LL Living Landlust Social Comforts Expanded Research March 2016

Name: Jannick van ‘t Ende Student Nr: 4340558 E-Mail: [email protected]

Studio: Heritage & Architecture Housing - Koningsvrouwen van Landlust

Tutors: Lidwine Spoormans & Wido Quist What is most notable in Landlust is the strong change in the residents, over RESIDENTS OF the past decades it developed into a community with a lot of non-western SOCIAL COMFORTS, LANDLUST cultures. However the past years show that this group is on the decline again in Landlust, this means the area becomes more diverse. The increase of sold property also brings people with a stronger social-economic position to the CREATING COHESION neighbourhood, adding to the diversity. Even though there is a big shift in the culture and origination of the residents the configuration of the families remain similar. About 52% lives alone, 21% This document is set up to investigate the social problems in the is a couple without children, 17% a couple with children and 8% is a single neighbourhood of Landlust in Amsterdam-west and how to create parent in 2015 (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). The numbers show that the urban green to improve social structures. residents of Landlust are young with an average of 33,8 years and is expected to remain so until 2025 (35 years), the average for the whole of Amsterdam is INTRODUCTION 39 years old. This also explains the high amount of starters and freelancers in Landlust and the surrounding areas. The theme that has been selected for my graduation project was that of The tourism sector of Landlust is small but is growing rapidly, especially in the PROBLEM comforts within architecture. In the first part of my thematic research I’ve number of restaurants and other hospitality functions. The industrial plot next STATEMENT looked into climatic comforts and the qualities of spaces for comfortable use. to the project across the Willem de Zwijgerlaan is developing into a new hub As the project progressed these two pillars alone were insufficient to solve for business with among other functions; student housing , leisure, hotels and all problems in the project and neighbourhood. Landlust is a neighbourhood retailers. with a great and ever increasing diversity of cultures and social standing which brings up its own issues. To tackle these problems and come up with adequate In the report residents were also asked what they thought of the their dwellings solutions the research should be expanded into the realms of social comfort APPRECIATION and the urban area surrounding it. In Landlust the rating for the dwellings is and the design of public spaces, for this is where all these cultures come into OF LANDLUST relatively low as they appear to have complaints about nuisance by neighbours. contact with each other. There are many social issues within the neighbourhood They also don’t like the appearance of the buildings and there is not enough ranging widely from the general dissatisfaction with the urban green to social maintenance. The same can be said about the public spaces, and while the exclusion of ethnic groups and above average health issues. The goal of this ratings have been going up over the past years it is still below average. This report is to conclude what problems exist and how these can be solved in the accounts for both the green spaces as well other public spaces such as squares. new design. A short brief with design recommendations will be the resulting For Landlust as a whole the rating is 6,8 as opposed to the average of product. Amsterdam which is 7,4. People also consider their neighbours less involved with the neighbourhood as the average (5,8 versus 6,3). Both aspects did SOCIAL PROBLEMS & QUALITIES IN LANDLUST improve in the past decade though; in 2005 the area was rated a 6,1 and the involvement a 4,9. The percentage of residents that feels unsafe in their own In the analysis of Landlust done in the first research the spatial qualities of the neighbourhood is above the average as well with 34% as opposed to 28% SOCIAL neighbourhood have been investigated. What the social qualities and problems (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016). SITUATION are however have not been outlined. To illustrate for the social situation as a frame of reference the most relevant information for the project will be given, Problems the dwellers would solve first according tot the research was: this information is taken from an analysis by the municipality of Amsterdam Trash on the streets and public spaces (Gebiedsanalyse 2016 Stadsdeel West, Gemeente Amsterdam). Hanging youth Dog mess

LL LIVING LANDLUST 2 3 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL The overall health of the residents of Landlust is below average in many THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT FOR THE URBAN GREEN HEALTH IN aspects. They more often face problems with an average or poor health than LANDLUST the rest of Amsterdam (29% versus 25%) and also have more physical ailments The striving for creating social cohesion by using urban green has been a topic and limitations. This also goes for the youth with ten-year-olds also being WIJKGEDACHTE discussed for a long time. The urban plan of Landlust is typical to the rising overweight more often than other areas of Amsterdam (31% versus 23%) modernist ideas that came up around that time, Van Eesteren used new ideologies which is reflected in the fact that less children join a sports club (56% versus in his general expansion plan that later were formulated as the ‘wijkgedachte’ 69%). As for physical health there are actually fewer people that are extremely (Geyl, 1947). This idea is a blueprint for how people should live and how society lonely compared to the average (7% versus 11%) but the group of residents should function around them. People before us have always lived in smaller that feel socially excluded is bigger (13% versus 9%). This can be explained by communities that needed less rules, this is why he argues that neighbourhoods the large amount of cultures, with under represented groups feeling excluded. should be self sufficient and form the ideal scale for this microclimate. The living environment would have to be divided into different layers around the house of AMSTERDAMS PLAN FOR LANDLUST residents with daily needs such as grocery stores and primary schools and other more infrequent needs can be more centralised. All these points that were named before have been used and translated into an In the urban plan of the project these ideas are represented by the stores that MUNICIPAL agenda for the area of Bos en Lommer for the period of 2016-19. The agenda are attached to the buildings facing the Willem de Zwijgerlaan. These stores are AGENDA used three main themes in order to solve the most problems that are now in the currently not used anymore or specific stores that attract clients in a large area. area. These main themes are youth, poverty and social exclusion and physical This backs up modern claims that the wijkgedachte is an outdated principle, and economical redevelopment. For youth the main goals are improve the people have become more indivualistic due to new technologies and are way climate in which they are raised, offer more attention to healthy living and their more mobile due to modern transports. This added to their freedom in choosing overweight, preventing further polarisation, discrimination and radicalisation. their desired stores and functions, making it harder to design these specific These are all golas that van easily be reached in the realm of the public space provisions for them in a space. and its greenery. For the second pillar the municipality wants to invest in a self For Landlust in specific the target group changed immensely as well, adding to sustaining community based on volunteers and caregiving for family and friends. the change of demands too. The change from a homogenous groups of working A communal green area can create a better social cohesion to promote this social class residents to diverse ethnical and social groups asked for new facilities and cohesion by joined activities and local volunteering to keep the public spaces provisions but they are currently still the same as eighty years ago. The main clean. This stimulation goes hand in hand with the third pillar, such projects could issues in the commercial facilities are caused by this wide diversity, women stimulate new sustainable development of the public space and businesses alike. started working, children play outside less than before and people use facilities Other activities that are named by the municipality are safety, art and culture, in different time frames. diversity, space for social initiatives and local prticipation of residents. (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2016) The wishes for public greenery changed as well, before open space was used PUBLIC GREEN on initiative of the user and they gave their own interpretation of the space. SPACES However there are infinite kinds of other distractions nowadays and people apreciate it if the space is more defined and suggests a use. This relates to the division between public and private spaces, there are clear rules for public space and for private space. But when a space is designed poorly and this border becomes vague conflicts may occur between users of the space. In this same way the public realm can be used to help integrate different groups in a community, this does not mean intensive contact but rather the knowlegde of eachothers existence.

LL LIVING LANDLUST 4 5 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL BENEFITS OF REDESIGNING THE URBAN GREEN Not only is urban green good for improving quality of life it can also reduce People need parks because a good park provides a place for rest, relaxation stressful situations and crime rates in an area. The council of Europe wrote in INTRODUCTION and even more importantly they are places for spontaneous social interaction. 1986 that “Open space is... Important for social interaction and in fostering This interaction is the fundamental element for ‘social capital’, the network of community development... In particular it helps reduce the inherent tension relation that define the coherance of an area. Places with a good social capital and conflict in deprived urban areas.” There also is evidence that attractive or are stable and prosperous places where people want to live and work. It is not successful green spaces positively influence the behaviour both of individuals easy to build social capital, but it is easy however to build the spaces where and the wider society, for example helping reducing crime rates by offering it can form, and small urban parks are some of the best spaces for doing this alternative activities for the young. (Whyte, 1980). The main benefits of urban green in the social sphere: “Parks strenghten communities. They increase community cohesion by Value in existing, passive appreciation providing a place for people to get together.” - Peter Harnik, Director, Center Helps prevent social exclusion for City Park Excellence, Trust for Public Land Important role in social relations Can bind different cultures The many benefits of urban green space can be categorised as social Supports child development SOCIAL (including health and educational benefits), environmental and economic. A Physical and mental health benefits BENEFITS successful urban green space however will provide multiple benefits to urban Reduce crime rates and stressful situations communities. Many studies highlight the social benefits of urban green spaces Educational possibilities for all groups as it has both an existence value because it is good to know it is there and the use value with the options of usage. It contributes greatly to social inclusion The environmental benefits of urban green space include contributions to the as it is free and very accessible for all, a neutral ground for all members of ENVIRON- local biodiversity through the conservation and creation of urban habitats, society. Generally a wide range of activities is tolerated there and they provide MENTAL conservation of landscape and cultural heritage, improving the physical opportunities for different cultures to meet, places where people can take a BENEFITS environment by filtering pollutants and noise, moderating extremes in the break at lunchtime and they are important for couples. The use of public parks urban climate, being cheap sustainable urban filtration and to some extent is a tradition around the world and therefore do share similar cultural traditions a sink for carbon-dioxide. It can create local micro climates that are more which encourages interactions. comfortable and they can promote airflow and movement, cooling from shade and extra humidity from vegetation can all help produce a more comfortable Often these areas become the hub for neighbourhoods through the many environment. These effects have led to the term ‘park cool island’ as opposed opportunities it provides; it supports child development through interaction to the term ‘urban heat island’. with others, imaginative play and its educational value. The health benefits are Urban green spaces are the green fabric of the city complementing the very important also as it gives the opportunity to engage in outdoor exercise built environment that often is dominant, both have their right to exist but and the psychological effect from escaping to a more relaxing environment. when both high quality buildings and green space come together truly great This works on the individual level but will reflect on the whole community. The townscapes can be made. educational benefits are there for all age groups as well if the park is designed Creating such a green environment can help push other environmental well and there is space for such activities. This relation between health agenda items such as reducing car use by encouraging walking and cycling, and urban green is proven by a study in the (DeVries, Verheij, reducing energy demand through new building technologies, recycling by Groenewegen, 2000), people in a greener environment reported fewer health composting and increasing self-sufficiency through the use of gardens and the problems and have a better general health and mental health. demonstration of better uses of resources.

LL LIVING LANDLUST 6 7 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL The main benefits of urban green in the environmental sphere: In addition there are also access issues, in particular for the elderly and people Improve local biodiversity with disabilities. They are concerned about the proximity of the spaces, the ease Conservation of landscape or cultural heritage of access and moving around in them. Improve the comfort in the physical environment The research also shows sevens factors that are likely to encourage people to use Combining good urban green and buildings forms great townscapes urban green spaces more, again in approximate order of importance: Including urban greenery helps stimulate other environmental agendas Help moderate urban extremes and improve water filtration Dog mess Improved safety The economic benefits include both on site benefits with the surrounding Better maintenance ECONOMIC property gaining value and attracting and keeping businesses in the area and Better facilities BENEFITS even in attracting tourists. Many researches have shown the important role More activities of urban green spaces in sustaining local urban economies. It is suggested More staff that urban green space can become the catalyst for wider community and Making spaces easier to reach and have them close by economical spin-offs in ways that other facilities or buildings are unable (DTLR, 2002). Also in terms of facilities that could encourage use if they were available users particularly desired the provision of dog litter bins, more seating, litter bins, The main benefits of urban green in the economical sphere: informational boards, children’s play area and sports areas were all mentioned. Increase property value For other changes that would improve safety in urban green areas for all users Attract and maintain businesses in the area more lighting was the most important, followed by dogs on leads, dog free zones, Urban green can start economic spin-offs more things for younger people and no cycling or roller skating on the paths. There are of course also secondary barriers that affect certain groups or cultures THE IDEAL URBAN GREEN SPACE only, especially within a diverse neighbourhood as Landlust. Youth from under- represented cultures is prone to bullying (Woolley and Amin, 1995) and the Five main barriers are identified thay prevent people from using urban green elderly are affected by fears for their safety (Toronto Parks and Recreation, BARRIERS TO spaces (DTLR, 2002). In approximate order of importance they are: 2001). The large spectrum of cultures and minority groups in Landlust are USE OF URBAN particularly affected by barriers due to their ethnicity, including fear of racist GREEN SPACES Lack of, or the poor condition of facilities - including play space for children attacks, unfamiliarity with open space cultures or just the feeling of exclusion. Other users, including undesirable characters People with disabilities are concerned more about the proximity and ease of Concerns about dog or dog mess access than anything else. Luckily these issues can be overcome by good design Safety and other ‘psychological’ issues and management, other issues can not be solved by the owner however; poor Environmental quality such as litter, graffiti and vandalism health or mobility, not having enough time or having other interests.

An overview of several different sources show that qualities of successful green THE IDEAL spaces can be divided into three themes; the overall design of the space, meeting URBAN GREEN the need of people in its functions and the management. When asked about the SPACE most important components of the design of an urban green space the most frequent answers were vegetation followed by water, play opportunities, comforts like seating, toilers and shelters, good access, sports and events. Environmental quality issues to meet the peoples needs are litter bins, lighting, prevention

LL LIVING LANDLUST 8 9 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL of vandalism and specific elements such as sculptures were named. Wheeled Water is the second most frequently named component after vegetation, this activities were desired by women and young people and sensory stimulation was could be water for children’s play or just as simple as a fountain where people named by people with disabilities. Concerns about the management is mainly can sit and meet or just listen to the falling water. This seating should come in with having good staff and caretakers and a strife for quality rather than quantity. a variety of forms and arrangements as well so they can offer seating for bigger If an area looks good it has value and gets less abuse. and small groups of various ages. An element that could possibly be used by all groups is shelter, a place where elderly can sit during the day and teenagers can Overall it is clear that the improvements people want to see in urban green spaces stay in the evenings. are related to good design and management, focused on meeting people’s needs, overcoming barriers to use and providing a high quality and varied experience For some younger people the lack of goal posts hindered their enjoyment of a for all social groups in the community. People showed awareness of the needs casual game of football. Of course the same can be applied for multiple groups, of others and wanted to truly be a space for all. This social vision should be being able to join in on various activities without the need of actually joining matched by a physical vision of the type of space that is needed. a club is considered desirable. Separate provision for bicycles would improve the feeling of safety, particularly for the disabled residents. Having wheelchair “You need a mixed environment with different generations; parks are a place friendly activities such as outdoor chess and checkers and perhaps a graffiti wall where the family and the community can come together - life and death, it’s a would do well for provision too according to this group. natural process”. - Woman in Lewisham “Every activity that is going on is important for somebody” - Disabled man, The perception that someone has of an urban green space can significantly affect Newcastle upon Tyne whether they use that space and their contribution to the collective image the community has of the space. This image the community has will in turn reflect The main elements of the ideal urban green space summarised: back on the use by their individual users. Because of this effect the image can be Variety in spaces as important as the reality in whether people will want to use the space or not Lines of sight (DTLR, 2002). Diverse vegetation Integrating water in the plan All people who did partake in the research said they would appreciate have Use sensory stimulation SPATIAL variety of spaces within their ideal urban green space. All groups wanted to have Make many and varied places to sit QUALITIES a mix of open areas, open trees and spaces where you can see everything around Place shelters for elderly during the day and teenagers at night you, this is directly related to safety issues and being able to see exit spaces in a Create opportunities for activities by all groups space. Especially the younger groups would like to see different activities as well, Good maintenance is essential but this is as much a management issue as a design issue. Views were appreciated across all groups, whether they were of a city or nature - being able to see beyond the space you are currently is considered desirable. This is related to the desire of a ‘spacious’ feel and having interesting variation in different areas. These differences can be done by placing unique objects or using varying vegetation along a path creating unique green spaces. This diverse vegetation can also assist in creating other sensory stimulation. The presence of different things to touch, smell, listen to or see is a quality for all but especially makes it interesting for disabled people. Of course there are also more practical applications such as brightly coloured litter bins and warning sounds near swings.

LL LIVING LANDLUST 10 11 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL Creating space for children across all age groups is very important as it is widely moveable seating for flexible use or combining uses like a grassy slope for play PREFERENCE BY accepted that play helps them develop social skills, creativity and confidence. and seating. By offering such a broad range of seating you are likely to attract CHILDREN These are all essential to the early stages in life and therefore there should be more locals to use the space which helps with social control and other safety provision of plenty and varied opportunities, not just playgrounds but also other issues. spaces that need imagination to use. A survey done in Leicester, London, England (DTLR, 2002) among 1000 children “The best way to handle the problem of undesirables is to make a place sheds light on the views of children themselves as users of urban green spaces. attractive to everyone else. Places designed for mistrust will get what they were The results show that if a play area of good quality was provided then it would looking for.” - William H. Whyte, The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces encourage all groups of users to visit these spaces more frequently. A park should always have good visual access, when people become cut Some of the found information is summarised in the following list: SAFETY off from their surroundings they might feel unsafe. Having the green spaces Children use smaller local parks more often than large parks but have more connected to the surroundings will help give the feeling of security because of negative comments on the design, maintenance and provisions of the smaller the principle of ‘eyes on the park’. This will add to the comfort of the users and parks and their accessibility. will actually improve safety. Neighbourhood parks are best if centrally located Many children are distressed by dogs and dog mess in public places. with houses facing them and larger parks become more connected when given The younger you are, the more you like parks, the interest peaks at 8-9 years. front yard status. Creating lines of sight in this process can even create some Children are aware more than adults that there are differences between park mystery and make people wonder what can be found further down (Whyte, use by older and younger children. 1980). Asian children like parks more than any other ethnic group 94% of children wanted to spend more time outside of the house if given the Water is a very interesting element to be used in urban green, it is experienced chance. WATER as calming and refreshing. Many great parks are known for their water In terms of features they desired for their ideal park ‘grass, trees and flowers’ features, but they are just as important in smaller public spaces. The splashing got a higher rating than swings and other playthings. sounds can help mask undesirable noise from surroundings and make people feel separated from their surroundings. Even a small feature can form a strong DESIGNING AN URBAN GREEN SPACE focal point in an environment, it becomes especially useful when people can touch it. Being able to wade, splash or soak in water adds a lot of value. In the previous chapters some wishes, demands and suggestions were made for desired elements in a successful urban green space. This however says very Sun and wind can be used to warm or cool urban green spaces if designed little on the physical manifestation of the design and the how to meet those SUN & WIND carefully. Parks that largely consist of grass and trees are much cooler in demands. Many elements that play a big role in the design of an urban space summer than those with many paved surfaces, they may even stay 5 to 10 will be covered in this chapter, the first being seating. degrees cooler than the surrounding city. Deciduous trees lose their leaves in Good seating is the most basic and most important aspect of a public winter allowing for sunlight to come through and in summer they will offer SEATING park, it can vary from grass covered slopes to benches, ledges, planters and shade. They are especially useful around places where people sit and gather. steps. Seating should always be oriented so it is both physically and socially Conifers on the other hand are green all year around and have dense lower comfortable, the best locations are near ‘where the action is’, where they can branches which can help block cold winter winds. Both these winds and see other people. Offering various places, be it in the sun or shade, in groups vegetation can be used to block noise from surroundings too. or alone, this is what attracts many types of people. Seating size can vary too, both in height as well as the shape or type, this makes sure there is always a place that suits the need of an individual. An alternative could be using

LL LIVING LANDLUST 12 13 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL Trees can also soften environments and add colour, texture and sounds to The park is maintained by two staff, who work 30 hours a week each, together VEGETATION urban green spaces. Deciduous trees change throughout the year, they flower in with 8-10 volunteers who undertake general maintenance. Due to the success spring and change colour in the fall, this principle can be used to create vocal of the plan they are now developing a large number of ‘satellite sites’: creating points for the residents. The canopies can provide a sense of shelter and human areas with incidental green space, play spaces and pocket parks, creating a scale in outdoor spaces. Often the best choice of trees are native kinds because network of high-quality green spaces for the neighbourhood. they attract the local wildlife. There are a few measurable improvements the park brought to the area among Special features such as art and street performers can help connect people and which; the improvement of the environmental quality through the new park, SPECIAL often lead to friendly interactions. A public performance or game can spark the regeneration of the satellite sites and the suggested wider environmental FEATURES conversations and a park can stimulate such activities and interactions. The face-lift and the provision of facilities and recreational opportunities. In this involvement of the community can lead to increased use, enhancement of the case there also was direct job creation through employment of development quality and ensures the facilities are suited to the local needs. workers and maintenance staff associated with the park. Indirect job creation through economic stimulation is harder to track but there are a number of new CASE STUDIES businesses starting up or locating in the area due to the development of the park. The site available in the Landlust project for the development into an urban green space is odd with its long stretches of land. This makes it hard to make a When studying the spatial qualities of the park the creation of different zones conventional design for a park-like environment. For this reason one case study (figure 1) immediately strikes the eye. This diversity in use creates interesting will be done on a more conventional park as well as a so called ‘pocket park’. vistas as seen in figure 2 which are deemed desirable by users, a similar effect These pocket parks are more common in extremely dense areas but show how could be created in Landlust with its long stretched lane of green. The image to use space as efficient as possible. shows a lot of different suggested spaces by placement of smaller elements such as tree trunks, shrubs and stone blocks. HEELEY The Heeley Millenium Park was created on open land after a house clearance MILLENIUM in the 1970s for new infrastructure. A local campaign prevented the road from PARK coming there and lead to this new park. The plans for the park were developed by two landscape architects, one from the city council and a locally based landscape architect that worked closely with the community. They particularly worked with the oldest years of the primary school in drafting the first concepts as this felt like the most important group for the long- term sustainability of the park.

Figure 1: The map and zoning of the Heeley Millenium Park. Figure 2: The vista through the park with a clear focal point in the distance.

LL LIVING LANDLUST 14 15 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL Other areas of the park are more open and allow for communal activities such The second case study is the complete opposite of the fist, instead of having as the ‘arena’ (figure 3) where many neighbourhood activities are held yearly. THE ELEVATED unused space for The Elevated Acre in New York they had to create space. Just offering an open space with places to sit around leaves much open for ACRE Hidden in between two large office buildings is a hard to find staircase that interpretation but does suggest a shared activity with a spectating crowd. Other brings you up to The elevated Acre. elements such as the one shown in figure 5 create shelter that deliberately was designed as a graffiti wall to attract residents of all ages, during the day it is The Elevated Acre was built in the early 1970s after the new zoning regulations a place where elderly can relax and where the teenagers can hang around at of 1961 in which stated that if developers of skyscrapers added a public plaza night. For children of a younger age a very simple mountain bike route (figure they could add another six and half stories to the buildings height. While the 4) has been created parallel to the walking path to ensure safety and using space was always there the current design was done in 2005 by Rogers Marvel minimal space while providing for a whole new type of use. Architects. The firm won an international competition to create a new public park which could house various functions such as outdoor movies, weddings and dance performances. The most important functions however is that it is just the favourite lunch spot for the weekday workers.

Figure 6: The aerial view of The Elevated Acre.

Figure 3: A central ‘arena’ for communal activities.

Figure 4: Mountain bike route next to Figure 5: The meeting point for both the walking route. elderly and teenagers. Figure 7: The plan and section of The Elevated Acre.

LL LIVING LANDLUST 16 17 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL Even though the users are primarily people that work in the area the spaces CONCLUSIONS accomodate many groups by offering a large lawn with a amphitheatre around it. Figure 8 shows this space with a large number of people using it in the In this small research many aspects around creating social cohesion and how middle of a work day, outside of working hours all kinds of activities can occur to actually design these environments have been discussed. It is clear that there. For those who prefer a more private area it is easy to find a bench in the Landlust faces many social problems and experience shows that they can be gardens (figure 9) where you can talk with colleagues or friends, read a book or solved by offering the right platforms for groups to unite. just watch people. The starting point for the design is using the list of problems given by the municipality and offer a program that can tackle all barriers to the use of the available urban green space. The main topics are the social exclusion with the groups that are still becoming more diverse as of today and the general health of both adults and young people. The new space should therefore activate residents to go out and excersise in both active and passive ways. In order to attract the wide array of ethic and social groups unique areas will have to made that remain interesting and useful for all these groups.

Figure 9: Private areas hidden in greenery.

Figure 8: The amphitheatre lawn for larger groups.

LL LIVING LANDLUST 18 19 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL REFERENCES FIGURES

Dunnett, N., Swanwick, C., & Woolley, H. (2002). ‘Improving urban parks, play “Figure 1: The map and zoning of the Heeley Millenium Park”. Retrieved areas and green spaces’. London: Dept. for Transport, Local Government and from: https://heeleyonline.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/heeley-festival- the Regions. map-2011-0011.jpg (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) “Figure 2: The vista through the park with a clear focal point in the distance”. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). ‘Gebiedsagenda Bos en Lommer’. Retrieved from: http://www.heeleypark.org/images/Heeley%20Park%20(2). JPG (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). ‘Gebiedsanalyse Bos en Lommer’. “Figure 3: A central ‘arena’ for communal activities”. Retrieved from:http:// www.peakwalling.co.uk/images/gallery/heeley_1.jpg (Accessed on the 16th Gemeente Amsterdam. (2016). ‘Gebiedsplan Bos en Lommer’. of March 2016) “Figure 4: Mountain bike route next to the walking route”. Retrieved from: Geyl, J. (1947). ‘Wij en de wijkgedachte’. Utrecht, V&S http://176.32.230.27/sbsa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/photo-2.jpg (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) Toronto Parks and Recreation. (2001). ‘Understanding Personal Safety.’ New York, “Figure 5: The meeting point for both elderly and teenagers”. Retrieved from: Project for Public Spaces, Inc http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/03/05/66/3056656_b0a8dd8f.jpg (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) De Vries S., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P.P. (2000). ‘‘Nature and health: an “Figure 6: The aerial view of The Elevated Acre”. Retrieved from: Google exploratory investigation of the relationship between health and green space Maps (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) in the living environment’ (‘Natuur en gezondheid een verkennend onderzoek “Figure 7: The plan and section of The Elevated Acre”. Retrieved naar de relatie tussen volksgezondheid en groen in de leefomgeving’). Mens en from: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d7/ee/dd/ Mij. 75 pp. 320-339 d7eedd4b1cdf66395cbc7c3708cd6ee1.jpg (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) Whyte, W. (1980). ‘The social life of small urban spaces.’ Washington, D.C.: Conservation “Figure 8: The amphitheatre lawn for larger groups”. Retrieved from: http:// Foundation. www.rogersmarvel.com/projects/Elevated-Acre/Rogers-Marvel-Elevated- Acre-1.jpg (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016) Woolley, H. and Amin, N. (1995). ‘Pakistani Children in Sheffield and their perception “Figure 9: Private areas hidden in greenery”. Retrieved from: http:// and Use of Public Open Spaces’. Children’s Environments untappedcities.com/2013/07/01/financial-districts-secret-plaza-the-elevated- acre-at-55-water-street/ (Accessed on the 16th of March 2016)

LL LIVING LANDLUST 20 21 SOCIAL COMFORTS LL