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Characteristics of Innovations in Television Journalism and the Expressiveness of the Anchor

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Characteristics of Innovations in Television Journalism and the Expressiveness of the Anchor Artigo Original Caracterização das inovações do telejornalismo e a expressividade dos apresentadores Characteristics of innovations in television journalism and the expressiveness of the anchor Eliane Caires da Silva1, Regina Zanella Penteado1 RESUMO ABSTRACT Objetivo: Caracterizar as inovações nos telejornais brasileiros e analisar os Purpose: To present innovation features in Brazilian newscast and to impactos na expressividade dos apresentadores, com ênfase nos recursos analyze their impact on the expressiveness of the anchors, emphasizing não verbais. Métodos: O corpus da pesquisa foi constituído por cinco te- non-verbal resources. Methods: The corpus of the research is five Bra- lejornais nacionais brasileiros: Primeiro Jornal (Rede Bandeirantes), Bom zilian TV news shows: Primeiro Jornal (Bandeirantes Television), Bom Dia Brasil (Rede Globo), Jornal da EPTV (Rede Globo), GloboNews, Dia Brasil (Globo Television), Jornal da EPTV (Globo Television), Glo- Edição das 18h (Globo News), Leitura Dinâmica (Rede TV). Os telejor- boNews 6PM-edition (Globo News), Leitura Dinâmica (Rede TV). The nais foram gravados durante cinco semanas, entre os meses de outubro news shows were recorded for five weeks during October and November, e novembro de 2011. Foi realizada decupagem e edição do material e as 2011. The shooting script and edition of the material was conducted and cenas selecionadas foram congeladas e transformadas em imagens (for- the selected scenes were frozen and converted into images (.jpg format). mato.jpg). A análise foi feita pela pesquisadora e por uma fonoaudióloga The analysis was carried out by the researcher and by a language and spe- com experiência e especialização em voz e buscou identificar aspectos ech specialist with experience in voice studies, and aimed at identifying das condições de trabalho (cenários, mobiliário, materiais, recursos e/ aspects of the work conditions (scenery, furniture, materials, resources and ou equipamentos) e da expressividade dos apresentadores (postura, des- and/or equipment) and its relation to the anchors’ expressiveness (postu- locamentos e comportamento não verbal: expressões corporais, faciais e re, dislocation, and non-verbal behavior: body and face expressions and gestos). Resultados: Foram observados, no contexto das condições de gestures). Results: The following technologies were observed: monitors, trabalho: cenários com ambientes integrados; ausência da bancada e mo- screens, interactive screens, virtual sceneries, remote control of the tele- biliário diversificado; novos recursos, tecnologias e equipamentos, como prompter by the anchor, notebooks, tablets, and internet access. The inclu- monitores, telas e telões interativos, cenários virtuais, controle remoto de sion of new technologies, equipment and resources in news broadcasting teleprompter pelo apresentador, notebooks, tablets e serviço de acesso à makes the anchor, during the interaction with these devices, perform other internet. Observou-se uma nova dinâmica de apresentação do telejornal, and different forms of accommodation, posture, positions and movements, different from those employed in traditional news broadcasting. Results: envolvendo processos interativos diretos, mediados e/ou virtuais. Tais situ- As to work conditions, integrated-environment settings, lack of counter or ações, não previstas no modelo tradicional de telejornal, nem na literatura other types of furniture, new resources, technologies and equipment, such fonoaudiológica em jornalismo, levam o apresentador a realizar diferentes as monitors, screens and interactive screens, virtual settings, teleprompter formas de acomodação, posturas, posições, movimentos e deslocamentos, remote control used by the presenter, notebooks, tablets and internet ac- simultaneamente ao emprego dos recursos verbais, vocais e não verbais. cess were observed. A new dynamics is created in news casting, involving Nessa nova dinâmica, o corpo inteiro do jornalista/apresentador mantém-se direct, mediated and/or virtual interactive processes. Such situations, not sob demanda expressiva. Conclusão: Os elementos inovadores no âmbito foreseen in traditional newscast models or in journalism and speech and do telejornalismo interferem na expressividade e precisam ser considera- language therapy literatures, lead the news presenter to adopt other and di- dos pela Fonoaudiologia. fferent forms of accommodation, postures, positions, movements, and dis- placement as verbal, vocal and non-verbal resources are used. The entire Descritores: Fonoaudiologia; Jornalismo; Saúde do Trabalhador; Mídia body of the journalist/presenter is under expressive demand. Conclusion: Audiovisual; Televisão Innovation features in TV newscast have an impact on expressiveness and need to be considered by Speech and Language Studies. Keywords: Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences; Journalism; Oc- cupational health; Video-audio Media; Television Trabalho realizado no Curso de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba – UNIMEP, Piracicaba (SP), Brasil, com bolsa concedida pelo PIBIC/CNPQ. (1) Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba – UNIMEP, Piracicaba (SP), Brasil. Conflito de interesses: Não Contribuição dos autores: ECS pesquisadora principal, levantamento da literatura, coleta e análise dos dados, redação do artigo; RZP orientadora e pesquisadora, elaboração da pesquisa, elaboração do cronograma, análise dos dados, correção da redação do artigo, submissão e trâmites do artigo, aprovação da versão final. Endereço para correspondência: Regina Zanella Penteado. Av. 41, 209/62, Cidade Jardim, Rio Claro (SP), Brasil, CEP: 13501-190. E-mail: [email protected] Recebido em: 24/04/2013; Aceito em: 13/01/2014 Audiol Commun Res. 2014;19(1):61-8 61 Silva EC, Penteado RZ INTRODUÇÃO em situações reais de trabalho(1,3,5,6). Assim, apesar da riqueza e relevância inquestionável dessas Os jornalistas são usuários de voz profissional e a assessoria obras para a Fonoaudiologia, elas não contemplam, na atuali- fonoaudiológica se faz necessária a essa categoria, com foco dade, todas as demandas e necessidades expressivas dos apre- na promoção da saúde e bem estar vocal e no desenvolvimento sentadores, especialmente daqueles que atuam em telejornais da expressividade vocal e corporal, considerada essencial na que abandonaram o formato tradicional e que oferecem novas formação do jornalista(1-5). condições de trabalho para os jornalistas. O conceito de coexpressividade é atualmente aplicado no Nos últimos anos, com as inovações e o desenvolvimento telejornalismo, quando se trata de transmitir credibilidade, tecnológico da televisão, o universo de trabalho dos jornalistas o que significa que vozes, falas, gestos e posturas corporais mudou. Houve introdução de novas tecnologias e o proces- devem transmitir coerência de ideias e de sentidos, e estar em samento da notícia em múltiplas plataformas(7-9), levando o sincronismo temporal na transmissão da notícia(4). jornalista a necessidades de polivalência tecnológica, midiática A expressividade engloba recursos verbais, vocais e não e temática, de domínio de variados meios e linguagens e de verbais, que precisam se apresentar de maneira harmônica, habilidades comunicativas e expressivas para atuar em redes coerente e complementar(1-5), além de serem empregados, sociais e ambientes de digitalização de conteúdos(7-9). Assim, o também, como recursos de ênfases. jornalista é desafiado a aprender novas tarefas e a desempenhar Os recursos verbais são as palavras, o texto. Os recursos atividades e funções antes realizadas por outros profissionais, vocais são a qualidade vocal e os tipos de voz, os parâmetros em um cenário de extinção de fronteiras entre as funções de vocais (pitch, loudness, ressonância, articulação, modulação, editor, produtor, coordenador, chefe, supervisor, redator, re- coordenação pneumofônica, velocidade de fala, respiração) pórter e apresentador(7-9). e as pausas(1-5). Os recursos não verbais englobam o corpo Se, nos primeiros telejornais, o apresentador realizava o como canal de expressão: a postura corporal (posição neutra; papel de um locutor que apenas lia as notícias, agora ele pode movimentos e mudanças de postura do corpo todo e/ou partes apresentar notícias, fazer a abertura do programa, a escalada e a específicas, como cabeça, tronco, braços e mãos); o uso de chamada das notícias a serem apresentadas, entrevistar pessoas, gestos (condizentes com os significados das palavras, da notícia chamar repórteres em externas, comentar as notícias e expressar e com as ênfases); as expressões faciais (olhos, sobrancelhas, suas ideias ao vivo e a qualquer momento(4). Atualmente, os boca); a aparência física e a indumentária(1-6). repórteres e apresentadores de telejornais precisam de agili- No que diz respeito aos recursos não verbais, a dade e abertura ao improviso com precisão, desenvoltura e Fonoaudiologia brasileira conta, especialmente, com algumas credibilidade(4). obras para referenciar as ações na interface com o Jornalismo Assim, há necessidades de novos estudos, pela e orientar a prática fonoaudiológica com telejornalistas(1,3-6). Fonoaudiologia, que incorporem as mudanças dos telejornais, Ocorre que tais obras foram elaboradas com base nos mo- a fim de melhor subsidiar a prática de formação e assessoria delos tradicionais de cenário e de apresentação de telejornais, fonoaudiológica aos telejornalistas, na atualidade. que pressupõem o(s) apresentador(es) em um cenário fixo e As mudanças do trabalho do jornalista precisam ser iden- único,
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