Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology SECOND EDITION Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology SECOND EDITION Nduka Okafor Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina, USA Benedict C. Okeke Bioprocessing and Biofuel Research Lab Department of Biology Auburn University at Montgomery Alabama, USA p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover Credit ACRC laboratory Press scale fermentor (left); and a pilot scale bioreactor with distillation system (right) at the Bioprocessing and BiofuelTaylor &Research Francis Lab, Group Auburn University at Montgomery, AL USA. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanationLibrary without of intent Congress to infringe. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Liu, Jian (Chemical engineer), editor. | Jiang, San Ping, editor. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Title: Mesoporous materialsLibrary forof Congress advanced Cataloging-in-Publicationenergy storage and conversion Data technologies / editors, Jian Liu, Department of Chemical Engineering, FacultyNames:Names: ofLiu, Okafor,Science Jian (Chemical Nduka,and Engineering, author. engineer), | Okeke, Curtin editor. University,Benedict | Jiang, SanC., Perth, author.Ping, WA, editor. Australia,Title:Title: Mesoporous Modern San Ping industrial materials Jiang, microbiologyFuels for andadvanced Energy and energy Technologybiotechnology storage Institute and / Nduka conversion & Okafor, Departmenttechnologies Department of/ editors, Chemical of Biological Jian Engineering, Liu, Sciences, Department Curtin Clemson of University, Chemical University, Engineering, Perth, Clemson, WA, South Australia.Faculty Carolina, of Science USA, and Benedict Engineering, C. Okeke, Curtin Bioprocessing University, Perth,and Biofuel WA, Research Lab, Description:Australia, Department San Boca Ping of Raton,Biology, Jiang, FLFuels Auburn : CRC and Press, UniversityEnergy Taylor Technology at & Montgomery, Francis Institute Group, Alabama, & 2017. | USA. Series:DepartmentDescription: A science of Second Chemical publishers edition. Engineering, book | Boca | Includes Raton, Curtin bibliographical FLUniversity, : CRC Press, Perth, references 2017. WA, | "A science Australia. and publishers index. book." | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:Description: LCCN Boca Raton,2016042509| FL : CRC ISBN Press, 9781498747998 Taylor & Francis (hardback Group, : alk. 2017. paper) | | Identifiers: LCCN 2017028404 | ISBN 9781138550186 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBNSeries: 9781498748018 A science publishers (e-book) book | Includes bibliographical references Subjects: LCSH: Industrial microbiology--Textbooks. | Subjects:and index. LCSH: Electric batteries--Materials. | Fuel cells--Materials. | SolarIdentifiers: Microbiology--Textbooks. cells-- LCCNMaterials. 2016042509| | Mesoporous | Biotechnology--Textbooks. ISBN materials. 9781498747998 (hardback | Chemical : alk. paper) | Classification:ISBN engineering--Textbooks. 9781498748018 LCC TK2901 (e-book) .M47 2017 | DDC 621.31/24240284--dc23 LCSubjects:Classification: record LCSH: available LCCElectric at QR53 https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042509 batteries .O355-- Materials.2017 | DDC | Fuel 579.078--dc23 cells--Materials. | SolarLC record cells-- Materials.available at | Mesoporous https://lccn.loc.gov/2017028404 materials. Classification: LCC TK2901 .M47 2017 | DDC 621.31/24240284--dc23 Visit the LCTaylor record & Francis available Web at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042509 site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Visitand the the CRC Taylor Press & Francis Web site Web at site at http://www.taylorandfrahttp://www.crcpress.comncis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication This book is dedicated to all those who contributed to developments and discoveries in microbiology and biotechnology. Preface The field of industrial microbiology has been undergoing rapid changes in recent years. First, what has been described as the ‘cook book’ approach has been largely abandoned for the rational manipulation of microorganisms on account of our increased knowledge of their physiology. Second, powerful new tools and technologies, especially genetic engineering, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and similar new areas promise exciting horizons for man’s continued exploitation of microorganisms. Third, new approaches have become available for the utilization of some traditional microbial products such as immobilized enzymes and cells, site-directed mutation, and metabolic engineering. Simultaneously, microbiology has addressed itself to some current problems such as the fight against cancer by the production of anti-tumor antibiotics; it has changed the traditional practice in a number of areas: for example, the deep sea has now joined the soil as the medium for the search for new bioactive chemicals such as antibiotics. Even the search for organisms producing new products has now been broadened to include unculturable organisms which are isolated mainly on genes isolated from the environment. Finally, greater consciousness of the effect of fossil fuels on the environment has increased the call in some quarters for the use of more environmentally friendly and renewable sources of energy, has led to a search for alternate fermentation substrates, exemplified in cellulose, and a return to fermentation production of ethanol and other bulk chemicals. Due to our increased knowledge and changed approach, even our definitions of familiar words, such as antibiotic and species seem to be changing. This book was written to reflect these changes within the context of current practice. This book is directed towards