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LES IMPACTS AMBIGUS DE L District De Taol PACTS AMBIGUS DE L'exploitation MINIÈRE DE QM District De Taolagnaro, Région Anôs

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LES IMPACTS AMBIGUS DE L District De Taol PACTS AMBIGUS DE L'exploitation MINIÈRE DE QM District De Taolagnaro, Région Anôs DOMAINE ARTS, LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MENTION GÉOGRAPHIE Parcours : GÉOGRAPHIE ET ÉCONOMIE Mémoire de Master 2 LES IMPACTS AMBIGUS DE L’EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE DE QMM DANS LA COMMUNE RURALE D’AMPASY NAHAMPOANA District de Taolagnaro, Région Anôsy Présenté par Diogène Mamitiana Marakely RATSIMANDRIONA Sous la direction de Gabriel RABEARIMANANA, Maître de Conférences LES MEMBRES DU JURY : Président : Mme Lucile RABEARIMANANA Professeur titulaire Juge : M. Tolojanahary ANDRIAMITANTSOA maître de Conférences Rapporteur : Gabriel RABEARIMANANA Maître de Conférences 22 Mars 2018 2 DOMAINE ARTS, LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MENTION GÉOGRAPHIE Parcours : GÉOGRAPHIE ET ÉCONOMIE Mémoire de Master 2 LES IMPACTS AMBIGUS DE L’EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE DE QMM DANS LA COMMUNE RURALE D’AMPASY NAHAMPOANA District de Taolagnaro, Région Anôsy Présenté par Diogène Mamitiana Marakely RATSIMANDRIONA Sous la direction de Gabriel RABEARIMANANA, Maître de Conférences LES MEMBRES DU JURY : Président : Mme Lucile RABEARIMANANA Professeur titulaire Juge : M. Tolojanahary ANDRIAMITANTSOA maître de Conférences Rapporteur : Gabriel RABEARIMANANA Maître de Conférences 22 Mars 2018 REMERCIEMENTS La réalisation de ce travail a exigé la contribution de nombreuses personnes. Qu’il nous soit permis d’exprimer, avant tout, notre gratitude et notre reconnaissance aux Enseignants Chercheurs et aux membres du personnel administratif de la Mention Géographie qui ont contribué à notre formation. Nous tenons, en particulier, à exprimer nos sincères remerciements aux membres du jury : Mme. Lucile RABEARIMANANA, Professeur titulaire, qui, malgré ses nombreuses préoccupations a accepté de présider cette soutenance. M. Tolojanahary ANDRIAMINTANTSOA, Maître de conférences, qui en dépit de ses multiples occupations a aimablement consenti à juger notre travail. Gabriel RABEARIMANANA, Maître de Conférences, qui a dirigé nos recherches durant l’élaboration de ce mémoire. Nous témoignons notre reconnaissance pour ses conseils avisés, sa disponibilité et de la même façon pour l’aide qu’elle a apportée à la réalisation et à la rédaction de ce travail. Nos tendres remerciements vont également à: M. le premier adjoint au maire de la Commune Rurale d’Ampasy Nahampoana ainsi qu’aux habitants de la Commune Rurale d’Ampasy Nahampoana, pour leur sens d’hospitalité. M. Raymond RANDRIAMBOLOLONA, Coordinateur du Développement de Compétence Local auprès de la Société QMM Rio Tinto. Mme. Lalao Mamialisoa ANDRIANASOLO, Représentant régional ONE Anôsy. Mme. Aida RATSIMANDRIONA STEENKIST pour son aide financière et matérielle, pendant nos séjours sur terrain. M. Thomas, professeur de Physique-Chimie au CEG Ampasy Nahampoana, qui nous a accueillis chaleureusement et a accepté de nous guider. M. Boniface FAMANGA, qui nous a beaucoup aidés durant nos travaux de terrain. Nous adressons nos vifs remerciements à M. Gervais TSILY et son épouse, de nous avoir toujours soutenu moralement et financièrement pendant nos cursus universitaires. Enfin, nous ne saurions oublier les inestimables aides de notre Mère Mme. Fleurette Orline RATSITOARIVELO ; de notre frère et sœur, M. Marsonnyo Nirina Ornella RATSIMANDRIONA et Mme. Fleuria Annie Marakely RATSIMANDRIONA, ainsi que leurs conjoints. Et finalement toutes les personnes que j’aurais malencontreusement oubliées mais à qui je témoigne toute mon affection. Nos remerciements les plus sincères leur sont adressés. i SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... i SOMMAIRE .................................................................................................................................................. ii RÉSUMÉ ...................................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ..................................................................................................................... iv LISTE DES CROQUIS ................................................................................................................................... iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................................................ iv LISTE DES PHOTOS ..................................................................................................................................... iv LISTE DES FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... iv ACRONYMES ................................................................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Première partie ............................................................................................................................................ 9 LES RÉPERCUSSIONS AMBIVALENTES DE L’EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE DE QMM DANS LA COMMUNE RURALE D’AMPASY NAHAMPOANA .............................................................................. 9 Chapitre ILES IMPACTS POSITIFS DE L’EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE DE QMM .......................................... 10 Chapitre IILES IMPACTS SOCIAUX NÉGATIFS DE L’ENTREPRISE MINIÈRE DE QMM ........................... 37 Deuxième partie LES CAUSES DES IMPACTS GÉOGRAPHIQUES DE L’EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE DE QMM ................... 49 Chapitre IVLES PROBLÈMES DES CODES MINIERS ................................................................................... 50 Chapitre VLA FAIBLESSE DE L’ÉTAT ET L’IMPUISSANCE DE LA COMMUNE ........................................ 56 Chapitre VILES RELATIONS CONFLICTUELLES ET LES CONFLITS D’INTÉRÊT ..................................... 62 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 66 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ......................................................................................................................................... 69 ANNEXE ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 TABLE DES MATIÈRES .............................................................................................................................. 80 ii RÉSUMÉ La recherche sur l’exploitation minière de QMM.SA à Mandena Commune Rurale d’ Ampasy Nahampoa a permis de déceler ses impacts ambigus dans la Commune. La firme multinationale s’est installée dans une zone déjà occupée et aménagée par la population locale. L’installation et les activités génèrent des impacts positifs dans le milieu d’accueil grâce aux ristournes et aux redevances minières, induisant par la même occasion des menaces qui pèsent sur écosystèmes, mais aussi des perceptions négatives des villageois qui vivent des ressources de Mandena et qui estiment disposer d’un droit de propriété sur les terres, qu’ils auraient héritées de leurs ancêtres. Les problèmes des codes miniers existant depuis les gouvernements successifs sont les facteurs principaux de l’ambigüité de ces impacts. Les dirigeants ont toujours tendance à donner des avantages aux investisseurs et à délaisser la population locale. L’absence des consultations publiques, la politique de décentralisation effective déguisée sont aussi les sources des impacts sociaux négatifs. Mots clés : exploitation minière, Ampasy Nahampoana, impacts, Mandena, code minier. iii TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS LISTE DES CROQUIS Croquis 1 : localisation de la zone de recherche ..................................................................................... 2 Croquis 2 : diminution de la superficie couverte de roseau 2009 au 2017 ............................................ 38 Croquis 3: la zone habitée à Ampasy Nahampoana .............................................................................. 46 Croquis 4: répartition des bornes fontaines dans les fokontany ............................................................ 64 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: répartition spatiale des personnes enquêtées ......................................................................... 6 Tableau 2 : catégorie et effectif des personnes enquêtées ....................................................................... 7 Tableau 3: catégorie socioprofessionnelle et effectif des administrés enquêtés...................................... 7 Tableau 4: évolution de l’effectif des élèves du préscolaire de 2010 à 2015 dans les Communes du district de Taolagnaro ............................................................................................................................ 13 Tableau 5: nombre des écoles préscolaires dans la commune d’Ampasy Nahampoana et de commune de Taolagnaro. ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Tableau 6: Statistique des navires de croisières au port d’Ehoala ......................................................... 23 Tableau 7: impacts de l’extraction minière sur biodiversité.................................................................. 29 Tableau 8: recette des paysans dépendants de Mandena ......................................................................
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