPITRE 1 : CONCEPTS-CLEFS ........................................................................................... 33 1.1 LES THEORIES DE L’IMMIGRATION .................................................................................... 33 1.2 TERMES ET NOTIONS CLEFS. CADRE CONCEPTUEL ET THEORIQUE.................................... 42 CHAPITRE 2 : LA GRECE ET LES MIGRATIONS. PERSPECTIVE HISTORIQUE...................... 56 2.1 GRECE, « NOUVELLE » TERRE D’IMMIGRATION ? UN COMMENTAIRE............................... 56 2.2 LE SUD EUROPEEN : PORTUGAL, ESPAGNE, ITALIE, GRECE. DES « PAYS D’EMIGRATION » D’APRES -GUERRE, « PAYS D’IMMIGRATION » ACTUELS ......................................................... 60 2.3 GRECE : BREF HISTORIQUE DES FLUX MIGRATOIRES A PARTIR ET A DESTINATION DE LA GRECE...................................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPITRE 3 : LES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES VERS LA GRECE A LA FIN DU 20EME SIECLE ..................................................................................................................................... 76 3.1 DES MIGRATIONS PAR EXCELLENCE BALKANIQUES .......................................................... 76 3.2 ASPECTS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET DEMOGRAPHIQUES PRINCIPAUX DES MIGRATIONS .... 81 CHAPITRE 4 : BREF APERÇU DES POLITIQUES MIGRATOIRES EN GRECE .......................... 93 4.1 LA LOI NO 1975 DE 1991 ................................................................................................... 94 4.2 LE PREMIER PROGRAMME DE REGULARISATION DE 1998 ................................................ 96 4.3 LA LOI NO 2910 DE 2001 ET LE DEUXIEME PROGRAMME DE REGULARISATION ............ 102 4.4 LA LOI 3386 DE 2005 ....................................................................................................... 107 4.5 POLITIQUE MIGRATOIRE GRECQUE ; UN COMMENTAIRE. ................................................ 110 PARTIE II : FLUX ALBANAIS ET MIGRATIONS EN GRECE ................................ 117 1 CHAPITRE 5 : L’ALBANIE, UN EUROPEEN INCONNU.......................................................... 119 5.1 GEOGRAPHIE, RELIEF, DIVISIONS ADMINISTRATIVES ET POPULATION ............................ 119 5.2 HISTOIRE POLITIQUE ET SOCIOECONOMIQUE RECENTE ................................................... 128 5.3 CONDITIONS DE VIE, PAUVRETE ET DISPARITES REGIONALES ......................................... 137 CHAPITRE 6 : MIGRATIONS ALBANAISES ; UN PHENOMENE SINGULIER .......................... 143 6.1 CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE ET CULTUREL ............................................................................ 143 6.2 MIGRATIONS ALBANAISES INTERNATIONALES DANS L’ERE POSTCOMMUNISTE ............. 147 6.3 LES MIGRATIONS INTERNES, UN PHENOMENE PARALLELE .............................................. 152 6.4 LES LIENS PAUVRETE-MIGRATIONS ................................................................................. 155 CHAPITRE 7 : FLUX MIGRATOIRES ALBANAIS VERS LA GRECE........................................ 164 7.1. UNE MIGRATION DU TRAVAIL, JEUNE ET FAMILIALE...................................................... 165 7.2 BAS NIVEAU D’INSTRUCTION ET FAIBLESSE DE L’AUTO-EMPLOI .................................... 173 7.3 UNE REPARTITION DIFFUSE DANS LE TERRITOIRE NATIONAL.......................................... 177 CHAPITRE 8 : AU-DELA DES DONNEES CENSITAIRES, LES ENQUETES DE TERRAIN. QUELQUES POINTS ESSENTIELS POUR L’ETUDE DES MIGRANTS ALBANAIS EN GRECE ... 190 8.1 L’ENQUETE DE TERRAIN : IDENTITE, DESSEIN DE L’ENQUETE ET PROFIL GENERAL DE L’ECHANTILLON..................................................................................................................... 191 8.2 QUELQUES THEMES-CLEFS POUR L’ETUDE DES MIGRATIONS ALBANAISES..................... 206 PARTIE III: L’ACCUEIL DU PHENOMENE MIGRATOIRE ALBANAIS EN GRECE. STRATEGIES D’ADAPTATION DES MIGRANTS ALBANAIS ................ 277 CHAPITRE 9 : SOCIETE GRECQUE ET « CONSTRUCTION » DE L’IMMIGRATION .............. 279 9.1 IDENTITE COLLECTIVE ET GROUPES MINORITAIRES ........................................................ 282 9.2 DE LA SOCIETE ET DE L’IDENTITE GRECQUE...................................................................
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