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Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Da Religião Doutorado Em Ciência Da Religião Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião Doutorado em Ciência da Religião Gisele Cardoso de Lemos RECRIAÇÃO CONCEITUAL E PÓS-COLONIALIDADE: “CIÊNCIA” E “RELIGIÃO” NAS OBRAS DO ESCRITOR INDIANO AMITAV GHOSH Juiz de Fora 2015 Gisele Cardoso de Lemos Recriação conceitual e pós-colonialidade: “Ciência” e “Religião” nas obras do escritor indiano Amitav Ghosh Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciência da Religião, área de concentração: Tradições Religiosas e Perspectivas de Diálogo, da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência da Religião. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Dilip Loundo Juiz de Fora 2015 Gisele Cardoso de Lemos Recriação conceitual e pós-colonialidade: “Ciência” e “Religião” nas obras do escritor indiano Amitav Ghosh Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Área de Concentração em Tradições Religiosas e Perspectivas de Diálogo, do Instituto de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciência da Religião. Aprovada em 31 de agosto de 2015. BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dilip Loundo (Orientador) Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcelo Ayres Camurça Lima Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Teresinha Vânia Zimbrão da Silva Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora _____________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Eliana Lourenço de Lima Reis Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Evandro Vieira Ouriques Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro À Índia que proporcionou o meu encontro com o outro e, consequentemente, com os muitos outros de mim mesma. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador e mestre Prof. Dr. Dilip Loundo, pela dedicação e confiança, pelo compartilhamento de seu conhecimento que perpassa todas as páginas deste trabalho e, sobretudo, pela conversa de dezembro de 2014. A Shankar P. Bhattacharyya pela constante motivação; Ao meu sobrinho Vinícius, que desde os quatro anos me ajudou a digitar esta tese ao mesmo tempo em que se alfabetizava digitalmente. A Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora e ao Departamento de Ciência da Religião. Ao órgão financiador do projeto, CAPES. Resumo Este trabalho busca analisar as apropriações que o escritor indiano em língua inglesa Amitav Ghosh faz das noções ocidentais de ciência e religião em suas respectivas obras The Calcutta Chromosome e The Circle of Reason, por meio de diálogos, tensões e negociações destas noções com paradigmas filosófico-religiosos de caráter inclusivista e dialógico da civilização indiana, que são matrizes existenciais que perpassam gerações e influenciam inclusive a contemporaneidade da Índia. Para esse fim, esse trabalho privilegia a literatura ficcional como ferramenta crítica para as discussões sobre ciência e religião, uma vez que a ficção propicia a contextualização das coisas/seres, ou seja, a apreensão destes em sua totalidade. Com isso, também buscamos apresentar uma contextualização histórica, linguística, literária, científica e filosófico-religiosa para que sejam mais bem compreendidas algumas escolhas de Amitav Ghosh, a saber: a língua inglesa, o gênero literário romance, as temáticas da medicina tropical e da frenologia e a apropriação da doutrina da transmigração da alma (ātma), a lei do karma e a teoria dos guṇas, discutidas em fontes como os Upaniṣads e o Bhagavad-gītā. Como ferramentas de análise utilizamos, sobretudo, teorias pós-coloniais de subalternidade, tradições unitaristas da filosofia hindu, as obras não-ficcionais do próprio autor e as obras dos mais importantes críticos literários de Ghosh. Com as análises literárias mostramos que Ghosh, além de por em prática a tradição inclusivista indiana, ele demonstra a superioridade do ―domínio espiritual‖ sobre o ―domínio material‖, (conceitos cunhados por Partha Chatterjee) e reabilita a noção de uma racionalidade ocidental excludente tornando-a uma razão iluminadora e libertadora. Palavras-chave: Amitav Ghosh, The Calcutta Chromosome, The Circle of Reason, Ciência, Religião. Abstract This study analyzes the appropriations of Western notions of science and religion by the Indian writer in English Amitav Ghosh, in his respective works The Calcutta Chromosome and The Circle of Reason, through dialogues, tensions, and negotiations between these notions and religious and philosophical paradigms of the Indian civilization, characterized by its inclusive and dialogical characteristics. These paradigms form an existential matrix that crosses generations and even influences contemporary India. To this end, this work focuses on fictional literature as a critical tool for the discussion on science and religion, since fiction provides contextualization for things/beings, that is, the comprehention of these in their entirety. With this, we also seek to provide a historical, linguistic, literary, scientific, philosophical and religious context in order to better understand some of Amitav Ghosh‘s choices, namely the English language, the novel as literary genre, the themes of tropical medicine and phrenology and the appropriation of the doctrine of transmigration of the soul (saṃsāra), the law of karma and the theory of guṇas discussed in sources such as the Upaniṣads and the Bhagavad-gītā. As tools of analysis, we use especially postcolonial theories of subalternity, unitarian traditions of Hindu philosophy, nonfictional works of the author himself and the works of the most important literary critics of Ghosh‘s work. With literary analysis we show that Ghosh, besides using the inclusivist Indian tradition, demonstrates the superiority of ―spiritual domain‖ over the ―material domain‖ (concepts coined by Partha Chatterjee) and also rehabilitates the notion of an exclusionary Western rationality transforming it into an enlightening and liberating reason. Keywords: Amitav Ghosh, The Calcutta Chromosome, The Circle of Reason, Science, Religion. Sumário Nota sobre transliteração e pronúncia i Introdução 1 Capítulo 1 – Amitav Ghosh: contexto e intertexto 9 1.1– Vida e obra do autor 10 1.2 – Diversidade linguística na Índia 19 1.3 – Línguas em contestação, negociação e conflito 25 1.4 – Breve história do romance indiano em língua inglesa 33 1.5 – Escrever em língua inglesa: submissão ou subversão? 54 Capítulo 2 – ―Ciência‖ e ―religião‖ como aporte colonial: Renascimento da Bengala e os encontros de horizontes cognitivos 75 2.1 – A tradição dialógica e inclusivista da Índia 78 2.2 – O orientalismo e a imposição conceitual 82 2.3 – Aspectos do Iluminismo europeu na Índia: William Jones e James Mill 87 2.3.1 – William Jones 87 2.3.2 – James Mill 93 2.4 – A modernidade da Índia: exercícios da imaginação criativa pós-colonial e dialogia 99 2.4.1 – Imaginação como criação científica: Jagadish Chandra Bose 105 2.4.2 – Imaginação como criação literária: Rabindranath Tagore 111 2.5 – A herança crítica e criativa de Amitav Ghosh 120 Capítulo 3 – Subvertendo ―ciência‖ e ―religião‖ em The Calcutta Chromosome: a metáfora da transmigração como estratégia narrativa 124 3.1 – Enredo, estilo e caracterização dos personagens 124 3.2 – O espaço da problematização: a ciência tropical, a eliminação de doenças e a correção de sujeitos. 130 3.3 – O instrumento crítico: a transmigração da alma na tradição Indiana 145 3.4 – Subvertendo e recriando. ‗Ciência ‗e ‗Religião‘ como uma estratégia crítica em favor da pluralidade existencial do sujeito 154 Capítulo 4 – Subvertendo ―ciência‖ e ―religião‖ em The Circle of Reason: a metáfora do tecelão como estratégia narrativa 176 4.1 – Enredo, estilo e caracterização dos personagens 177 4.2 – O espaço de problematização: a frenologia, a correção do sujeito e a eliminação da imaginação e criatividade 183 4.3 – O instrumento crítico: as três disposições existenciais (sattva, rajas e tamas) como momentos de tecelagem 203 4.4 – Subvertendo e recriando. ‗ciência ‗e ‗religião‘ como uma estratégia crítica em favor da razão multifacetada 210 Conclusão 235 Referências Bibliográficas 239 Anexo 254 NOTA SOBRE TRANSLITERAÇÃO E PRONÚNCIA A transliteração das palavras sânscritas segue o IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration). Guia de pronúncia da transliteração*: (i) Vogais, ditongos e semivogais ā som de ‗a‘ com emissão prolongada pelo dobro do tempo, soando como vogal aberta ī som de ‗i‘ com emissão prolongada pelo dobro do tempo ū som de ‗u‘ com emissão prolongada pelo dobro do tempo ṛ som de ‗r‘ fraco, pronunciado com a língua no palato; aproxima-se do som regional do ‗r‘ caipira em ‗prima‘ ṝ som de ‗ṛ‘ (ver acima) com a pronúncia prolongada pelo dobro do tempo r som de um ‗r‘ fraco como em ‗caro‘ y som de ‗i‘ de ligação como em ‗iodo‘ (ii) consoantes kh som de ‗c‘ aspirado gh som de ‗g‘ aspirado ṅ som da nasal gutural; geralmente seguido da consoante ‗k‘, ‗kh‘, ‗g‘, ou ‗gh‘ (ver acima), causando a nasalização da vogal ou ditongo precendente, como em ‗tanga‘. c som de ‗tch‘ como em ‗tchê‘ ou na pronúncia carioca de ‗tio‘ ch som de ‗tch‘ aspirado j som de ‗dj‘como em ‗djalma‘ jh som de ‗dj‘ aspirado ñ som da nasal palatal que pode assumir duas entonações distintas: (i) quando seguido de vogal ou ditongo, adquire o som de ‗nh‘ como em ‗senha‘; (ii) quando seguido da consoante ‗c‘, ‗ch‘, ‗j‘, ou ‗jh‘ (ve acima), adquire o som de nasalização da vogal ou ditongo precendente, como em ‗canja‘ ṭ som de ‗t‘ pronúnciado com a língua no palato ṭh som de ṭ (ver acima) aspirado ḍ som de ‗d‘ pronúnciado com a língua no palato ḍh som de ḍ (ver acima) aspirado ṇ som de ‗n‘ pronunciado com a língua no palato th som de ‗t‘ aspirado dh som de ‗d‘aspirado ph som de ‗p‘aspirado bh som de ‗b‘aspirado ś som de ‗x‘ como em ‗xícara‘. ṣ som de ‗x‘ pronunciado com a língua no palato h som de ‗r‘ forte aspirado, como na pronúncia em português da marca de carro ‗Hyundai‘ ḥ som de ‗r‘ forte aspirado (usado no final de palavras e frases) ṃ representação genêrica do som de nasalização da vogal precedente; nesse caso, pode ser substitutiva do ‗ṅ‘, ‗ñ‘, ‗ṇ‘, ‗n‘ ou ‗m‘.
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