116 | 2017 1951 ends thecivilwar. Comprehensive PeaceAccordwithMaoists 2006 1960 the monarchy. End oftheRanadynastyandrestoration 1951 strikes. leading toyearsofescalatingprotestsand but cannotagreeonanewconstitution, The firstConstituentAssemblyiselected, 2008 The monarchyisabolished. 2008 kills threeandinjures14in2009. violence. ChurchbombinginKathmandu eastern NepalingrowingHindu-Christian Churches attackedandpriestmurderedin 2008 growing demonstrations. world. Thekingrelentsafterayearof ruler andcutsoffNepalfromtheoutside King Gyanendradeclareshimselfabsolute 2005 that follows. 200,000 aredisplacedin10-yearcivilwar grievances. Morethan12,000dieand launches armedinsurgencyoverlong-held Communist PartyofNepal(Maoist) 1996 d’état bypartisansoftheking. First electedgovernmentfallsinacoup the . by Madhesipartiesasconflictescalates in Violent blockadeoftheIndia-Nepal border 2015 opposing thedocument. protests byethnicandminoritygroups following quakes.Forty-fivedieinviolent New constitutionisrapidlyadopted 2015 devastation. Two majorearthquakescausewidespread 2015

their palace,allegedlybyPrinceDipendra. Ten royalfamilymembersaremassacredin 2001 democracy andreformtheconstitution. king torestore Popular movementforcesthe 1990 democracy. New constitutionestablishesparliamentary 1959 elections, particularly intheTerai. Tensions andsporadic violenceduringlocal 2017 elected inNovember. government. SecondConstituentAssembly and theoppositionleadtoacaretaker Violent clashesbetweentherulingcoalition 2013 as Hindu-Muslimviolenceresurges. Muslim mosquesandshopslootedinDang 2007 exclusion. the Teraioverlong-termdiscriminationand parties—the MadheshAndolan—eruptin Mass protestsandviolencebyMadhesi 2007

* Rankingsarebasedonthelast15yearsandrelativetootherAsiancountries. Nepal and pervasivegender-based violence. Valley Kathmandu in the urban crimeandviolence growing with struggles also country in 2017. to threetiersofelections The remainedhigh inthelead-up tensions political over the amendmentsto2015 May. Withdisagreements constitution unresolved, crisis andeconomicstagnationcausedbythedevastating earthquakesinApriland humanitarian the border exacerbated Indo-Nepal the of blockade a Madhesi-led when reemerged intheTerairegionbetweenMadhesigroups andpartiesinNepaligovernment in 2015,violence constitution new the of promulgation the Following violence. political for mobilized canbe that grievances perpetuates populations regional and caste, ethnic, marginalization of certain result. Thecontinued the sometimes divisions, with violence further cementing heated, contention isoften owninterests,political their protecting on focused often and elites in 2015. parties However, with constitution a new ulgated Army, andprom Nepal into the military wing Maoist’s from the former combatants in 2008and2013, elections, integrated Assembly Constituent in 2008, two carried out monarchy the then. Thecountryabolished since to muchprogress accord hasled peace A civil war killed almost 13,000 and displaced 200,000 between 1996 and 2006. A instability. political ongoing to has led weak governancethat by is characterized Nepal At a glance a At Overview Shifted from mediumtolow Separatism andautonomy No violence,butterrorist presence Transnational terrorism and high Ebbs andflowsbetweenmedium National politicalconflict Shifted from hightoabsent National civilwar Urban crimeandviolence High Local resource conflict Low Local politicalandelectoralconflict Medium low Communal/ideological conflict Low -

117 | Nepal 118 | Nepal democracy. However, the first elected government, under the leadership of B. P. Koirala, was Koirala, P. B. of leadership the under government, elected first the However, democracy. parliamentary in 1959toestablish was promulgated parties.Aconstitution vice frompolitical ad with ruled then monarchy, which the and restored dynasty the of rule autocratic the in 1951ended A civilmovement dynasties. of a series by governed been has historically Nepal After a series of negotiations, a Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) was signed between the Accord(CPA)wassignedbetween aseriesofnegotiations,ComprehensivePeace After mass demonstrationsthroughoutthecountry, thekingreinstatedparliamentinApril 2006. with themonarchygrewrapidly,andfollowing world. Dissatisfaction cations withtheoutside communi off cutting temporarily and liberties, civil restricting media, the suppressing ruler, absolute himself Gyanendra declared brother, Gyanendra.In2005, King his by succeeded was Prince Dipendra, who shot himself. The dead included Queen Aishwarya, and King Birendra, who by Crown royal palace,allegedly during afamilypartyatthe to death shot royal familywere the attacks onpoliceandmilitarypersonnel. retained control of the main cities and towns. Later years saw increasing and effective insurgent ensuing years, the Maoist rebels gained significant control over rural areas, while the government met.weeklater,organized,Oneanlaunched they armed insurgencystate. Duringthe againstthe not were demands if the follow would and warned that anarmedstruggle issues, and political range ofsocial, economic, a wide government onFebruary4,1996, addressing to the demands of list along submitted CPN(Maoist) the reform, towards parties ofother intransigence the of socialprogressandgreaterequality.Following of theearly1990s expectations raised popular changes and power,thedramatic political corruption, endemic andtheconcentrationofwealth discrimination, and ethnic rural poverty,caste severe grievances, including Given entrenched in 1990–91. constitution parliament andreformthe restore amultiparty king to the pressuring popularmovementfordemocracy, 1990s, political partiesjoinedhandstolaunchasuccessful early Inthe monarchy. absolute of decades three to led in1960,which coup aroyal after dismissed Nepal There were several changes in government over those years. In June 2001, ten members of years. InJune2001, members ten over those in government changes several were There the aim of overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a communist government. a communist monarchy andestablishing the overthrowing aim of the war waslaunchedbytheCommunistPartyofNepal(Maoist)inFebruary1996with The 13,000 around people. killed 2006 that acivilwarfrom1996 to endured Nepal National civilwar National level - - by both government security forces and the Maoist rebels, accounted for around 20 percent of for around20percent accounted rebels, Maoist and the forces government security by both 1). (figure deaths 4,433 with 2002 in peaked fatalities annual that estimates February 1996 and November2006. between killed were of 12,686 individuals, including government security forces, Maoist rebel fighters, and civilians, that atotal government estimates High CommissionerforHumanRights(UNOHCHR),the the they couldbeintegratedwiththeNepalArmy. exchange for agreeing to lock up its weapons and confine fighters to UN-monitored camps until armed conflict. the of 2006, end government inNovember marking the democratic new and the CPN (Maoist) Nepal Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)—the CPN (UML)—along with right-wing parties have opposed Party of Communist and the (NC) Congress Nepali as the such parties traditional political while federalism, parties from the Terai, lations, includingtheMadhesi ethnic-based have demanded marginalized popu of thatmodel.TheMaoistsandothergroupsrepresenting over the design haveagreed that a more inclusivestate with afederal model is required, they profoundly disagree negotiations actors involvedinpeace all Even though populations. and regional ethnic, caste, factions overcontrolofnationalpower. of theCPA, political partiesand ofcertainaspectsandrivalry tution, implementation between consti the on centered have years recent in conflicts Political mobility. people’s and economy disappearance, aswellrapeandotherformsofsexualviolence. forced and torture, killings, unlawful committed forces, government especially but sides, Both widespread. were Maoists and the forces by governmentsecurity violations andabuses rights years. ten over the fatalities all According to the final report on the Nepal conflict published by the United Nations Office of A root causeofthecivil war andthecurrent politicaltensions isthemarginalization ofcertain 1000 2000 000 000 000 occur frequentlyandattimesescalatetolow-levelviolence,oftendisruptingthe and clashes protests CPA, political by thesigningof was ended violence lated The political landscape remains volatile in postconflict Nepal. While insurgency-re National politicalconflict 0 1 Under the Accord, the CPN (Maoist) was allowed to takepartingovernment CPN (Maoist)wasallowed Accord, the the Under Figure 1. 1996 1997 Numberoffatalitiesduringthepeople’s warinNepal(1996–2006) Source: 199 4 Up to 200,000 people were displaced by the conflict. the by displaced were people 200,000 to Up Prepared basedon dataprovided byUCDP 1999 2000 2001 2002 2 The Uppsala Conflict Data Program Data Conflict Uppsala The 200 6 200 7 200 3 Civilians,killed 2006 5 Human - - -

119 | Nepal 120 | Nepal tionally mandated local, provincial, and national elections in 2017. local, provincial, killed innearly tionally mandated Twelve were and nationalelections constitu during the violence of renewed hotbed a potential of Nepal half southern the left issues grievances andexclusion unresolved parties’ demands,but Madhesi dissenting the addressed in November2016 partially bill that amendment 2016. aconstitutional Parliament introduced in February blockade and the protests to the to anend led of goods,and economiclosses prices 19.4million). of NPR2billion(USD losses indailyeconomic resulted blockade thatthe suggested Forum,estimates Economic Nepal the to earthquakes. According the by caused stagnation and economic humanitarian crisis dire exacerbating the and medicalsupplies, of fuel severe shortages demands. Theblockadecaused and January 2016. November 2015 between in 12 deaths blockade resulted that the national CrisisGroupreported blockade of goods from in September 2015. Violent clashes quickly intensified. The Inter a border launched parties The Madhesi escalated. Terai region Government inthe Nepali the seven policemenandonechild. almost allofwhichtookplacein the Terai region, including oneincidentin Tikapur that killed people were killed intheviolent protests over thenewconstitutionduring AugustandSeptember, 45 approximately 2015.that Human Rights Watchreported in September was adopted tution consti government, the in the representation greater draft anddemanding the opposing parties and minority by ethnic protests nationwide in June.Despite to adraftconstitution rapidly agree ist-Centre)—formerly the Unified Community Party of Nepal (Maoist)—and the CPN (Maoist) to the majorpoliticalparties suchastheNC, theCPN(UML), theCommunistParty ofNepal(Mao votepreparationpillaged centers. Twodevastating earthquakes 2015andAprilinMay prompted and voters, candidates transportation strikes,intimidated parties, whichstaged and allied factions by Maoist disrupted were November. Theelections that held were elections Assembly an interim caretaker government was appointed in March 2013, and thesecond Constituent Unified (Maoist), formerlythe the CPNfrom (Maoist). FollowingBhattarai theBaburam protests, Minister Prime of resignation the demanding protest a during in January2013 broke out parties and opposition ruling the of supporters between and clashes continued, standoff The governance. of forms and representation proportional around issues strikes in model and over 48 districts.Themain a federal stumbling blocksweredisagreements and protests to widespread led to draft aconstitution deadline extended in 2008, the to meet in the country. The subsequent failure of the first Constituent Assembly (CA), which was elected date. to found been has for compromise scope limited and interests, own their serve that models federal promoting are sides All disagreements. significant are there borders, identity-based ing Givenextremethe diversity Nepal’scurrent of districts, wheregroupsareincludingproposthose fair bymostobservers. and free considered were in May,June, andSeptember held elections local of rounds three the February andJune2017. incidents between 400 violent elections-related identity-based federalism as underminingnationalunity,meritocracy,andindividualrights. federalism identity-based Following the promulgation of the constitution, the conflict between the Madhesi parties and Between 2007 and 2015, multiple changes of government and large-scale protests took place 10 Nepal accused India of interfering in Nepali politics to support the Madhesi the to support politics inNepali India ofinterfering accused Nepal 9 11 Eventually, fatigue from prolonged protests, the rising the protests, fromprolonged fatigue Eventually, 12 Despite the violence, Despite - - - - - 8

through Nepal’s southern border. Nepal’s southern through Visas andpassports are not required for NepalisandIndians totravel betweenthetwocountries groups. terrorist and criminal armed for hideout a offer could and currency, counterfeit and activities such as the trafficking of people, human organs, small arms, contraband goods, drugs, believeIndo-Nepal thatthe border, particularly in theTerai region,favorable is for criminal analysts as asafehaven. and security and terroristgroupscoulduseNepal South Asiaexperts or stagingpoint. 1,600 people were killed in the Terai between 2007 and 2012, 90 percent of them by nonstate by them 2007 and2012, of 90 percent Terai between in the killed were 1,600 people a coherentpoliticalideology, buttheyhavesplinteredintosmallercriminalsyndicates. the signingofCPA. repositioned themselves as political outfits, while others have pursued criminal operations since at26 in 2011. was estimated together. groups ethnic afflicted larly simi but disparate and bindsotherwise ethnicities elite stigmatizes which dichotomy, Valley) province. The UDMFthuspolarized theTerai populationintoaMadhesivs. Pahadi(Kathmandu Terai intoasingle,autonomous to transform the whichseeks Front (UDMF), ocratic Madhesi Dem groups tocreateacoalition,theUnited political MJF joinedforceswithotherMadhesi region. The in the cadres Maoist with violent clashes to led Andolan, which known asMadhesi protest, alarge-scale launched (MJF) Forum Janadhikar Madhesi the 2007, January andFebruary grievances has caused the Madhesis to turn to violence to bring attention to their plight. Between long-held to address political, economic,andsocialdiscriminationexclusion.Thefailure parts ofNepal,andmanyothers. mixture ofethnic,groupsincludingMadhesis,Tharus, caste, andreligious migrants fromother population. Nepali the of half for roughly Kathmandu, accounting of area outside to crossoverindisguise. groups, itiseasyforpeople weaknesses, generatingsignificantoperatingcapital. these exploiting are PakistanimilitantgroupLashkar-e-Taiba suchasthe that criminalnetworks Terai regionhasbecomeextremelyvolatile sincethecivilwar(seebelow). Therehasbeenconcern autonomy andpoliticalrights,furtherinflamingethnic divisionsandviolenceintheregion. their own and demanded by organizingstrikesandprotests government the pressured groups minority small ethnic These identities. and linguistic their owncultural and lose Madhesi the by subsumed be to not want did that groups ethnic concerns amongsmaller also raised movement economy. TheMadhesi and the local politics to dominate plains forwork, started to the hills from the migrated Pahadis, who the 1960s, when the back to that date and Pahadicommunities The Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC), a Nepali human rights NGO, reported that over thatover (INSEC),aNepalihumanrightsNGO,reported Centre InformalSectorService The Terai, east. Theirnumber in the particularly inthe During 2007, multiplied armed groups The Madhesis represent a significant segment of the country’s population and have suffered Transnational terrorism the Madhesisandotherethnicminorities. populated The Terai is themostdensely rights for autonomy andpolitical for greater calling of armedgroups proliferation violence andthe increased CPA, Terai the signingof the witnessed Following Separatism andautonomy and weak border controls raise concerns thatsuchgroups coulduseNepalasatransit India border with open Nepal’s that has noted Department U.S. State However, the transnational terroristorganizationsinNepal. organized of There arenoreports 13 Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan are experiencing significant terrorist violence, 23 The politically affiliated armed groups were initially perceived to share 22 Several armed groups that emerged from theMaoist insurgency that emerged Severalarmedgroups 19 15 As Indian and Nepali merchants often travel byroadinlarge merchants often AsIndian and Nepali 20 This reignited longstanding tensions between Madhesi between tensions longstanding This reignited 17 16 In addition, the security situation inthe security In addition, the Subnational level 18 Itcontainsa 21 14 - -

121 | Nepal 122 | Nepal different politicalgroupsandthegovernment. between negotiations activityandtopeace police bothtoincreased credited inturncanbe which groups, armed of number in the a decrease to due improved has security that believe Experts activity ofarmedgroupsfrom2010to2011, while27 percentsaidthesituationhadnotchanged. in the a 2011had observedadecrease said they (47 percent) survey, almost halfofrespondents This was a ripple effect of the Madhesi-Pahadi communal violence thaterupted a few days earlier Dang District. Tulsipur, in 2007 in resurged 1990s, the in war civil the to prior District, Banke , in have lived in small villagesin the Terai region. conflict,Hindu-Muslim whichinitiallyoccurred protestors. against force excessive used police the that found have groups Human rights sides. on both in casualties resulting forces, and security police with clashed have sometimes groups in the Terai region since the summer of 2015 (see the section on national political conflict). Protest constitution hasprovokedsporadicviolent protestsbyvarious ethnicgroupsandpoliticalparties end, in 363 in 2007resulting deaths and383 in 2008, war’s civil the after years two first the for high remained Terai the in Violence fatalities. armed groups. Despite the reductioninnumber ofactivearmedgroups,thepromulgationnew Despite most marginalized, poor, and underresourced people in the country, and historically most marginalized,poor,andunderresourcedpeoplein thecountry,andhistorically minorities, andChristians. particularly Muslims Interreligious conflict has occasionally flared up between Hindus and other religious Large-scale communalandideologicalconflicts 31 24 Several Muslim mosques and shops were looted, and houses were vandalized. were and houses looted, were mosquesandshops SeveralMuslim Central and eastern Terai were most affected, accounting for 80 percent of the TERAI REGION 28 25 but fatalities decreased to 206 in 2012. decreased butfatalities 30 NepaliMuslimsareamongthe Kathmandu 26 In 29 27

TERAI REGION Kathmandu devices atthreechurchesinJhapaDistrict,causingminordamage. againstinSeptemberdeclaringstate 2015,Hindu aNepal nationalistsHindudetonated explosive and demandedNepal’sthat Christians leavecountry. the Inaddition, vote followingintheCA the attack for the organization, Army, took responsibility a Hindifundamentalist National Defense 14 others. injured morning massandseverely Saturday at three 2009 killed mandu inMay in of aChristianpriestinNepal2008. eastern attheCatholicchurchin A Kath bomb explosion murder and the in severalattacksonchurches itself Hindus andChristiansmanifested between Muslims. against attacks District,fueling Dang through spread Kapilvastu fire. on set were injured, andaround300houses were and 10Pahadis),dozens Madhesis (four killed were 14 people leader, inwhich Khan, alocalMadhesi murder ofMohit the in Kapilvastu,following land dispute claims in other, more accessible forums, such as district land revenue offices. to pursue of rich landlords.Thepoorandmarginalizedtend demands to giveinthe people poor andmarginalized compelling and time-consuming, is costly process formal legal trial, the to trial. over 124,000 of whichwent 26.4 court cases,just percent land-related 2013 that betweenand2015 Centre(CSRC)reported there were The CommunitySelf-Reliance unattended. if left future in the violent disagreements to ignite and promise remain contentious patronage-based state. With very little actual policy reform in the postconflictperiod, land issues Nepal’s of a symbol as landowners large targeting Maoists civil war,with in the issue a central parties. Land wasalso among political an importantarenaforcompetition land reformhasbeen Since the1960s, for decades. in society entrenched have been issues Land and use ownership individuals, families, andcommunities. and minorityethnicgroups,creatingtensionsbetween lower-caste for particularly natural resources, to access skew structure hierarchical social and stratified highly country’s the and governance Poor animosity. nonviolent of state a in sisting voting, held in September in Province 2, in the heart of eastern Terai, was comparatively peaceful. organized by the CPN (UML), killing five. trict on March 6, 2017, when the police opened fire on protesters who disrupted a political rally and strikes, in sometimes resulting violent clashes.For instance, violence flared in Saptari Dis addressed. were grievances their region until their in any elections and disrupt to boycott vowed announced inFebruary2017, Madhesis were the disputes overamendmentstothe2015constitutionareunresolved.Whenlocalelections mark areturntothedemocraticprocessaftertwodecadesofupheaval. this will by January are successful, 2018. at alllevels aretobeconducted of elections If elections levels three all constitution, the by As mandated follow. to for provincialandnationalelections Nepal has a high volume ofland disputes, which constitute thelargestcategory ofcourt cases. Tensions escalatedin thelead-uptolocalelections, particularly in theTerai region, where 32 The OHCHR investigation reported that rumors about violence against Pahadis in Pahadis against violence rumors about that reported OHCHR investigation The seldom violent, usually ending in amicable resolution through mediation or per mediation through resolution ending inamicable violent, usually seldom is conflict resource however, level, community the At society. and history Nepali in embedded as landandwaterisdeeply such over naturalresources Competition Local conflictover resources andcommunityrights way the pave elections 2015. local The in September adopted constitution new the of implementation full toward step significant a marks This 2017. 18, and September 28, June 14, May on years 20 in time first the for elections local held Nepal Local politicalconflictandelectoralviolence 36 However, tensions later subsided. The lastroundof However,tensionslatersubsided. 35 The Madhesis continued to stage protests stage to continued TheMadhesis 33 Postconflict violence 37 Local level If a case goes to goes Ifacase 38 34 The The - - -

123 | Nepal 124 | Nepal activities that include extortion andkidnapping. activities thatinclude and criminal by undergroundarmedgroupsgangstocarry out violent They arealsorecruited strikes, andshutdowns. in protests, engage to parties political of wings youth the by drafted are and crime. such asunemployment among urban youth issues of addressing the importance haveemphasized lation hasgrown younger, policymakers andregionalexperts of theurbanpopulation. and 33 percent of thetotalpopulation percent (1,196). the mostcrimeshad in 2015–16 (4,917),Sunsarifollowed by (1,441),Chitwan (1,241), andJhapa burglary. and mugging, theft, like crimes targeted laundering, andariseinrandomly kidnapping, extortion,andmoney in redsandalwood, trade illicit trafficking, human as such crime organized flourishing gangs, criminal and wings youth political of activities criminal significant to due partly were insecurity of perceptions residents’ urban andruralareas. in other than 30percent less that thesecuritysituation had remainedsame the or grown worse from 20102011, to comparedto said Valley inthe ofrespondents 60percent nearly country.InastudybySmallArmsSurvey, the in area insecure most the be to Bhaktapur—appears and Lalitpur, Kathmandu, includes which increasing. Beyond the Terai, the —the country’s largest urban agglomeration, are urban crimeandviolence of in urbanareas,levels lives population Nepal’s of 17 percent only frameworks andregulationsareabsentorunenforced. women andtheelderly. including protesters, community against force excessive using of accused was Force Police Armed For example, violence flared around the Khimti Dhaldkebar plant in April and July 2016. developers. hydropower and government the and communities local between conflicts violent boomhasprovoked hydropower Nepal’s Inaddition, disputes. political andother ofegos, clashes castes, lower exploiting to longstandinggrievancesabouthighercastes over wateralsoarisedue use. Disputes for future source of theirwater protective had become members community cause scarcity of water sources. However, there were also conflicts where supplies were adequate, be bution towidercommunities. percentstudied,sitesjust 26while of percent had surplus water and couldplanfor furtherdistri of extension,in74 used, withnopossibility heavilyused,orfully found thatwatersourceswere WaterAid study common. A is purposes multiple for source water same the use to Competition andindustrialuse). hydropower, drinking water, irrigation, (e.g., uses competing are there the policeorcourts. and nevermakeitto Committee, Development or Village village the of members respected by cancellation. control of ofland, theinheritance amongfamiliesover andlandlords,disagreements tenants between lines, disagreements overproperty involve disagreements disputes most commonland-related and pursuing thethree or byahandfulofyouths are notalwaystheworkoforganized groups; theyaresometimes perpetratedbyunknowngroups Terai reveals thatviolence andcrime in the of security migrated fromrural study areas. A recent andwhohave unemployed for thosewhoare especially ofpowerandpurpose, instill asense Youth involvementin violent activities isagrowingconcern. age 15–29 30 Youths represent where especially tensions, creates access water, unequal has abundant Nepal though Even masti 48 However,thenationalhomicideratein2011waslow at2.9per100,000people. (fun). guthi 40 inal activities by gangs and organized crime groups in urbanareas. Even though inal activitiesbygangsandorganizedcrimegroups led to the rise of violent clashes among politically affiliated armed groups and crim civil warhave and weakruleoflawafterthe instability political Nepal’s continued Urban crimeandviolence Most land disputes are resolvedatthecommunitylevelthroughlocalmediation Mostlanddisputes land 53 39 and its revenue, encroachment on public land, andlandregistration anditsrevenue,encroachmentonpublic 41 45 Conflicts over land and water will continue to occur as long as legal as long as occur to continue will water and land over Conflicts 43 The major cause of water conflict appeared to be the increasing m ’s—money, phones, motorbikes), machines (cell 52 47 Forsomeyouths,joiningan armed group can The metropolitan police reported Kathmandu Kathmandu reported police metropolitan The 46 Research by Saferworld in 2011 that ResearchbySaferworld found 50 Asthecountry’spopu 51 Someyoungmen 44 49 The 42 - - - -

the civilwar,whileperpetratorswalkfree. many womenfromreportingcrimesthatoccurredduring fear ofretaliationhasprevented the and assault sexual victims of to attached stigma social immense the combination of A property. of men. property is derivedfrom provisions her father,anddiscriminatory identity positionwomenasthe legal woman’s a gender-biased: is law citizenship country’s The conflict. of years by compounded acts asabarriertovictimsbylimitingthereportingtime35daysfromdateofrape. 2013–14. to from 154to912, rapes almostsextupled,inthe10 years from2003–04 the numberofreported organizations (3percent). (3 percent), or from thepolice(4percent),medicalprofessionals social service help sought few while (53 percent) or friendsneighbors woman’s family(52percent) was the of help source help. not seek did violence experienced who women four in 2011NDHSfoundthatthree help.The fromseeking stilldiscourageswomen ofsilence culture is increasing,a cases violence domestic of reporting that indicate records police Even though riencedemotional,theirmarriage.in once least violencephysical,orat sexual from theirspouse Survey (NDHS),one-thirdofwomenwhohadevermarriedexpe and Health Demographic violence casesin2013–14. 6,835 domestic Police recorded Nepal (figure 2). Domestic violence cases in particular have increased significantly in recent years. The Sexual violence against Nepali women and girls is prevalent. The Nepal Police reported that Police reported women andgirlsisprevalent.TheNepal againstNepali violence Sexual 2003–04 and 2013–14 between Reports ofcrimesagainstwomenandchildrenincreased 1000 2000 000 000 000 6000 7000 000 60 Domestic andgender-based violence violence, andchildmarriage. This isdriven by social,cultural, and religiousnorms, mestic violence, physical and psychological torture, rape, trafficking, dowry-related do face Women andgirls in Nepal. endemic is girls and women against Violence Rape is underreported due to social stigma. Nepal’s criminal justice system also system criminal justice stigma. Nepal’s social to due is underreported Rape 0

54

Child marriage Domestic violence 200–0 Women are economically dependent, because men inheritandcontrolmost because dependent, Womenareeconomically 200–0

59 200–06

Figure 2. Source: 2006–07 Trafficing Polygamy

Gender-based crimesinNepal 2007–0 TheNepalPolice

55 200–09

ape ttempted rape 2009-10 58

62 For those who did, the most common most did, the who Forthose 2010–11 56

Accordingtothe2011 Nepal 2011–12

2012–1 201–1 61 57 - -

125 | Nepal 126 | Nepal 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Notes 2011), theTerai in Violence dation, Small Arms Survey, and Saferworld, Interdisciplinary Analysts, NepalMadheshFoun crt/2015/ State, 2016), 251–252, rorism 2015 U.S. DepartmentofState, report-reduced-size.pdf blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2nd-quarterly- 2017 April-June Project, Nepal Monitor/The Asia Foundation Peace Monitoring ment-Blockade-2015-16-1.pdf wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Post-Disaster-Assess 2016),42, Forum, Economic Nepal Disaster Assessment:Blockade2015/16 Bhattarai, Nath Tejeshwi and Akshov an-existential-crisis.pdf cloudfront.net/276-nepal-s-divisive-new-constitution- 2016), ICG, (Brussels: 276 Constitution: AnExistentialCrisis, InternationalCrisisGroup(ICG), nepal1015_forupload.pdf https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/ of Nepal Region theTerai in Crackdown andPolice Protest Human RightsWatch, prospects-for-peacebuilding no/Regions/Asia/Publications/Nepal-s-elections-new- Resource Centre, 2013), peacebuilding? for Castillejo, Clare Author’s calculationsaspernote3. UNOHCHR, See no. 2(2007):103–110. ment in Nepal,” Sonal Singh et al., “Conflict induced internal displace Eck andHultman,“ViolenceAgainstCiviliansinWar.” 2017, 11, March v.1.4–2016,accessed Dataset Violence ed tle-Related Deaths Dataset 5.0 and theUCDP One-sid each year between 1996 and 2006 using the UCDP Bat for number offatalities total the The authorcalculated Journalof PeaceResearch andLisaHultman, “Violence AgainstCivilians inWar,” Research “Organized violence, 1989–2015,” Erik Melander, TherésePettersson,andLottaThemnér, ConflictReport.aspx ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/Nepal Report Human Rights (UNOHCHR), for Commissioner High the of Office Nations United http://un.org.np/node/10498 Nationswebsite, (Maoist),”United Party ofNepal Governmentbetweenthe Communist andNepalthe of cord,see “Comprehensive PeaceAgreement concluded For more information on the Comprehensive PeaceAc Mateen Hafeez, “Porous border makes Nepal a Nepal makes border “Porous Hafeez, Mateen Any government-issuedIDwilldo. violence-in-the-Terai.pdf docs/E-Co-Publications/SAS-Saferworld-2011-armed- http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/ (Geneva: UNOHCHR, 2012), 72, 2012), UNOHCHR, (Geneva: Trends of Violence and Contestation in Nepal, ofViolenceandContestationinNepal, Trends (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2015), 1, 2015), Watch, Rights Human York: (New 53, no. 5 (2016), 727–742; and Kristine Eck Kristine (2016), and 53, no.5 727–742; . (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Department U.S. DC: (Washington, Medicine, Conflict and Survival and Conflict Medicine, Nepal ConflictReport , Nepal’s elections:newprospects https://www.nepalmonitor.org/ . (Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Norwegian (Oslo: https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/ (Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Arms Small (Geneva: . . “Like We AreNotNepali”: . . http://www.peacebuilding. 44,no. 2 (2007), 233–246. Country ReportsonTer https://d2071andvip0wj. . . . Nepal’s Divisive New Nepal’sDivisiveNew The Nepal Conflict http://asd.org.np/ Journal of Peace Asia Report . http://www. (Patan: Armed Post

No. 23, ------. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 22 21 20 19 18 17 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 “Nepal Assessment 2012,” South Asia Terrorism Portal “Nepal Assessment2012,”SouthAsiaTerrorismPortal the Terai Interdisciplinaryal., Analysts et publicationfile prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=409&type= 2008),Research Institute, tional Peace Conflict Miklian, Jason many ofthesegroupsliveintheTerairegion. and census), (2011 groups caste/ethnic 125 has Nepal 2011-Vol1.pdf graphic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census- 2012),3, Nepal, Housing Census2011 Central Bureau of Statistics, =7273 4, 2009), Institute, Research Peace International (Oslo: Terrorism Asian South Miklian, Jason show/24894553.cms Porous-border-makes-Nepal-a-choice-hideout/article http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ choice hideout,” dehi and Dang districts of 16–21 September 2007 September 16–21 of districts Dang and dehi into the violentincidents inKapilvastu, Rupan for HumanRights the in Nepal High Commissioner UNOHCHR, Racovita etal., cent other. percent Christian, 0.5 percent Prakriti, and 0.6 per 1.4 Kirat, percent 3.1 Muslim, percent 4.4 Buddhist, Hindu, 9percent is 81percent population Nepali the 2011 and housingcensus, According tothe population prasad-sharma-oli news/2016/05/05/letter-prime-minister-khadga- Human RightsWatchwebsite, Violence,” Terai to Linked Prosecutions Re: Oli “Letter toPrime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma and PoliceCrackdownintheTeraiRegionofNepal Human Rights Watch, Lasting-Security-NAVA.pdf /docs/C-Special-reports/SAS-SR20-In-Search-of- 2013), 51, Armed Violence inNepal ma, Racovita, Mihaela Ryan Murray,andSudhindraShar INSEC, &ptype=R&lang=E&tid=1 http://www.insec.org.np/index.php?type=publication Rights Yearbook2009 (INSEC), Centre Service Informal Sector &ptype=R&lang=E&tid=1 http://www.insec.org.np/index.php?type=publication Rights Yearbook 2013 (INSEC), Centre Service Informal Sector docs/G-Issue-briefs/NAVA-IB1-Missing-Middle.pdf 2013), Phenomenon in Nepal ThetheExaminingMiddle:GroupArmed Missing Subindra Bogati, Jovana Carapic, and Robert Muggah, satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/assessment2012.htm March12,2017, (SATP) website,accessed ​ http://www.prio.org/Publications/Publication/ In Search of Lasting Security: An Assessment of Assessment An Security: Lasting of Search In . http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/ , South Asia Briefing Paper #1 (Oslo: Interna (Oslo: #1 Paper Briefing Asia South , Nepal HumanRightsYearbook2013 , 9. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin Investigation Reportby the Office of . . Nepal’s Terai: Constructing anEthnic Terai: Constructing Nepal’s In SearchofLastingSecurity, TimesofIndia Illicit TradinginNepal:Fueling https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demo . . Like We Are NotNepal: Protest (Kathmandu: INSEC, 2013), 4, (Kathmandu: INSEC, 2009), 4, (Kathmandu: Government of Government (Kathmandu: , South Asia Briefing Paper #3 Paper Briefing Asia South , (Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Arms Small (Geneva: (Geneva: Small Arms Survey, . . . National Population and National Population https://www.hrw.org/ , October30,2013, Armed Violence in Nepal Human Nepal Human Nepal Human https://www. http://www. , 10. 23. ?x . . - - - - . ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ 35 34 33 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 in 20 Years: Minister,” Years: 20 in Gopal Sharma, “Nepal toHold First Local Elections Ibid. Nepal%20Report.pdf ments/Religion%20and%20Peacebuilding%20in%20 theology-religion-and-philosophy/Research/Docu http://www.winchester.ac.uk/academicdepartments/ tions and Development in Nepal: Report and Recommenda Mark OwenandAnnaKing, HCR/2008_06_18_​ org/en/resources/Documents/English/reports/ 7, 2007), UNOHCR, (Geneva: Racovita etal., dhalkebar-transmission-line-project/#_ftn4 net/nepal-letter-wb-president-board-nepals-khimti- IPHRD website, July 7, 2016, Nepal’s Khimti-DhalkebarTransmission Line Project,” (IPHRD), “Nepal: Letter to WB President and Board on Network Defenders Rights Human Peoples Indigenous conflicts-in-nepal/ danwatch.dk/en/nyhed/hydro-boom-sparks-violent- Nepal,” in conflict violent sparks boom “Hydro Voller, Louise right-to-water-source-conflict-nepal.pdf 13, right towaterperspective WaterAid in Nepal, https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/nepal-2/ Resource Governance Nepal: USAID Country Profile—Property Rights and (USAID), U.S. forInternational Development Agency 12a.aspx ment/research/JSRP/JSRP%20Papers/JSRP-Paper- 2014), London SchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience, Terai Nepal’s in Mechanisms Settlement Suykens, Bert and Stein Danielle -land-conflict-and-land-conflict-resolution-nepal 9, Resolution inNepal Conflict Land and Conflict Land of Microdynamics InternationalOrganizationMigration(IOM),for Land donatedforreligiouspurposes,hencetaxfree. cators.pdf cators-nepal/CSO_Land_Reform_Monitoring_indi uploads/2012/06/04/land-reform-monitoring-indi 2012), 20–21, Nepal Monitoring Indicators, (CSRC), Centre Community Self-Reliance /JXUdvW54RgcT6c5RluqD3NbSum981wEw.pdf 34–35, Reform Monitoring Report Centre(CSRC), Community Self-Reliance -on-the-electoral-environmentmarch-2017/ org/analysis-update-2-impact-of-the-saptari-incident 28,2017), March Center, Environment on theElectoral tor, DemocracyResource Center, Moni COCAP,Nepal and elections-in-20-years-minister world/articles/2017-02-20/nepal-to-hold-first-local- February 20, 2017, https://publications.iom.int/books/microdynamics http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/ Analysis Update 2—Impact of the Saptari Incident (Winchester: University of Winchester, 2013), 8, http://www.csrcnepal.org/uploads/publication http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelop Danwatch . . In SearchofLastingSecurity http://www.angoc.org/wp-content/ . , October 27, 2016, Water source conflict in Nepal: A (Kathmandu: IOM Nepal, 2016), Nepal, IOM (Kathmandu: https://www.usnews.com/news/ KAPILVASTU_Report_E.pdf . (USAID, September 2010), (USAID, September 11, U.S. News and World Report World and News U.S. http://democracyresource. (London: WaterAid, 2012), (Kathmandu: CSRC, 2016), Religious Peacebuilding , (Democracy Resource , (Democracy . http://iphrdefenders. (Kathmandu: CSRC, (Kathmandu: http://nepal.ohchr. Land Disputes and LandDisputes https://www. . Land Reform Land Reform CSO Land CSO . (London: . , 47–8. . . . - - , . ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 51 50 49 48 47 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 -​evidence-from-kathmandu-valley-and-terai-regions- of-security-provision-in-rapidly-urbanising-contexts http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/key-challenges- of Nepal (UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2014), from KathmanduValleyandTeraiRegions Evidence of Security Provision in Rapidly Urbanising Contexts: Challenges Key Bogati, Subindra and Gupte Jaideep Housing Census2011 Central Bureau of Statistics, data.unodc.org/#state:2 Statistics website, accessed March 13, 2017, “Homicide countsandrates (2000–2015),” UNODC news/crime-table/301-tribasriya-aparadh-taalika https://metro.nepalpolice.gov.np/index.php/metro- March 13,2017, accessed in Nepali, available is tistics across-nation/ yantimes.com/nepal/kathmandu-crime-rate-highest- alayanTimes across nation,” “Kathmandu crimeratehighest and-crime-in-the-kathmandu-valley view-resource/655-perceptions-of-public-security- 2012), in the Kathmandu Valley Saferworld, Nepal Policewebsite. “18 YearsCrimeDataRelatedtoWomenandChildren,” Human RightsWatch, Nepal Policewebsite. “18 YearsCrimeDataRelatedtoWomenandChildren,” 251. Ibid., 250. Ibid., DHS-Final-Reports.cfm ​ dhsprogram.com/publications/publica Inc.,2012),242, and ICFInternational 2011 Survey Health and ICFInternationalInc., ERA, New (MOHP), Population and Health of Ministry women-children-service-directorate https://cid.nepalpolice.gov.np/index.php/cid-wings/ March 14, 2017, accessed website, Police dren,” Nepal Chil Womenand to Related Data “18YearsCrime org/reports/2014/09/23/silenced-and-forgotten-0 2014), Watch, Rights Human York: Violence Sexual Conflict-Era Nepal’s of vivors Watch, Human Rights cations/pdf/1164 2012), of Ministers, (Kathmandu: Office of the Prime Minister and Council Nepal of Districts Rural Selected in Conducted lence Activities, Population Center forResearchonEnvironmentHealthand the Terai Interdisciplinaryal., Analysts et Ibid. of-nepal http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/ . . Perceptions of public security and crime security of public Perceptions ,19,October 2016, . More information on official crime sta . (Kathmandu: MOHP, New ERA, New MOHP, (Kathmandu: http://asiafoundation.org/publi , 65. A Study on Gender-Based Vio Gender-Based on Study A Silenced andForgotten Silenced and Forgotten: Sur Forgotten: and Silenced . . (Kathmandu: Saferworld, (Kathmandu: Nepal Demographicand National Population and National Population Armed Violence in https://thehimala . http://www.hrw. . tion-FR257- http://www. https:// . Him (New . . - - - - - ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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