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A Critical Evaluation of the Extent to Which Sustainability Was Considered in the Medupi Power Station EIA

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A Critical Evaluation of the Extent to Which Sustainability Was Considered in the Medupi Power Station EIA A critical evaluation of the extent to which sustainability was considered in the Medupi Power Station EIA M Hariram 23114959 Mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister in Environmental Management at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Supervisor: Ms CS Steenkamp Co-supervisor: Dr J Pope May 2015 ABSTRACT Sustainable development is described by the World Commission on Environment and Development as ―development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖. Sustainability assessments are an integrative process and framework for effective integration of social, economic and ecological considerations in significant decision-making processes. Sustainability is incorporated into South African legislation such as the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998), as well as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations. Despite the existence of such legislation, the challenge lies in the effective implementation of the EIA process, which has been identified as a useful tool in striving towards achieving sustainable development. This research uses Gibson‘s eight sustainability principles and Gaudreau and Gibson‘s sub-criteria to develop a case specific set of sustainability criteria for coal fired power stations in South Africa. The energy generation sector is a major source of social and environmental impacts. Coal power stations contribute to environmental degradation such as reduced air, water and land quality. This industrial process impacts on the environment and therefore needs to strive towards sustainable development by considering these criteria during the EIA process. The set of case specific sustainability criteria for power stations was then used to evaluate the EIA developed for Medupi Power Station in South Africa in order to assess, the extent to which sustainability was considered in the EIA process. The key finding is that sustainability is incorporated into South African legislation hence no change in legislation is required. Despite the existence of legislation, the challenge lies in the fact that is it not always effectively implemented. The EIA process is seen as a tool that can effectively deliver sustainability outcomes. However this process is not effectively utilised. In order for the EIA to consider sustainability the focus needs to be on the following criteria: Intragenerational Equity; Precaution and Adaptation for Resilience; as well as Immediate and Long term Integration, as these were recognised as weaknesses after the evaluation process. The recommendation is also to develop a set of case specific sustainability criteria for other large industries that have significant environmental impacts. Key words: Sustainability, Sustainability Assessment Criteria, Sustainability assessment framework, Environmental Impact Assessment, Medupi Power Station, Adaptation for Resilience, coal fired power stations in South Africa. 2 DECLARATION I declare that this research report, apart from the contributions mentioned in the acknowledgement page and the references, is my own work. It is being submitted for the degree Master of Environmental Management at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. This research has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university. ___________________________________ (Signature of candidate) May 2015 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the following people for their assistance, patience, contributions and guidance with regards to the preparation of this mini-dissertation: Carli Steenkamp and Doctor Jenny Pope (the supervisors of this research), who continuously guided me though this entire journey. My wonderful daughter Taryn Hariram, who sacrificed playdates so that mummy could finish her studies. My dear friend Kirshni Naidoo who motivated me to complete my mini-dissertation and for standing by me through all my challenges. My sister Molly and my Mum for excusing me from visits home due to my commitment to complete my studies. Many thanks to the staff members at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, especially Professor Francois Retief and Professor Kobus van der Walt for the encouragement. Finally, thank you God. Through you, anything and everything is possible. Thank you for being my pillar of strength through my toughest times ever. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 2 DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Purpose of the study ................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Research questions .................................................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 12 2.1 Research design ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Research method ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Literature review ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Documentation review ........................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Research study area ................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Project location and study area delineation ...................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 17 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 What is sustainability? .............................................................................................................. 17 3.3 Legal context of sustainability in South Africa? .................................................................... 20 3.4 EIA challenges ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.5 Gaudreau and Gibson‘s sub-criteria ....................................................................................... 23 3.6 Impacts of power stations in South Africa ............................................................................. 30 3.6.1 Negative Impacts ................................................................................................................... 32 3.6.1.1 Racism (added as criteria 3.4 in Table 3-4).................................................................... 32 3.6.1.2 Xenophobic attacks (added as criteria 6.5 in Table 3-4) .............................................. 33 3.6.1.3 Substance abuse (added as criteria 6.6 in Table 3-4) .................................................. 34 3.6.1.4 The spread of sexually transmitted diseases (added as criteria 6.7 in Table 3-4) ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 5 3.6.1.5 The influx of job seekers and different cultures (added as criteria 6.8 in Table 3-4) ........................................................................................................................................ 36 3.6.1.6 Impacts on public safety (added as criteria 6.9 in Table 3-4) ...................................... 37 3.6.1.7 Impacts on quality living environment (added as criteria 6.10 in Table 3-4) ............. 38 3.6.1.8 Possible conflict between local residents and newcomers (added as criteria 6.11 in Table 3-4) ............................................................................................................................. 38 3.6.1.9 Increase in crime (added as criteria 6.12 in Table 3-4) ................................................ 39 3.6.2 Positive Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 39 3.6.2.1 Promotion of long term development (added as criteria 8.3 in Table 3-4)................. 39 3.6.2.2 Proper planning and rehabilitation (added as criteria 8.4 in Table 3-4) ..................... 39 3.6.2.3 Development and implementation of Social Labour Plans (added as criteria 8.5 in Table 3-4) ..............................................................................................................................
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